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德國新增“第三性別”

M, F or Blank: 'Third Gender' Official in Germany from November

中國日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2013-08-19 15:19

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德國新增“第三性別”

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The option of selecting "blank", in addition to the standard choices of "male" or female" on birth certificates will become available in Germany from November 1. The legislative change allows parents to opt out of determining their baby's gender, thereby allowing those born with characteristics of both sexes to choose whether to become male or female in later life. Under the new law, individuals can also opt to remain outside the gender binary altogether.

Germany is the first country in Europe to introduce this option -- Munich-based newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung is referring to the change as a "legal revolution". It remains unclear, however, how the change will affect gender assignment in other personal documents, such as passports, which still require people to choose between two categories -- "F" for female and "M" for male. German family law publication FamRZ has called for the introduction of a third category, designated by the letter "X".

The law was passed back in May, but has only now been reported on, following an article this month in FamRZ -- just six weeks after Australia became the first country in the world to introduce legal guidelines on gender recognition. Under the Australian system, which applies to all personal documents, individuals can select the third category irrespective of whether or not they have undergone sex reassignment surgery or hormone therapy.

Brussels Under Pressure

Finland is the only EU member state aside from Germany to have made significant progress in the area of third gender recognition. Despite its efforts, bureaucratic hurdles in the Nordic country have meant that there is still no concrete legislative change in sight.

According to Silvan Agius, policy director at human rights organisation ILGA Europe -- the European chapter of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association -- the European Union is lagging behind on the issue. Though Brussels commissioned a report on trans and intersex minorities in 2010, and has since attempted to coordinate efforts to prohibit gender discrimination, progress has been halting.

"Things are moving slower than they should at the European level", says Agius. "Though Brussels has ramped up efforts to promote awareness of trans and intersex discrimination, I would like to see things speed up."

The subsequent EU report on potential changes to European Union law, which was published in 2012 and co-authored by Agius, found that discrimination against trans and intersex people was still "rampant in all EU countries."

"Germany's move will put more pressure on Brussels," Agius concludes. "That can only be a good thing."

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據(jù)德國《明鏡周刊》在線國際頻道報(bào)道,從今年11月開始,德國人的出生證上除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“男性”或“女性”選項(xiàng)外,還增加了“空白”選項(xiàng)。該修改法案允許家長選擇確定自己寶寶的性別,允許那些出生時(shí)具有兩性特征的孩子選擇在以后的生活中成為男性還是女性。根據(jù)此項(xiàng)新法,個(gè)人也可以選擇保留兩性以外的“空白”選項(xiàng)。

德國是歐洲第一個(gè)推出此選項(xiàng)的國家。慕尼黑的《南德意志報(bào)》稱這個(gè)變化為“法律革命”。但是,這個(gè)變化對(duì)其他個(gè)人文件——如護(hù)照,仍需人們?cè)趦伞癋”(女性)和“M”(男性)之間選擇——的性別分配會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響尚不明確。德國家庭法律刊物《FamRZ》呼吁引入第三類別,指定為字母“X”。

該法案早在5月就已通過,但是直到澳大利亞成為世界上第一個(gè)提出有關(guān)性別識(shí)別法律準(zhǔn)則的國家6個(gè)星期后,《FamRZ》才發(fā)表文章,開始報(bào)道德國的修改法案。根據(jù)澳大利亞的分類原則,無論是否經(jīng)歷過變性手術(shù)或激素療法,個(gè)人都可以選擇第三分類,此法適用于所有個(gè)人文件。

布魯塞爾感到壓力

除德國以外,荷蘭是唯一在第三性別識(shí)別領(lǐng)域取得顯著進(jìn)展的歐盟成員國。這個(gè)北歐國家雖然做出了努力,但是因?yàn)榇嬖诠倭耪系K,目前還看不到具體的立法變化。

據(jù)ILGA Europe——國際女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀、變性人和陰陽人者協(xié)會(huì)歐洲分會(huì)——政策主任西爾萬·阿希烏斯說,歐盟在這個(gè)問題上行動(dòng)落后。雖然布魯塞爾2010年委托撰寫有關(guān)少數(shù)變性人和陰陽人的報(bào)告,而且努力協(xié)調(diào)禁止性別歧視的工作,但是一直沒有取得進(jìn)展。

“按照歐洲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),事情進(jìn)展太慢了?!卑⑾跛拐f,“盡管布魯塞爾已經(jīng)加足馬力,努力促進(jìn)人們對(duì)變性人和陰陽人歧視問題的認(rèn)識(shí),我還是希望看到事情進(jìn)展加速?!?/p>

阿希烏斯參與撰寫的歐洲聯(lián)盟法于2012年出臺(tái)。歐盟有關(guān)修改該法可能性的后續(xù)報(bào)告認(rèn)為,歧視變性人和陰陽人的情況“在所有歐盟國家都依然猖獗。”

阿希烏斯表示,“德國的舉動(dòng)將對(duì)布魯塞爾施加更大的壓力。而那只會(huì)是件好事?!?/p>

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