在2月8日結(jié)束的北京冬奧會花樣滑冰男子單人短節(jié)目的比賽中，美國選手陳巍以113.97分排名第一，日本選手鍵山優(yōu)真和宇野昌磨分別排在第二和第三位。

中國選手金博洋第五個出場，他以90.98分的成績排名第11位，同樣成功晉級；備受關(guān)注的日本選手、衛(wèi)冕冠軍羽生結(jié)弦拿到95.15分，以第八名的成績進入自由滑比賽。根據(jù)賽程安排，男單自由滑的比賽將于2月10日9時30分進行，屆時將誕生本屆冬奧會花樣滑冰個人項目首金。

【花滑小課堂】

2022年北京冬奧會花樣滑冰賽事包括5個競賽項目：男子單人滑（Men's Singles），女子單人滑（Women's Singles），雙人滑（Pairs），冰舞（Ice Dance），團體賽（Team Event）。

Each event typically consists of a short and long routine that helps determine a competitor's score. The short routine (also known as the short program) acts as a qualifier - only the top-scoring skaters from this portion of the competition advance to the long program (also known as the free skate or free program). Skaters then receive a combined score from the short and free programs to find the overall winner.
每個項目通常由短節(jié)目和自由滑組成，根據(jù)兩個節(jié)目的總分排名。短節(jié)目可以看成是預(yù)賽——只有短節(jié)目排名靠前的選手才有資格晉級自由滑的比拼。最終通過短節(jié)目和自由滑的總分決定名次。

Within each routine, a skater receives two sets of scores: the technical element score (TES) and the program component score (PCS). The PCS is based primarily on presentation, while the TES evaluates the difficulty and completion of the routine (things like spins and jumps).
每場比賽中，運動員都將得到兩組分數(shù)：技術(shù)分（TES）和藝術(shù)分（PCS）。藝術(shù)分主要基于選手的表演；而技術(shù)分是評估難度和節(jié)目完成度（如旋轉(zhuǎn)和跳躍）。

花樣滑冰是冬奧會上最具藝術(shù)觀賞性的冰上項目之一。運動員們在冰面上翩翩起舞，一個個高難度的旋轉(zhuǎn)、跳躍動作驚艷觀眾。

直立旋轉(zhuǎn)、燕式旋轉(zhuǎn)、躬身旋轉(zhuǎn)……賽場上的花滑運動員，不斷重復(fù)著旋轉(zhuǎn)、跳躍動作。無論動作多復(fù)雜，總能在完成高難度旋轉(zhuǎn)后，保持優(yōu)美滑行?；ɑ\動員們?yōu)槭裁崔D(zhuǎn)不暈？

How do figure skaters who spin at incredible speeds, avoid losing their balance?
高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的花樣滑冰運動員是如何避免失去平衡？

The short answer is training, but to really grasp why figure skaters can twirl without getting dizzy requires an understanding of the vestibular system, the apparatus in our inner ear that helps to keep us upright. This system contains special sensory nerve cells that can detect the speed and direction at which our head moves. These sensors are tightly coupled with our eye movements and with our perception of our body's position and motion through space. For instance, if we rotate our head to the right while our eyes remain focused on an object straight ahead, our eyes naturally move to the left at the same speed. This involuntary response allows us to stay focused on a stationary object.
簡單來說，靠訓(xùn)練。但要真正弄懂花樣滑冰運動員為什么不會轉(zhuǎn)暈，我們需要先了解前庭系統(tǒng)，即內(nèi)耳中幫助人體保持直立的器官。前庭系統(tǒng)包含特殊的感覺神經(jīng)細胞，可以檢測頭部運動的速度和方向。這些神經(jīng)傳感器與眼球運動，以及人們對自身在空間中的位置和運動的感知緊密相連。例如，如果我們把頭向右轉(zhuǎn)，而眼睛依然聚焦在前方的物體上，眼睛自然會以相同的速度向左移動。這種下意識的反應(yīng)使我們能夠盯住靜止的物體。

