旅游業(yè)可以促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，但過度發(fā)展卻會(huì)加重生態(tài)和社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)。當(dāng)前，世界各地的主要旅游城市都或多或少地面臨被游客包圍的窘境，甚至引發(fā)了當(dāng)?shù)卣途用駥?duì)游客的排斥。最近發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告對(duì)旅游城市作出分類，來看看哪些城市正面臨著這種危機(jī)。

Amsterdam, Venice, Barcelona, Paris – the poster children for overtourism are well-known. Now, 20 more cities are on alert lest they turn into the future face of the problem, according to a new report from the World Travel & Tourism Council and commercial real estate firm JLL.

阿姆斯特丹、威尼斯、巴塞羅那、巴黎——這些城市都是眾所周知的過度旅游城市典型。如今，世界旅游及旅行理事會(huì)和商業(yè)地產(chǎn)公司仲量聯(lián)行的一份新報(bào)告稱，還有20多個(gè)城市需要提高警惕，否則將在今后面臨同樣的問題。

The report, called “Destination 2030”, examines the tourism “readiness” of 50 destinations around the world and groups cities into five types. The “emerging performers” category includes destinations where infrastructure and tourism momentum are growing along with the pressures associated with more tourists. Those cities were Bangkok, Cape Town, Ho Chi Minh City, Istanbul, Jakarta, Mexico City and New Delhi.

這份名為《2030年旅游目的地》的報(bào)告考察了全球50個(gè)旅游目的地的“接待能力”，并將這些城市分為五種類型?！靶屡d成員”類型指的是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和旅游勢頭在發(fā)展，同時(shí)伴隨游客壓力的城市，包括曼谷、開普敦、胡志明市、伊斯坦布爾、雅加達(dá)、墨西哥城和新德里。

Another 13 cities – called “mature performers” – were described as having an established tourism infrastructure, strong leisure or business travel, and good positioning to manage current growth levels.

另外13個(gè)被稱為“成熟成員”的城市擁有完善的旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁的休閑或商務(wù)旅游業(yè)，以及控制當(dāng)前增長水平的良好定位。

“But there is a risk of future strains related to visit volume, infrastructure or activity that is testing readiness for additional growth,” the report says.

報(bào)告稱：“但這些城市未來可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)游客量、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施或活動(dòng)等方面的壓力，檢驗(yàn)當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)在業(yè)務(wù)增長情況下的接待能力?！?/p>

It lists Auckland, Berlin, Dublin, Las Vegas, Lisbon, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Miami, New York, Seoul, Seville, and Sydney in this category.

報(bào)告將奧克蘭、柏林、都柏林、拉斯維加斯、里斯本、倫敦、洛杉磯、馬德里、邁阿密、紐約、首爾、塞維利亞和悉尼歸入“成熟成員”類別。

“Over the past few years … several destinations, and cities in particular, have been criticized in the media for the under-management of travel and tourism and the stresses that visitor numbers have put on urban systems and residents,” the report says.

報(bào)告指出：“過去幾年來……一些旅游目的地，特別是某些城市，因?qū)β糜螛I(yè)管理不善，以及游客過多給城市系統(tǒng)和居民帶來壓力而受到媒體批評(píng)。”

Some of the names most synonymous with crowds fell into the “managing momentum” type: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Prague, Rome, San Francisco, Stockholm, Toronto and Vancouver.

那些一提到名字就讓人馬上想到熙熙攘攘人群的城市被歸為“管理增長點(diǎn)”類型，包括阿姆斯特丹、巴塞羅那、巴黎、布拉格、羅馬、舊金山、斯德哥爾摩、多倫多和溫哥華。

synonymous [s?'n?n?m?s]：adj.同義的；同義詞的

Those are described as having established tourism infrastructure and urban readiness but heavy leisure travel volume “with potential to cause strain on the city”.

報(bào)告稱，這些城市已經(jīng)擁有成熟的旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和游客接待能力，但大量的休閑游客“有可能給城市帶來壓力”。

“Those cities are the ones that are going to start focusing less on attracting a whole lot of new visitors,” says Lauro Ferroni, LL’s global head of hotels and hospitality research.

