10月是諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的頒獎(jiǎng)月，物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、以及文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)都有女性獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叩纳碛啊?/p>

她們的科學(xué)或文學(xué)成就已經(jīng)有非常多解讀了。今天，雙語(yǔ)君帶你聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)她們的成長(zhǎng)與態(tài)度。

Andrea M. Ghez

物理學(xué)

今年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)有三位得主，他們都因?yàn)樵诤诙搭I(lǐng)域的研究而獲得了該獎(jiǎng)。

Three scientists won this year’s Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe.

三位科學(xué)家于周二獲得了今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)他們?cè)鲞M(jìn)了我們對(duì)黑洞的理解——黑洞是潛伏在宇宙最黑暗部分的一種吸收一切的怪物。

其中，女科學(xué)家Andrea Ghez于1987年從麻省理工學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)，之后又在1992年從加州理工學(xué)院獲得了博士學(xué)位。她是因?yàn)橛^測(cè)銀河系中心的黑洞而與研究同事共享了獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。

她年幼時(shí)因?yàn)槟慷昧薔ASA的阿波羅探月發(fā)射計(jì)劃，再加上基礎(chǔ)教育時(shí)期碰到了非常有模范作用的老師，激起了她對(duì)于數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的熱情。

One of them was high school chemistry teacher Judith Keane, who recalled Ghez as an “exceptionally brilliant student.” “I am especially proud that Andrea continues to take such a strong interest in teaching and mentoring her own students, especially the girls.” said Keane, 80.

其中一位是高中化學(xué)老師朱迪思·基恩，她回憶起蓋茲是一個(gè)“非常出色的學(xué)生”，“我特別自豪的是，安德烈婭繼續(xù)對(duì)自己的學(xué)生，特別是女孩們的教學(xué)和指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生如此強(qiáng)烈的興趣?！?0歲的基恩說(shuō)。

In a 2006 interview with PBS, Ghez said of Keane: “She was one of the only female science teachers I ever had, and she was incredibly encouraging. I think it was important for me to see, very early on, a woman in this role.”

在2006年接受美國(guó)公共廣播公司（PBS）采訪時(shí)，蓋茲談到基恩時(shí)說(shuō)：“她是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的唯一一位女性科學(xué)教師，難以想象她當(dāng)時(shí)那么鼓勵(lì)我。我認(rèn)為在少時(shí)能看到一位女性承擔(dān)鼓勵(lì)科學(xué)的角色對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。”

她的公開(kāi)發(fā)言十分有趣。談到如何解釋黑洞給公眾聽(tīng)，她也表示撓頭。

We have this interesting problem with black holes. What is a black hole? It is a region of space where you have mass that's confined to zero volume, which means that the density is infinitely large, which means we have no way of describing, really, what a black hole is!

黑洞這個(gè)問(wèn)題就很有趣。什么是黑洞？是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域，其中質(zhì)量被限制在零體積，這意味著密度是無(wú)限大的，同時(shí)也意味著我們真的沒(méi)辦法描述黑洞是什么！

聊到科學(xué)研究的趣味，她認(rèn)為就是不斷地提出問(wèn)題然后在探索過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)新的問(wèn)題。迎難而上是她的態(tài)度。

The question that I started off with was, I thought, very simple. It was just 'Is there a massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way?' But one of the things I love about science is that you always end up with new questions. “Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,’’ Ghez told The Associated Press. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”

我開(kāi)始的問(wèn)題，我想非常簡(jiǎn)單，就是“銀河系中心有沒(méi)有一個(gè)巨大的黑洞？”但我喜歡科學(xué)的一點(diǎn)就是你總是以新問(wèn)題告終?！耙?yàn)楹诙春茈y理解，所以它們才如此吸引人。我真的認(rèn)為科學(xué)是一個(gè)巨大的謎題?！?蓋茲接受美聯(lián)社采訪時(shí)說(shuō)。

令人驚訝的還有，Ghez是有史以來(lái)第四位獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的女性。1903年第一次獲得該獎(jiǎng)的是大名鼎鼎的居里夫人。

Ghez is the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, after Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018.

我開(kāi)始的問(wèn)題，我想非常簡(jiǎn)單，就是“銀河系中心有沒(méi)有一個(gè)巨大的黑洞？”但我喜歡科學(xué)的一點(diǎn)就是你總是以新問(wèn)題告終。“因?yàn)楹诙春茈y理解，所以它們才如此吸引人。我真的認(rèn)為科學(xué)是一個(gè)巨大的謎題?！?蓋茲接受美聯(lián)社采訪時(shí)說(shuō)。

當(dāng)然，她也希望自己能夠激勵(lì)年輕一代的科研女孩——科研樂(lè)趣無(wú)窮，諸事等你完成。

Ghez is the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, after Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018.

