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| Ashbourne Shrovetide football games, played once a year, are similar to old folk football games |
In a special series for Off the Pitch, we take a look at the rich and varied 多樣化的 history of the world's favourite game.
Anyone who has ever seen something small and round in the street and been seized by a sudden impulse 被一種沖動所驅(qū)使 to kick it must appreciate the inescapable 難以回避的 attraction of football. So it comes as no surprise to learn that ball-kicking games developed spontaneously 自發(fā)的 in many cultures around the world.
In China, there is evidence of a practice called cuju (蹴鞠). Thought originally to have been designed for military training, the game began to be played more widely during the Han Dynasty 王朝/朝代. It was often played within the imperial palace.
During the Tang Dynasty cuju evolved 演變 into a game not dissimilar to modern soccer, with two teams of between 12 and 16 players trying to score goals with a feather-stuffed 裝滿了羽毛的 ball. However, the game continued to develop and by the Song Dynasty matches were won or lost by the accuracy of passes rather than scoring goals. The game died out 消失 in the Ming Dynasty.
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| Edward II tried to ban football |
All modern football games (including soccer, rugby and American football)
trace their lineage 追述其演變/歷史 to games of 'folk football' played in villages in Europe from the 14th and 15th centuries.
In these games, the ball could be carried, kicked or thrown and the players would violently grapple 扭打/格斗 with one another. Entire villages, including women and children, competed against each other, the object 目標 being to get the ball into a goal located in the opposition's village. Crowds of villagers would form enormous scrums 簇擁/擁擠 in roads, fields and ditches 水溝 to try to gain possession of the ball.
Sometimes folk football was played within a single village. These contests would often pitch 對陣 unmarried against married players.
The game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game... It is one in which young men... propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet.
15th century chronicler, Cawston
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A chronicler 編年史家 in Cawston, Nottinghamshire, described the act of dribbling 帶球 the ball at one of these games, writing that players would move forward or "propel" the ball with their feet.
The violence of folk football puts modern football hooliganism 足球流氓 in the shade 把…置于次要位置. In his book 'Signification du Sport' Michel Bouet says the players of the French version of this game were "like dogs fighting over a bone."
Sometimes people were killed during the games and property was frequently damaged. In England repeated attempts were made in the 14th century to ban football, but they failed.
In 1605, Shakespeare's character the Earl of Kent in 'King Lear' calls an enemy a "base football player", base meaning very bad, dishonourable.
Oswald: I'll not be strucken, my lord.
Earl of Kent: Nor tripp'd neither, you base football player?
King Lear, Act I, Scene IV (William Shakespeare)
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Despite these origins the game of football was slowly becoming gentrified 上流化. By the time Shakespeare wrote 'King Lear', young gentlemen attending English public schools 貴族學校 were playing versions of the game.
These schools, which included Eton, Rugby and Aldenham, began to codify 使…規(guī)則化 the sport, developing new rules, such as the off-side 越位 rule.
Each school developed football rules which suited its own grounds 場地 and the tastes of its students. So while at Rugby and Marlborough the ball was carried, it was kicked and dribbled at Eton and Harrow.
After the coming of the railways in the 19th century, it became possible for schools to compete against one another. But how could games be played when nobody could agree on the rules? The solution was to divide football games into two. One half was played by the rules of the host school and the other by the visitors’.
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| While he was at Eton, Prince Harry played its famous Wall Game |
However, when the boys left their different schools for university the problem
re-emerged 重現(xiàn). The only solution was to agree on a set of rules for everyone to play by.
1863 saw the inaugural meeting 成立大會 of the Football Association which then published a set of rules called 'The Laws of Football'. Although some rules now seem odd (it was possible for players to catch the ball, for example), this was the beginning of the modern sport of associated football. The word 'soccer' is an abbreviation 縮寫 of 'associated'.
Other variations on public school football resulted in the development of rugby and Australian rules football.
Soccer has not really been welcomed by public schools. Today boys at these very old schools still play that school’s original take on 原始的形式 football.
And anarchic 無法無天的，混亂的 games of folk football are still played in a handful of 為數(shù)不多的 British towns once a year.
