蝴蝶效應(yīng)是指在一個(gè)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)中，初始條件下微小的變化能帶動(dòng)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的長期的巨大的連鎖反應(yīng)。這是一種混沌現(xiàn)象。對于這個(gè)效應(yīng)最常見的闡述是：“一個(gè)蝴蝶在巴西輕拍翅膀，可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)月后德克薩斯州的一場龍卷風(fēng)?！?這句話的來源，是由于這位氣象學(xué)家制作了一個(gè)電腦程序，可以模擬氣候的變化，并用圖像來表示。最后他發(fā)現(xiàn)，圖像是混沌的，而且十分像一只蝴蝶張開的雙翅，因而他形象的將這一圖形以“蝴蝶扇動(dòng)翅膀”的方式進(jìn)行闡釋，于是便有了上述說法。蝴蝶效應(yīng)通常用于天氣，股票市場等在一定時(shí)段難于預(yù)測的比較復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)中。此效應(yīng)說明，事物發(fā)展的結(jié)果，對初始條件具有極為敏感的依賴性，初始條件的極小偏差，將會(huì)引起結(jié)果的極大差異。
The "Butterfly Effect" is the propensity of a system to be sensitive to initial conditions. Such systems over time become unpredictable, this idea gave rise to the notion of a butterfly flapping its wings in one area of the world, causing a tornado or some such weather event to occur in another remote area of the world.
Comparing this effect to the domino effect is slightly misleading. There is dependence on the initial sensitivity, but whereas a simple linear row of dominoes would cause one event to initiate another similar one, the butterfly effect amplifies the condition upon each iteration.
The butterfly effect has been most commonly associated with the Weather system as this is where the discovery of "non-linear" phenomenon began when Edward Lorenz found anomalies in computer models of the weather. But Henri Poincaré had already made inroads into this area. Mapping the results in "phase space" produced a two-lobe map called the Lorenz Attractor. The word attractor meaning that events tended to be attracted towards the two lobes, and events outside of the lobes are such things like snow in the desert.
The attractor acts like an egg whisk, teasing apart parameters that may initially be close together, this is why the weather is so hard to predict. Super computers run several models of the weather in parallel to discover whether they stay close together or diverge away from each other. Models that stay similar in nature give an indication that the weather is relatively predictable, and are used to indicate the confidence level that Meteorologists have in a prediction.
It is not just the weather though that is subject to such phenomena. Any "Newtonian Classical" system where one system is in competition with another, such as the "Chaotic Pendulum (混沌鐘擺)" which plays magnetism off against gravity will exhibit "sensitivity to initial conditions".
Animal populations may also be subject to the same phenomena. Work done by Robert May, suggests that predator-prey systems have complex dynamics making them prone to "boom" and "bust”, due to the difference equations that model them. Such a system even with two variables such as Rabbits and Foxes can create a system that is much more complex than would be thought to be the case. Lack of Foxes means that the Rabbit population can increase, but increasing numbers of Rabbits means Foxes have more food and are likely to survive and reproduce, which in turn decreases the number of Rabbits. It is possible for such systems to find a steady state or equilibrium, and even though species can become extinct, there is a tendency for populations to be robust, but they can vary dramatically under certain circumstances. Real populations of course, have more than two variables making them ever more complex. But as can be seen from the diagram, such systems are not as simple as might be thought.
The chemical world is also not free from such intrusions of non-linearity. In certain cases chemical feedback produces effects as that in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction (化學(xué)混沌反應(yīng)), creating concentric rings, which are produced by a chemical change, whose decision to change from one state to another cannot be predicted. The B-Z chemical system is currently being trialled as a means to achieve artificially intelligent states in robots.
Phase space portraits of liquid flow show that they too are subject to the same kind of non-linearity that is inherent in other physical systems. It may be apparent when turning on a tap that sporadic drips become "laminar" as the flow increases. What might not be apparent is the nature of the change from semi-random to continuous. It may seem rather at odds with intuition that such natural systems have inherent behavior that is not random, or indeed that is not capable of being predicted. It may also seem that "not random" means "predictable".
Natural systems can present a tangled mix of determinism and randomness, or "order" and "chaos”. In such cases as water moving from drips to continuous flow, pictures called "Bifurcation diagrams" demonstrate the nature of movement from order into chaos. This bifurcation is based on Robert May's work, but one of the intriguing things about bifurcations is that the same pattern occurs no matter what system is iterated. In fact Mitchell Feigenbaum discovered that there was a "constant of doubling" hidden in amongst all these systems.
Electronic apparatus is also not free from such effects, and it is perhaps ironic, that we think of electronic apparatus as being the epitome of predictable determinism and ruthless clockwork efficiency. Indeed the powerful computers used to predict weather, would seem ineffectual if they were not ruthless automatons. But such effects occur only in certain circumstances where there is "sensitivity to initial conditions”. Amplifiers for instance, produce a howl when feedback occurs as they go into a stable state of oscillation (擺動(dòng)，震動(dòng)). Logic gates as used in computers have to select a "0" or a "1", and this relies on choosing between two states whose boundary is indeterminate, and it is when a computer confuses a "0" for a "1" or vice versa that mistakes occur.
Many of the shapes that describe non-linear systems are fractal, a set of shapes that are self-similar on smaller and smaller scales with no limit to the size of the scale. Fractals were discovered by Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM.
Fractals have been seen as describing naturally occurring phenomena such as the cragginess of mountains or the shapes of certain plant forms, such as ferns, which can be modeled by affine transformations.
Whether in fact Nature is fractal, or whether it just describes it better than the simple geometry of Euclid (歐幾里德) depends on the philosophical view taken of mathematics as a whole. Some people think mathematics is just a tool or a creation of man, and therefore Nature is only described or mapped by mathematics.
Others think that the description is real --- at least in the sense that the similarity is not superficial, that in fact natural objects that look fractal, or which fractals look like, are similar in appearance because at some fundamental level the natural objects are obeying some form of rule system that bears a similarity to the sort of rules which govern fractals.
Whichever way you look at it, one thing no one can say is that mathematics is irrelevant to Nature. From butterflies to plants, from the weather to chemistry, mathematics is modeling or displaying attributes of Nature, and helping us to understand what we see.
（來源：fortunecity.com 中山大學(xué)通訊員陳萌供稿）