蓋茲表示：“我希望我能激勵(lì)其他年輕女性進(jìn)入這個(gè)領(lǐng)域。這是一個(gè)有很多樂(lè)趣的領(lǐng)域。如果你對(duì)科學(xué)充滿熱情，你可以做很多事情?！?/p>

Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier

化學(xué)

今年的諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主是兩位女性Jennifer Doudna和Emmanuelle Charpentier，她們因?yàn)樵诨蚓庉嬵I(lǐng)域的技術(shù)突破而獲獎(jiǎng)。

Biochemist Jennifer Doudna won the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry, sharing it with colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier for the co-development of CRISPR-Cas9, a genome editing breakthrough that has revolutionized biomedicine. Charpentier, 51, and Doudna, 56, are just the sixth and seventh women to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

生物化學(xué)家詹妮弗·杜德納與同事埃馬紐埃爾·卡彭蒂耶一起獲得了2020年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，她們共同開(kāi)發(fā)了CRISPR-Cas9，這是一項(xiàng)基因組編輯方面的突破性進(jìn)展，它使得生物醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)生了革命性的變化。51歲的卡彭蒂耶和56歲的杜德納分別是第六和第七位獲得諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的女性。

Doudna出生于華盛頓特區(qū)，卻在夏威夷長(zhǎng)大，高中的時(shí)候就展露了對(duì)化學(xué)的濃厚興趣。本科學(xué)校不算大名鼎鼎，但優(yōu)秀的她獲得了哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的進(jìn)修機(jī)會(huì)并于1989年獲得了博士學(xué)位。畢業(yè)后先是在耶魯大學(xué)任教，2002年就去到了現(xiàn)在的大學(xué)——加州大學(xué)伯克利分校。

Doudna lives in Berkeley with her husband, Jamie Cate, a UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology, and their son, Andrew.

杜德納和她的丈夫Jamie Cate（加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的分子和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)教授）以及他們的兒子安德魯住在伯克利。

有趣的是，諾獎(jiǎng)宣布結(jié)果的時(shí)候，Doudna正在睡覺(jué)，凌晨被電話吵醒的她甚至以為是別人獲了獎(jiǎng)。

UC Berkeley校園新聞團(tuán)隊(duì)于諾獎(jiǎng)結(jié)果宣布后的兩小時(shí)之后抵達(dá)了Doudna的住處，在他們的鏡頭中，早上5:15分Doudna接聽(tīng)了友人的電話，對(duì)方恭喜了她，以下是他們的對(duì)話：

BOB: Jennifer

鮑：詹妮弗

DOUDNA: Bob, Good morning.

杜：鮑勃，早上好。

BOB: Good morning, congratulations!

鮑：早上好，恭喜！

DOUDNA: Thank you so much!

杜：謝謝你！

BOB: When did you find out about this thing?

鮑：你什么時(shí)候知道結(jié)果的？

DOUDNA: Well, uh, about 2:53. I think it was the moment because I was literally sound asleep, and the phone rang. I saw it was a reporter who I know, you know, I picked it up and she said “Hi, this is Heidi, calling from Nature, I wanted to get some comments on the Nobel.” And I thought she was calling to ask me to comment on somebody else wining the Nobel. So I, and I was, you know, just really dead asleep. And I said oh Heidi, gosh, I haven’t even had time to look at anything yet and she said oh my gosh you don’t know. And I said “know what?” And she said “you won the Nobel Prize!”

杜：呃，應(yīng)該是2:53.我覺(jué)得是這個(gè)時(shí)間，因?yàn)槲艺娴乃煤苁?，然后電話就響了。我看到是我認(rèn)識(shí)的一個(gè)記者，然后我就接了電話，她說(shuō)“你好，我是《自然》雜志的海蒂，我想請(qǐng)你對(duì)諾獎(jiǎng)的頒發(fā)發(fā)表下看法?！蔽乙詾樗谴螂娫拋?lái)叫我評(píng)論下別的候選人獲獎(jiǎng)的事情。所以我，你懂的，我實(shí)在睡太熟了。我說(shuō)“噢海蒂啊，天吶，我還沒(méi)找著時(shí)間看點(diǎn)東西做些功課呢?！比缓笏f(shuō)“天吶你居然不知道？”我說(shuō)“知道什么？”然后她說(shuō)“你得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)啦！”

BOB: What did you think about this? What’s the significance? This is the first Nobel Prize given only to women.

鮑：你覺(jué)得這件事，這個(gè)重要性，這是諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)第一次頒發(fā)給全部是女性的獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)?，你怎么看?/p>

DOUDNA: Is that true?

