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守護(hù)黑暗天空,細(xì)話光污染
Light pollution

[ 2010-04-13 09:28]     字號(hào) [] [] []  
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燈火輝煌的城市,光影交錯(cuò)。在欣賞現(xiàn)代科技帶來(lái)的炫目夜景時(shí),我們是否意識(shí)到——用光線填滿的黑夜,已遮蔽了深邃蒼穹那點(diǎn)點(diǎn)繁星?

By Andrew Fraknoi

那零 選 亦文 譯

守護(hù)黑暗天空,細(xì)話光污染

You may think that light pollution isn’t something extraordinarily important. You may believe that every other type of pollution has a larger impact on the environment than light pollution does. You may not even have heard of it before. It may not be polluting our lakes, our air or the Earth’s living creatures, but light pollution is serious, and it needs to be addressed by everyone.

Light pollution, or “sky glow”, is the glow you can see at night above cities and towns. Light pollution is a problem that has been accompanying man ever since he started his first fire some 15,000 years ago, and technology has only made it worse. Light pollution is the stray light that comes from streetlights, billboard signs, buildings, parking lots, sports arenas and any other source of illumination that is reflected or directed into the atmosphere. Light pollution is made worse with air pollution, as the small particles that float in the air serve to scatter and reflect the light, compounding the problem. The effect of light pollution is to reduce the contrast, and therefore the visibility of dimmer objects in the night sky, which affects professional, as well as amateur astronomers. Light pollution has obscured our view of constellations, meteor showers, and even the planets.

Light pollution exists on every continent except Antarctica. Urban light pollution means that one-fifth of the world’s population can no longer see the Milky Way with the naked eye. Many city kids, even if they did peer through the orange smog above their heads, would probably see only a handful of stars. We have lost our view of the stars, and we have mucked up our nighttime environment as well. Astronomers are calling for the dark places on Earth to be preserved as national parks, so that we do not lose completely our window on the Universe.

Light pollution impacts astronomical research and can even affect human health. The excess illumination also affects wildlife in various ways from altering migration routes to eating habits and breeding behavior, to name a few.

Lots of people find the ever-brightening night annoying, and animals that are programmed to prefer the dark may avoid brightened habitat. Sea turtles can get lost searching for a beach to lay eggs, and their hatchlings may confuse over-lit beachfront resorts for the ocean horizon, wasting precious energy needed to find the sea and escape predators. Because their necks aren’t yet long enough to see things far away, baby turtles rely on the mirror image of the moon to guide them to the sea, to begin their new life. A car may even hit a particular turtle, which was thinking the light from a nearby city was moonlight reflecting off the ocean waves. Birds that live in and around cities can die because of sky glow, too. The abundance of bright lights can blind them, leading to countless collisions with buildings, billboards and other tall structures.

These are merely a few of the possible negative effects light pollution has on our world. A very serious issue in our modern-day society is that light pollution is a terrible waste of energy.

Reducing light pollution is not difficult. Light pollution is the easiest type of pollution to end. On an individual level, people can help reduce much sky glow by using lighting only when necessary and by choosing well shielded lighting fixtures. The stars above us are a priceless heritage—not only for astronomers but for all humans. More of our children should be able to look up at night and see that the Milky Way is not just a candy bar.

 

或許你覺(jué)得光污染不是什么了不得的大事?;蛟S你認(rèn)為其他任何一種污染對(duì)環(huán)境造成的影響都要比光污染嚴(yán)重。沒(méi)準(zhǔn)兒在此之前你連聽(tīng)都沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)光污染?;蛟S此刻它并沒(méi)有污染湖泊、空氣或者地球上的生物,但是光污染之嚴(yán)重,需要大家協(xié)力解決。

光污染,也稱“人工白晝”,在夜晚的城鎮(zhèn)上空均可見(jiàn)到這種發(fā)光現(xiàn)象。自大約1.5萬(wàn)年前人類生起第一堆火起,光污染問(wèn)題就一直伴隨著人類,科學(xué)技術(shù)只是令這一問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重而已。光污染屬雜散光,來(lái)源于街燈、廣告牌、建筑物、停車場(chǎng)、露天體育場(chǎng)以及其他反射或直射入大氣層中的照明光。而空氣污染又使光污染問(wèn)題愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重,因?yàn)槠≡诳諝庵械男☆w粒通過(guò)散射和反射光線,加劇了這一問(wèn)題。由于光污染導(dǎo)致明暗對(duì)比降低,夜空中較暗物體的能見(jiàn)度因此而下降,這給專業(yè)及業(yè)余天文學(xué)者都造成了影響。光污染使星座、流星雨甚至行星都變得模糊不清,遮蔽了我們的視線。

