對于二手煙的危害，相信大多數(shù)人都已經(jīng)很了解了?？墒?，你聽說過三手煙嗎？有研究表明，三手煙的危害同樣不可忽視。

三手煙是指吸煙后殘留在衣物、家具、頭發(fā)和皮膚等表面的固體殘留物，其污染持續(xù)時間可達(dá)數(shù)年，會通過呼吸道、消化道吸收及皮膚接觸等方式危害人類。一項研究顯示，三手煙會損傷實驗鼠的肝臟和大腦，破壞新陳代謝，影響行為舉止，增加患神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病的風(fēng)險。研究人員認(rèn)為，研究對象雖然是小鼠，但這一結(jié)果也適用于人類，尤其是嬰幼兒。

Third-hand smoke exposure can cripple your brain and liver, affecting your mannerisms, increasing your risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and ruining your metabolism. That is according to a study by researchers at the University of California, Riverside who saw significant health issues in people within a month of exposure to smoke.
美國加利福尼亞大學(xué)里弗賽德分校的一項研究顯示，三手煙可能損傷人類的大腦和肝臟，影響行為舉止，增加患神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病的風(fēng)險，破壞新陳代謝。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人在三手煙中暴露一個月會出現(xiàn)明顯的健康問題。

The research team analyzed how people were affected by inhaling smoke from another person's clothing, hair, home, or car.
該研究小組分析了從他人衣物、頭發(fā)、房屋或汽車中吸入三手煙對人體產(chǎn)生的影響。

In previous studies on mice, the same scientists showed third-hand smoke can cause type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, liver and lung damage, and wound-healing complications. Now, they have shown they can even see an impact on brain and liver tissues.
這些科學(xué)家們此前對老鼠進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三手煙可以引發(fā)2型糖尿病、多動癥、肝肺損傷以及傷口愈合并發(fā)癥?，F(xiàn)在，他們證明了三手煙甚至?xí)Υ竽X和肝臟組織產(chǎn)生影響。

'Our goal was to determine the minimum amount of time required to cause physiological changes in mice when they are exposed to THS (third-hand smoke), using an exposure system that mimics human exposure,' said lead author Manuela Martins-Green.
該研究論文的第一作者曼紐拉?馬丁斯-格林稱：“我們模擬了人類接觸三手煙的環(huán)境，讓小鼠暴露在其中，以確定導(dǎo)致小鼠發(fā)生生理變化所需的最短三手煙接觸時間。”

'We found that THS exposure as early as one month resulted in liver damage. THS exposure for two months resulted in further molecular damage, and at four to six months caused even more such damage. We also found that the mice showed insulin resistance after long-term THS exposure.'
“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，接觸三手煙1個月就會造成肝臟損傷，2個月時，出現(xiàn)更多分子損傷；等到4至6個月時，損傷進(jìn)一步加劇。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，長期暴露在三手煙中小鼠會出現(xiàn)胰島素抵抗?！?/p>

Damage to the liver can hinder its capability to detoxify the body, leading to more damage by THS toxins.
肝臟受損會影響其解毒能力，致使身體遭受更多三手煙毒害。

Martins-Green and her team examined the brains of THS-exposed mice and found that stress hormones, such as epinephrine, increased in one month of exposure.
馬丁斯-格林及其團(tuán)隊檢測了小鼠的大腦，發(fā)現(xiàn)接觸三手煙1個月后，小鼠的腎上腺素等應(yīng)激激素水平上升。

Additional stress hormones are seen at two months, four months, and six months, eventually causing immune fatigue in the mice.
隨著接觸三手煙的時間增加至2個月、4個月、6個月，小鼠的應(yīng)激激素水平持續(xù)升高，最終產(chǎn)生免疫疲勞。

'THS is a stealth toxin, a silent killer,' Martins-Green said.
馬丁斯-格林表示：“三手煙是一種隱形毒物、無聲的殺手?！?/p>

'Contaminants can be absorbed through the skin and through breathing. Although our research was not done on humans, people should be aware that hotel rooms, cars, and homes that were occupied by smokers are very likely to be contaminated with THS.'
“污染物可以通過皮膚接觸或呼吸被人體吸收。雖然我們沒有對人類進(jìn)行研究，但是人們應(yīng)該意識到，吸煙者所在的賓館房間、汽車以及房屋被三手煙污染的可能性很大?！?/p>

THS toxins, which are invisible but can be smelled, remain on surfaces for many years, and are resistant to even strong cleaning agents.
三手煙無形但是有氣味，可以在物體表面殘存多年，且甚至連強(qiáng)效清潔劑也無法去除。

Further, they accumulate and age by reacting with the ambient air, and change into carcinogenic chemicals.
此外，污染物與周圍空氣反應(yīng)后會不斷積累和老化，并轉(zhuǎn)化為致癌化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

Because THS is absorbed through skin, children are especially vulnerable given their close contact with household surfaces.
由于三手煙能被皮膚吸收，兒童尤其容易受到傷害，因為他們與物體表面的接觸更頻繁。

Children frequently ingest these toxins by putting their hands in their mouths. They also absorb them through the skin.
兒童往往會通過把手放進(jìn)嘴里而攝入這些有毒物質(zhì)，也會通過皮膚吸收。

In other preliminary experiments, Martins-Green and her team found that mice exposed to THS are less social than unexposed mice.
在其他初步實驗中，馬丁斯-格林及其團(tuán)隊發(fā)現(xiàn)，與未接觸三手煙的小鼠相比，接觸三手煙的小鼠更不愛社交。

Further, the researchers found that over time the mice get addicted to THS.
此外，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著時間的推移，小鼠會對三手煙上癮。

'Clearly, THS is affecting the behavior of mice,' said Martins-Green, 'It's not hard to imagine what the impact is on children who, unlike most adults, cannot remove themselves from these harmful environments. Although our work was done on mice, we are confident our results will apply to humans.'
“很明顯，三手煙影響了小鼠的行為。由此不難想象，它對兒童產(chǎn)生的影響。與成年人不同，兒童無法自己離開這種對身體有害的環(huán)境。雖然，我們的研究對象是小鼠，但是我們相信這一結(jié)果也適用于人類?！?/p>

英文來源：每日郵報
翻譯&編輯：董靜
審校：yaning