杜：真的嗎？

BOB: yes.

鮑：是啊。

DOUDNA: Ever?

杜：有史以來(lái)？

BOB: Ever.

鮑：有史以來(lái)。

DOUDNA: Ever? (giggle) My feeling is that I think among women and girls that … you know, sometimes there’s a sense that no matter what they do, that their work will not be recognized the way it would be if they were a man. And um, and I just, I hope that this prize and this recognition changes that at least a little bit.

杜：從未有過(guò)？（笑）我覺(jué)得女人也好女孩兒也罷，你懂的，有時(shí)候就是覺(jué)得不管她們?cè)趺磁Γ齻兊某晒疾粫?huì)像男性那樣獲得認(rèn)可。我希望這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)和這份認(rèn)可能夠改變這個(gè)現(xiàn)狀，哪怕改變一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。

Doudna說(shuō)自己在求學(xué)路上曾是那種別人眼中的異類(outcast)，遭受排擠。

I was kind of a nerdy, geeky type. And I loved math. People teased me about it. I felt pretty much like an outcast. [And I think] one of the problems in the biotech world is the lack of women in leadership roles, and I'd like to see that change by walking the walk.

我曾經(jīng)是那種很書呆子，很極客的那種人。我又很喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。然后有人就取笑我。我覺(jué)得自己老是遭受排擠。[我認(rèn)為]生物技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的眾多問(wèn)題之一就是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層缺乏女性，而且我樂(lè)于身體力行讓改變發(fā)生。

Doudna在接受《國(guó)家地理》雜志采訪時(shí)被問(wèn)到：

What advice would you give to young women today?

有什么建議給到今天的年輕女性？

她回答說(shuō)：

First: walk into a room like you own the place. A man would do that without com-punction. The other thing I tell them is to choose your life partner wisely. Having a part?ner in life who is supportive of you—of deci?sions about children, about careers, about lifestyle—goes a long way in enabling women to achieve their full potential.

第一：走進(jìn)房間時(shí)要覺(jué)得你是房間的主角，一個(gè)男的可以毫無(wú)內(nèi)疚的做到這一點(diǎn)。另外我還想告訴她們，選擇伴侶時(shí)要帶腦子。有一個(gè)支持你的伴侶——無(wú)論是支持你的生育決定、事業(yè)選擇、還是生活方式等等——都會(huì)非常大程度地幫助到女性開(kāi)發(fā)自己的潛能。

與Doudna分享獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的Charpentier在接受采訪時(shí)也傳遞了類似的鼓勵(lì)信息：

Charpentier told the news conference by phone that she hopes the prize encourages girls to pursue science. “I wish that this will provide a positive message … to show them in principle woman in science can also be awarded prizes but more importantly, women in science can also have an impact for the research they’re performing,” she said.

卡彭蒂耶在電話發(fā)布會(huì)上說(shuō)，她希望這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)能鼓勵(lì)女孩們追求科學(xué)。她說(shuō)：“我希望這將提供一個(gè)積極的信息……向她們表明，理論上，科學(xué)界的女性也可以獲得獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，但更重要的是，科學(xué)界的女性也可以對(duì)她們正在進(jìn)行的研究產(chǎn)生影響”。

另外，文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)咭彩且幻浴绹?guó)詩(shī)人Louise Glück.

The poet Louise Glück has become the first American woman to win the Nobel prize for literature in 27 years. Glück, cited for “her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”, is the 16th woman to win the Nobel.

詩(shī)人露易絲·格麗克成為27年來(lái)首位獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的美國(guó)女性。她也是第16位獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的女性，諾獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)稱她以“樸實(shí)無(wú)華的詩(shī)意之聲，讓個(gè)體的存在普世化”。

今年無(wú)疑是女性獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叩拇竽辍?/p>

但，埋藏在科學(xué)探索披荊斬棘之下的源源動(dòng)力，一定是自然的魅力本身。

正如今年因基因編輯技術(shù)而獲獎(jiǎng)的諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主Doudna所說(shuō)的那句：

The idea that you would affect evolution is a very profound thing.

一想到你可能會(huì)影響[生物]演化進(jìn)程就感到十分意義重大。

巨人在前，等你躍肩。

Note

lurk [l??rk] v 埋伏，潛伏

volume [?v?lju?m] n 體積；容積；容量

genome [?d?i?no?m] n 基因組；染色體組

outcast [?a?tk?st] n 被拋棄者；被排斥者

編輯：李雪晴 左卓

參考來(lái)源：TIME; University of Chicago; Brainy Quote; Berkeley News; National Geographic; France 24; Associated Press; NBC News; The Guardian