Spinning is more complicated. When we move our head during a spin, our eyes start to move in the opposite direction but reach their limit before our head completes a full 360-degree turn. So our eyes flick back to a new starting position midspin, and the motion repeats as we rotate. When our head rotation triggers this automatic, repetitive eye movement, called nystagmus, we get dizzy.
轉(zhuǎn)圈則更復(fù)雜。當我們在旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中移動頭部時，眼睛開始向相反的方向移動，但頭部在轉(zhuǎn)動360度之前，眼睛就轉(zhuǎn)到極限了。因此，眼睛在旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中會轉(zhuǎn)到一個新的起始位置，而這個動作在旋轉(zhuǎn)的過程中不斷重復(fù)。當頭部旋轉(zhuǎn)觸發(fā)了這種自動的、重復(fù)的眼球運動（稱為眼球震顫），我們就會感到頭暈。

Skaters suppress the dizziness by learning how to counteract nystagmus with another type of eye movement, called optokinetic nystagmus. Optokinetic nystagmus occurs in the opposite direction of the nystagmus and allows us to track a moving object—such as a train whizzing by—with our eyes while our head remains in place. As the first few cars of the train move out of view, our eyes jump back to their initial position to follow the next few, and the motion repeats. Skaters can train themselves to engage this opposing eye movement when they rotate to offset the nystagmus and keep the world from spinning.
滑冰者通過學習用另一種類型的眼球運動來對抗眼球震顫，從而抑制眩暈，這種眼球運動被稱為視動性眼震。視動性眼震與眼球震顫的方向相反，使我們能夠在頭部保持不變的情況下，用眼睛追蹤移動的物體，如呼嘯而過的火車。當火車的前幾節(jié)車廂離開視線時，我們的眼睛會跳回到最初的位置，跟隨接下來的幾節(jié)車廂，重復(fù)眼球運動?；呖梢杂?xùn)練自己在旋轉(zhuǎn)時進行這種相反的眼球運動，以抵消眼球震顫，防止頭暈。

Professional athletes employ a variety of other strategies to prevent dizziness, including maintaining a uniform speed. The sensors in our vestibular system can detect only changes in speed, so they fail to sense rotation that takes place at a steady pace. If athletes can manage their speed, they encounter dizziness only while they accelerate into and slow down out of a spin.
專業(yè)的運動員會采用保持勻速等各種不同策略來防止眩暈。前庭系統(tǒng)中的神經(jīng)傳感器只能檢測速度的變化，因此它們無法感知以穩(wěn)定速度發(fā)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果運動員能夠控制自己的速度，他們只有在加速旋轉(zhuǎn)和減速旋轉(zhuǎn)時才會感到頭暈。

花滑運動員為了克服身體機能的不適，會針對前庭系統(tǒng)進行大量練習，在科學規(guī)范的訓(xùn)練基礎(chǔ)上讓身體處于習慣旋轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)，更輕松地駕馭旋轉(zhuǎn)的眩暈感。

花樣滑冰旋轉(zhuǎn)動作

了解了花滑運動員成為“冰上陀螺”的秘訣，最后，再來認識一下花樣滑冰中令人眼花繚亂的旋轉(zhuǎn)動作吧！掌握這些花滑知識，觀賽不“頭暈”。

花樣滑冰旋轉(zhuǎn)動作主要有三種基本姿勢：蹲踞（Sit spin）、燕式（Camel spin）、直立（Upstraight spin）：

As the name suggests, a sit spin is when the skater must sink towards the ice in a sitting position. They must hold one leg out parallel to the ice while rotating on their supporting leg.
顧名思義，蹲踞旋轉(zhuǎn)是指滑冰者必須以坐姿向冰面下沉。他們必須保持一條腿與冰平行，同時用支撐腿旋轉(zhuǎn)。

The camel spin is instantly recognizable. This is when the skater creates a horizontal line using their leg and upper body, which runs parallel to the ice.
燕式旋轉(zhuǎn)很容易辨認?；叩囊粭l腿和上半身連成一條水平線，與冰平行。

An upright spin is defined as any rotation which is performed on one leg when the skater is in an upright position.
直立旋轉(zhuǎn)是指當滑冰者處于直立姿勢時，用一條腿進行的任何旋轉(zhuǎn)。

非基本姿勢由這三種基本姿勢演變而來，有數(shù)百種之多，賽場上常見的非基本旋轉(zhuǎn)姿勢包括貝爾曼、甜甜圈、躬身旋轉(zhuǎn)等動作：

躬身旋轉(zhuǎn) layback spin

甜甜圈旋轉(zhuǎn) donut spin

貝爾曼 Biellman spin

來源：Olympics.com，Scientific American
編輯：董靜