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研究:社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)有害身心健康

[ 2014-07-11 16:40] 來(lái)源:中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)     字號(hào) [] [] []  
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研究:社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)有害身心健康
 
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Tallulah Wilson was just 15 years old when she took her own life back in October 2012. The gifted ballerina had been receiving treatment for clinical depression, but whilst creating an online fantasy of a cocaine-taking character, she began to share self-harm images on social networking site, Tumblr.

Shortly after her mother discovered Tallulah’s account and had it shut down, the teenager jumped in front of a train at St. Pancras station in London.

Back in 2002, Tim Piper killed himself at the age of 17. Following his struggle with depression, the student embarked on an online search for advice on how to commit suicide – later hanging himself in his bedroom.

While there are several reasons for using social networking, it appears that its main function is for increased contact with friends and family along with increased engagement in social activities. However, research has shown that young adults with a strong Facebook presence were more likely to exhibit narcissistic antisocial behavior; while excessive use of social media was found to be strongly linked to underachievement at school.

So if you take roughly 1.2 billion Facebook users and 450 million people suffering from mental disorders, what do you get? A global pandemic that’s showing no sign of slowing down anytime soon.

Cyberbullying is still on the rise

Amanda Todd, 15, committed suicide in 2012 after undergoing years of cyberbullying.

Quoting statistics from the Pew Research Center and the World Health Organization respectively, it’s frightening just how high these figures are – especially when you take into account the terrifying growth of online bullying.

Earlier this year, British charity ChildLine found cyberbullying to be on the rise; with children reporting 4,507 cases of cyberbullying in 2012-13 compared to 2,410 in 2011-12.

Why the increase? It appears that somewhere along the way, the privileges of social networking have been abused – both in terms of its meaning, as well as its victims.

It was back around the 2005 mark that the technorati heralded the dawn of social media; reaping the benefits of adopting real-time communication via a digital platform. Embracing unfamiliar terminology as well as transforming the landscape upon which standard norms of interaction were practised, suddenly choosing the appropriate profile picture became a first world problem whilst others agonised over which hashtags best summed up their tweets.

Yet there were much more pressing issues that over time would manifest into the difficulties we’ve only just started to speak up about today. This year marked the world’s first ever #TimetoTalk Day, where for 24 hours on February 6, 2014, people were encouraged to start conversations regarding mental health in a bid to end the discrimination against mental illnesses.

Though while this is one instance where social media can be seen as positive in the case of mental health, there have been many other situations where social networking has not been such a good thing.

The effects of social networks on mental illnesses

A matter of contention prevalent within the media, several studies have shown that social networking – Facebook in particular – can have detrimental effects on our wellbeing. Researchers from the University of Michigan assessed Facebook usage over a fortnight and found that the more people that used it, the more negativity they experienced concerning their day-to-day activities; as well as over time, incurring higher levels of dissatisfaction with their life overall.

Meanwhile, a blog published on Everyday Mindfulness uncovered a fascinating concept known as the ‘discrepancy monitor’; “a process that continually monitors and evaluates our self and our current situation against a gold standard.”

In a nutshell, we evaluate our own experiences against what we believe our experiences should be. But when comparing our own circumstances against that of Facebook, we become our own worst enemy – as the digital persona portrayed on this social network only highlights the ‘best bits’ from our short Facebook timeline, in stark contrast to our entire life’s work.

Need any more proof on just how damaging social media can be? Look to DoSomething.org, America’s largest not-for-profit for the younger generation and social change. Its 9 Ways Technology Affects Mental Health article brings to light several afflictions social media has on mental health, including depression, isolation, insecurity and more recently, FOMO, also known as “Fear Of Missing Out.”

Prevent social media addiction

The peer pressure to remain always connected – coupled with the 24/7 accessibility that mobile media provides – means that there’s always more than one resource available for users to get their digital fix; which unfortunately leads to the biggest demon of all: Addiction.

While there’s a multitude of self-help guides preaching their own best practices for handling the negative aspects of social media, the resolution begins with learning to use social media when appropriate and remembering that health is wealth – physically, as well as mentally.

 

2012年10月,年僅15歲的塔盧拉?威爾遜(Tallulah Wilson)結(jié)束了自己的生命。這位極具天賦的芭蕾舞演員已經(jīng)接受了一段時(shí)間的臨床抑郁癥治療,但與此同時(shí),她在網(wǎng)上扮演了一個(gè)吸食可卡因的虛幻角色,并開(kāi)始在社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)微博客(Tumblr)上分享自殘圖片。

在塔盧拉的媽媽發(fā)現(xiàn)并注銷(xiāo)了她的帳號(hào)之后沒(méi)多久,這名少女就在倫敦圣?潘克拉斯火車(chē)站跳進(jìn)火車(chē)鐵軌自殺了。

早在2002年,年僅17歲的蒂姆?派伯(Tim Piper)自殺而亡。在他與抑郁癥斗爭(zhēng)未果之后,這名學(xué)生開(kāi)始在網(wǎng)上搜索自殺方法的建議,之后便選擇在臥室上吊自殺。

使用社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的原因有很多,不過(guò)其最主要的功能似乎是通過(guò)更多地參與社交活動(dòng)來(lái)加強(qiáng)與朋友和親人的聯(lián)系。然而,相關(guān)研究顯示,經(jīng)常光顧臉譜網(wǎng)的年輕人更容易有自戀的反社會(huì)行為;研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生對(duì)社交媒體的過(guò)度使用與學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)不良有很大的關(guān)系。