除南極洲外,各大洲均存在光污染。城市光污染意味著世界上五分之一的人都無(wú)法再用肉眼看見(jiàn)銀河。而許多在城市的孩子,即便他們能透過(guò)頭頂上方的橙色煙霧凝視夜空,瞥見(jiàn)的也很可能只有屈指可數(shù)的幾顆星星。我們已經(jīng)看不見(jiàn)星星,也破壞了夜晚的自然環(huán)境。天文學(xué)家們呼吁,將地球上無(wú)光源的地點(diǎn)保護(hù)為國(guó)家公園,這樣才不至于徹底喪失我們了解宇宙的窗口。

光污染不僅影響天文學(xué)研究,甚至還會(huì)影響人類健康。過(guò)度照明也會(huì)對(duì)野生動(dòng)物造成不同方面的影響,譬如,改變遷徙路線、攝食習(xí)慣和繁育行為等。

許多人都會(huì)覺(jué)得持續(xù)明亮的夜晚很煩人,而天性喜黑的動(dòng)物或許也會(huì)避開明亮的棲息地。海龜會(huì)在尋找海灘產(chǎn)卵的途中迷路,新生的小龜則會(huì)把過(guò)于明亮的海灘度假勝地誤認(rèn)為是大海的水平線,從而浪費(fèi)掉尋找大海、躲避天敵的寶貴精力。由于幼龜頸部不夠長(zhǎng),視物不遠(yuǎn),因此要依賴月亮的映像引導(dǎo)它們爬向大海,開始新的生活。一只這樣的幼龜甚至可能會(huì)被汽車撞到,因?yàn)樗`以為附近城市的燈光就是從海浪反射而來(lái)的月光。生活在城市及周邊的鳥類也會(huì)死于人工白晝。大量的強(qiáng)光令它們無(wú)法視物,從而導(dǎo)致無(wú)數(shù)次撞上大樓、廣告牌及其他高層建筑的事故發(fā)生。

這些僅僅是光污染可能給我們的世界所帶來(lái)的幾種負(fù)面影響?,F(xiàn)代社會(huì)面臨的一個(gè)非常嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題就是光污染是對(duì)能源的可怕浪費(fèi)。

減少光污染并不難,它是最容易消滅的污染類型。就個(gè)人而言,僅在必要時(shí)使用照明,且選擇遮光性能好的照明設(shè)備,就能有助于大幅減少人工白晝現(xiàn)象。我們頭頂上方的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)繁星,不僅對(duì)天文學(xué)家而言是無(wú)價(jià)遺產(chǎn),對(duì)全人類來(lái)說(shuō)也是如此。我們應(yīng)該有更多的孩子能夠仰望夜空,眼中所看到的銀河不應(yīng)僅僅只是(模糊的)“一條糖塊”而已。

(來(lái)源:英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)雜志)

Vocabulary:

1. address: 對(duì)付,處理。

2. sky glow: 人工白晝,指廣告牌、廣告燈、霓虹燈以及城市夜景照明等發(fā)出的強(qiáng)光使夜晚如同白天一樣的現(xiàn)象。

3. particle: 微粒,顆粒。

4. compound: 使加重,使惡化。

5. smog: (常指由汽車尾氣和工業(yè)區(qū)排出的煙與霧混合而成的)煙霧。

6. muck up: 破壞,弄糟。

7. window on sth.: 了解信息的渠道,窗口。

8. impact: 對(duì)……產(chǎn)生不良影響;affect: 影響,通常指不好的影響。

9. programme: 訓(xùn)練;培養(yǎng)。

10. mirror image: 鏡像,映像(左右相反之影像)。

11. candy bar: 單獨(dú)包裝的條(塊)狀糖,這里用來(lái)形象地比喻夜空中模糊呈現(xiàn)的銀河形狀。沒(méi)有光污染的情況下,銀河在晴天夜晚可見(jiàn),是橫跨夜空的一條寬而發(fā)亮的銀白色光帶,銀河里有許多小光點(diǎn),輝映成一片,這其實(shí)是由無(wú)數(shù)顆恒星的光形成的;銀河由大量恒星構(gòu)成,它是銀河系的一部分,銀河系則是太陽(yáng)系所屬的星系。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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