愛迪生發(fā)明燈泡的故事我們自小就耳熟能詳。在今天人們把他當(dāng)作一個(gè)常識。不過在一百多年前，燈泡剛剛誕生的時(shí)候，誰是發(fā)明人這個(gè)問題，卻引起了一場不小的爭議。雖然我們現(xiàn)在都把愛迪生發(fā)明燈泡的說法當(dāng)作蓋棺定論，但事實(shí)究竟如何，恐怕只有當(dāng)事人自己知道了。
The history of the light bulb reads like a story
straight out of a tabloid magazine. Contrary to what schools have taught for
years, the American icon, Thomas Edison, neither invented the light bulb, nor
held the first patent to the modern design of the light bulb.
Apparently, we gave the esteemed Mr. Edison credit for the invention solely
because he owned a power company, later known as General Electric, and a light
bulb is just a bulb without a source of electricity to light it. In reality,
light bulbs used as electric lights existed 50 years prior to Thomas Edison's
1879 patent date in the U.S.
Additionally, Joseph Swan, a British inventor, obtained the first patent for
the same light bulb in Britain one year prior to Edison's patent date. Swan even
publicly unveiled his carbon filament light bulb in New Castle, England a
minimum of 10 years before Edison shocked the world with the announcement that
he invented the first light bulb. Edison's light bulb, in fact, was a carbon
copy of Swan's light bulb.
How do two inventors, from two different countries invent the exact same
thing? Very easily, if one follows in the others footsteps. Swan's initial
findings from tinkering with carbon filament electric lighting, and his
preliminary designs, appeared in an article published by Scientific American.
Without a doubt, Edison had access to, and eagerly read this article. Giving Mr.
Edison the benefit of the doubt, and stopping short of calling him a plagiarist,
we can say that he invented the light bulb by making vast improvements to Swan's
published, yet unperfected designs.
Swan, however, felt quite differently, as he watched Edison line his pockets
with money made from his invention, and took Edison to Court for patent
infringement. The British Courts stood by their patent award for the light bulb
to Swan, and Edison lost the suit. The British Courts forced Edison, as part of
the settlement, to name Swan a partner in his British electric company.
Eventually, Edison managed to acquire all of Swans' interest in the newly
renamed Edison and Swan United Electric Company.
Edison fared no better back home in the U.S.,
where the U.S. Patent Office already ruled, on October 8, 1883, that Edison's
patents were invalid, because he based them upon the earlier art of a gentleman
named William Sawyer. To make matters worse, Swan sold his U.S. patent rights,
in June 1882, to Brush Electric Company. This chain of events stripped Edison of
all patent rights to the light bulb, and left him with no hope of purchasing
any.
Edison dusted himself off, and went into business setting up a direct current
(DC) system of power distribution in New York City, and selling the light bulbs
that used this electricity. The light bulb business only flickered between 1879
and 1889, until word-of-mouth advertising of lower electricity costs fanned the
flame, and business boomed. Edison's client base rapidly expanded to three
million customers over the span of 10 years.
Always at the center of controversy, Edison next found himself in competition
with Westinghouse for the sale of the first electric chair to execute criminals
to New York. Edison's chair used the DC system of electricity, while
Westinghouse used the AC (alternating current) system, designed especially for
it by Nickola Tesla. Both Edison and Westinghouse emphasized the humanity of
electrocution and the safety of their electrical system as selling points when
pitching their chairs to New York.
Edison's bid for the sale of his chair was a mere formality and a ploy to
have the Westinghouse system of electricity chosen by New York for the electric
chair. He endorsed the Westinghouse AC system of electricity as the system of
choice to be used for the electric chair, reasoning that the public would
associate the Westinghouse AC system with the killing power of the electric
chair, and would see the system as unsafe for household use.
Edison made this strategic move in anticipation that the public would flock
to the safety of his DC system, as he needed increased sales of the system,
because of the great monetary investment he had made in the system. Edison's
plan succeeded, in part, as New York did select the Westinghouse electric chair
over his model.
What he could not take into account, was the fact that, unbelievably,
Westinghouse never tested the chair, and the chair failed on its "Maiden
Voyage." Though Edison's carefully laid plan went up in smoke, he did get the
last laugh, as for years people referred to being electrocuted as being
"Westinghoused," even though its chair was no longer in use.
It only took a matter of years before the public realized that the benefits
of the AC system far outweighed those of the DC system. Edison's DC system took
back seat, and the AC system took center stage. People in the U.S. and worldwide
chose the AC system over the DC system, because AC currents deliver electricity
to power lines with greater efficiency. The DC system is no longer in use today.
（來源：coolquiz.com 英語點(diǎn)津 Annabel 編輯）
