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Dogs are prone to complex emotions such as jealousy and pride, according to scientific research that sheds new light on their relationship with humans.
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Dogs are prone to complex emotions such as jealousy and pride, according to scientific research that sheds new light on their relationship with humans.
Canines do not like seeing their owners offering affection to other creatures, especially other dogs, and react negatively when their owners bring home new partners, the research found.
Psychologists previously believed most animals lack the "sense of self" needed to experience so-called secondary emotions such as jealousy, embarrassment, empathy or guilt. These emotions are more complex than feelings associated with instant reaction – such as anger, lust or joy.
Dr Friederike Range, of the University of Vienna's neurobiology department, has shown that dogs feel intense jealously when they spot that they are unfairly treated compared with other dogs. "Dogs show a strong aversion to inequity," she said.
The dog study is the latest into several species, including cows, horses, cats and sheep, which have shown that animals are far more self-aware than was thought.
Dr Paul Morris, a psychologist at the University of Portsmouth who studies animal emotions, told The Sunday Times: "We are learning that dogs, horses, and perhaps many other species are far more emotionally complex than we ever realised. They can suffer simple forms of many emotions we once thought only primates could experience."
In research among dog owners, Dr Morris found almost all of them reported jealous behaviour by their pets. The dog often tried to prise their owner away from a new lover in the early days of a relationship.
Behavioural experts recommend owners keeping their dog's routine as much as possible when a new partner or child comes along in order to prevent jealous activity from the dog such as interruptions with barking or whining.
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(Agencies)
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一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究表明，狗也會(huì)產(chǎn)生嫉妒和驕傲等復(fù)雜的情感。該研究進(jìn)一步揭示了狗與人之間的關(guān)系。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，狗不愿意看到自己的主人對(duì)其它動(dòng)物，尤其是其它的狗表現(xiàn)出關(guān)注。當(dāng)主人把新男友或女友帶回家時(shí)，它們也會(huì)表現(xiàn)出抵觸情緒。
此前，心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為大多數(shù)動(dòng)物缺乏體會(huì)嫉妒、困窘、移情和內(nèi)疚等高級(jí)情感的“自我意識(shí)”。這些情感遠(yuǎn)比憤怒、欲望或高興等與即時(shí)反應(yīng)相關(guān)的情感復(fù)雜。
奧地利維也納大學(xué)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)博士弗里德里克?朗格稱，當(dāng)狗意識(shí)到自己得到的關(guān)注不如其它狗，即受到了不公正待遇時(shí)，就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的嫉妒情緒。她說(shuō)：“狗對(duì)不公正十分抵觸?！?/font>
此前研究人員已對(duì)牛、馬、貓、羊等動(dòng)物進(jìn)行了類似研究，結(jié)果表明，動(dòng)物的自我意識(shí)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出人的意料。
樸茨茅斯大學(xué)從事動(dòng)物情感研究的心理學(xué)家保羅?莫里斯在接受《星期日泰晤士報(bào)》采訪時(shí)說(shuō)：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)狗、馬，可能還有其他很多動(dòng)物的情感比我們預(yù)想的豐富得多，它們同樣會(huì)表現(xiàn)出多種簡(jiǎn)單的感情形式，而之前我們以為只有靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物才具有這樣的高級(jí)情感?！?/font>
此外，莫里斯對(duì)養(yǎng)狗人開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾乎所有人都稱他們的寵物狗有過(guò)嫉妒行為。比如，在他們把新男友或女友帶回家的最初幾天，他們的狗總是想方設(shè)法讓他們遠(yuǎn)離對(duì)方。
行為學(xué)家建議，當(dāng)家里出現(xiàn)新成員時(shí)，盡量不要打亂寵物狗的生活規(guī)律，以避免它們因?yàn)榧刀识穹突虬Ш俊?/font>
（實(shí)習(xí)生許雅寧 英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津姍姍編輯） |