仲量聯(lián)行的全球酒店及好客度研究主管勞羅-菲洛尼說：“這些城市不會(huì)再費(fèi)力吸引大量新游客。”

Instead, they have to shift their focus to dispersing crowds throughout their city and encouraging visitors to come at off-peak times.

相反，它們應(yīng)該將精力投入到分散人群，并鼓勵(lì)游客在淡季來訪。

off-peak ['?fpik]：adj.非高峰期的

Cities listed in two other categories were experiencing somewhat less pressure. “Dawning developers”, with an emerging tourism infrastructure, were experiencing gradual tourism growth and lower visitor concentration. Those cities – Bogota, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Chengdu, Kuala Lumpur, Lima, Manila, Moscow, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro and Riyadh – still have potential to grow, according to the report.

其他兩類城市面臨的壓力沒有那么大。旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施正在建設(shè)中的“朝陽開發(fā)者”類型城市旅游業(yè)逐漸增長，游客集中度較低。報(bào)告稱，這些城市包括波哥大、布宜諾斯艾利斯、開羅、成都、吉隆坡、利馬、馬尼拉、莫斯科、孟買、里約熱內(nèi)盧和利雅德，仍有增長潛力。

The “dawning” and “emerging” cities generally have a less advanced approach to tourism policy, without official positions on regulating home-sharing or specific mentions of tourism in economic plans.

“朝陽開發(fā)者”和“新興成員”類型的城市旅游政策通常不那么先進(jìn)，沒有在管理共享民宿問題上的官方立場，也沒有在經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃中具體提到旅游業(yè)。

“Those are areas we would encourage them to focus on as they become increasingly popular,” Ferroni says.

菲洛尼說：“隨著這些城市越來越受歡迎，需要鼓勵(lì)其關(guān)注旅游業(yè)。”

The “balanced dynamics” category includes cities with an established infrastructure for visitors, a larger-than-average share of business travelers and room to grow comfortably. They are Beijing, Chicago, Dubai, Hong Kong, Munich, Osaka, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo and Washington.

“均衡發(fā)展”類別的城市擁有成熟的旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、商務(wù)旅行者比例高于平均水平、也有充裕的增長空間。這些城市包括北京、芝加哥、迪拜、香港、慕尼黑、大阪、上海、新加坡市、東京和華盛頓。

The World Tourism Organisation, an agency of the United Nations, said that last year, there were 1.4 billion international tourist arrivals around the world. That total represented a 6 percent increase over the previous year, and arrivals were expected to grow another 3 percent to 4 percent this year.

聯(lián)合國下屬機(jī)構(gòu)世界旅游組織稱，2018年全球國際游客多達(dá)14億人次，比2017年增加了6%，預(yù)計(jì)2019年國際游客人次將再增長3%至4%。

Last year, a European Union report identified 105 destinations in some state of overtourism. And Responsible Travel, a UK-based travel company, put together an overtourism map that includes 98 destinations across 63 countries.

去年，歐盟的一份報(bào)告指出，有105個(gè)旅游目的地處于某種過度旅游狀態(tài)。總部位于英國的旅游公司責(zé)任旅游整理了一份過度旅游地圖，包括63個(gè)國家的98個(gè)目的地。

Justin Francis, CEO and co-founder of Responsible Travel, says overtourism has only recently become an issue as travel numbers continue to rise.

該公司創(chuàng)始人之一、首席執(zhí)行官賈斯汀-弗朗西斯說，由于游客人數(shù)持續(xù)增加，過度旅游最近才成為一個(gè)問題。

“Very few destinations even have tourism planning, let alone have figured out how to solve the problem,” he says. “I think it’s a crisis.”

他說：“很少有旅游目的地有旅游規(guī)劃，更不用說找到解決問題的辦法了。我認(rèn)為這是一場危機(jī)?！?/p>

let alone：更不必說，聽任

英文來源：華盛頓郵報(bào)

翻譯&編輯：yaning