所以如果你粗略地將12億臉書(shū)使用者和4億5千萬(wàn)精神病患者聯(lián)系在一起,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么?這是一場(chǎng)全球流行的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)瘟疫”,并且近期內(nèi)沒(méi)有絲毫減少的跡象。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌現(xiàn)象仍在增多

2012年,15歲的阿曼達(dá)?托德(Amanda Todd)在忍受了多年網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌之后選擇自殺。

根據(jù)皮尤研究中心和世界衛(wèi)生組織各自的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌現(xiàn)象的數(shù)量多得讓人可怕,其增加的速度尤其讓人毛骨悚然。

今年早些時(shí)候,英國(guó)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)“兒童熱線(xiàn)”發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上欺凌現(xiàn)象不斷增多,2011至2012年所報(bào)道的網(wǎng)上欺凌案件數(shù)量?jī)H有2410例,而在2012至2013年這一數(shù)字增長(zhǎng)到了4507例。

為什么一年之內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)了這么多?似乎是因?yàn)檫@一年來(lái),由于社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特權(quán)被濫用,其受害者被他人虐待。

在2005年這個(gè)標(biāo)志性的一年,搜索引擎Technorati的使用迎來(lái)了社交媒體的曙光,人們借助數(shù)字平臺(tái)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)通信并從中獲益。人類(lèi)開(kāi)始擁抱陌生的技術(shù),改變?cè)瓉?lái)社交平臺(tái)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范。好像一夜之間,挑選合適的圖片作為頭像成了世界第一難題;另外一些人糾結(jié)用哪個(gè)標(biāo)簽最能概括他們的推特風(fēng)格。

但是隨著時(shí)間流逝,有越來(lái)越多嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)了,而我們現(xiàn)在才剛剛開(kāi)始談?wù)撍鼈儭=衲陿?biāo)志著世界第一個(gè)“交流日(Time to Talk Day)”產(chǎn)生,2月6日那一整天人們都被鼓勵(lì)針對(duì)精神健康問(wèn)題討論,為終結(jié)對(duì)精神病患者的歧視而展開(kāi)對(duì)話(huà)。

盡管對(duì)于精神正常的人來(lái)說(shuō)社交媒體可能是積極的所在,但這只是其中一種情況;在很多其他情況下,社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)并不是個(gè)好東西。

社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)精神疾病的影響

在社交媒體中普遍存在一些爭(zhēng)議,很多研究表明社交網(wǎng)絡(luò),特別是臉譜,對(duì)我們的身心健康有害。密歇根大學(xué)的研究者在對(duì)臉譜為期兩個(gè)星期的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),人們?cè)绞褂盟驮綍?huì)對(duì)自己日常生活感到消極。隨著時(shí)間流逝,也會(huì)激發(fā)對(duì)生活總體的較高程度的不滿(mǎn)。

與此同時(shí),在Everyday Mindfulness發(fā)表的一篇博文中揭示了一個(gè)引人注意的概念——差異監(jiān)控。這是一個(gè)為對(duì)抗黃金準(zhǔn)則而持續(xù)觀測(cè)和評(píng)估我們自己以及我們現(xiàn)況的過(guò)程。

簡(jiǎn)而言之,我們?cè)u(píng)估自己的經(jīng)歷來(lái)對(duì)抗我們?cè)鞠嘈诺慕?jīng)驗(yàn)。但是當(dāng)我們拿自己的經(jīng)歷和臉譜網(wǎng)上呈現(xiàn)的經(jīng)歷相比較時(shí),我們成了自己最不利的敵人。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谏缃痪W(wǎng)絡(luò)上所扮演的數(shù)字虛擬形象僅僅強(qiáng)調(diào)了我們?cè)谑褂媚樧V網(wǎng)的短暫時(shí)期內(nèi)的“最佳二進(jìn)數(shù)位”,這與我們整個(gè)的生活、工作大相徑庭。

現(xiàn)在還需要更多證據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明社交媒體帶來(lái)的災(zāi)難嗎?那就請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)美國(guó)為青少年和社會(huì)變化而建的最大的公益網(wǎng)站DoSomething.org。在一篇名為9 Ways Technology Affects Mental Health(科技影響精神健康的9大方面)的文章里,作者揭露了社交媒體給人類(lèi)精神健康帶來(lái)的苦難,包括抑郁、孤獨(dú)、不安全感和最近出現(xiàn)的社交控,即忙于眼前事的時(shí)候害怕錯(cuò)過(guò)更精彩的事。

防止社交媒體成癮

來(lái)自經(jīng)常聯(lián)系的同伴的壓力,外加上手機(jī)媒體每天24小時(shí)提供的社交渠道,意味著使用者通常會(huì)專(zhuān)心于不止一種數(shù)字資源,這很不幸地會(huì)導(dǎo)致社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮這一萬(wàn)惡之首。

當(dāng)一大批自助向?qū)⑺麄冏约禾幚砩缃幻襟w消極影響的經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法講述出來(lái)時(shí),人們開(kāi)始下決心適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂蒙缃幻襟w,并牢記健康就是財(cái)富,不論是身體健康還是心理健康。

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研究:社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)有害身心健康 研究:社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)有害身心健康

(譯者 idaxiaoyan 編輯 高晴)

 

 
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