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Britain is a "second-rate power" which has been in decline for a century – yet London remains the most influential city in the world. Those are the startling findings of a list of the globe's most "necessary" cities, compiled by the business magazine Forbes. London and New York topped the global list of the world's most influential cities, although largely thanks to history, tradition and "inertia" – they are the most dominant principally because they always have been. The British capital clinched top spot in part thanks to its position as a global transport hub with a high number of company headquarters, loose regulatory environment and judicial and political systems which have proved a model for the rest of the world. But Forbes was somewhat damning in its praise, adding that London's status as the world's most influential city was largely a hangover from its past glories. "Inertia and smart use of it is a key theme that emerged in our evaluation of the top global cities," it said. "No city better exemplifies this than London, which after more than a century of imperial decline still ranks No. 1 in our survey. "The United Kingdom may now be a second-rate power, but the City's unparalleled legacy as a global financial capital still underpins its pre-eminence." Forbes based its city rankings on eight factors, including the level of foreign direct investment, the number of corporate headquarters, the amount of business types it dominates, ease of air travel to other global cities, the strength of financial services, technology and media power, and racial diversity. Using those factors, Forbes found London and New York held a "hegemony" over the rest of the world, standing far ahead of their nearest rivals, Paris and Tokyo. Rising stars were named as Singapore, currently in fifth place, Dubai in seventh and San Francisco, which is in equal 10th. Cities which could leap into the top 10 in future include Soul, currently number 16, Abu Dhabi, now in 20th, and Sao Paulo in 23rd. Despite being among the world's most populous cities, in countries which are seen as being on the cusp of an economic breakthrough, cities elsewhere in the developing world are considered lacking in influence. Forbes said: "The Indian megacities Delhi and Mumbai rank in the low 30s along with Johannesburg in South Africa. "Until these areas can develop adequate infrastructure - from roads, transit and bridges to relatively non-corrupt judicial systems - none can be expected to crack the top 10, or even 20, for at least a decade. "For the time being, the future of the global city belongs not to the biggest or fastest growing but the most efficient and savvy, and those with a strong historical pedigree. This raises the bar for all cities that wish to break into this elite club." The world's top 10 most influential cities: 1. London A history and tradition which cannot be rivalled have left London with all the economic benefits of the City of London, and a language, judiciary and legal system which are models for the rest of the world. The super-rich have long been comfortable there, and its cultural, media and advertising sectors are dominant. Spared the regulation and red tape which ties up business in the US and Europe, London's time zones are manageable for business travellers commuting east or west and it has the second best global air connections in the world after Dubai. London has the most start-up Internet firms in Europe and is host to 68 of the world's top 2,000 companies. 2. New York Hard on the heels of London, New York only narrowly missed out to its British rival in the Forbes list. The Big Apple is home to most of the world's top investment banks and hedge funds. Its stock market trade levels are 10 times that of London and four times that of Tokyo. It is a global leader in media, advertising and the music industry and dominates in the realms of fashion and luxury. Visitors spend more money in New York than any city in the world thanks, Forbes suggests, to its iconic landmarks. 3. Paris A distant third, Paris claims its place only thanks to its domination of the still-important French market with virtually all of the country's home-grown companies basing their headquarters there. 4. Singapore The most influential city in Asia, Singapore has a population of just five million but an infrastructure which is the envy of the world. With a colonial legacy of British governance and law, it has been named as the best place in the world to do business. As a result, it has the highest level of foreign direct investment and is the top location for European companies with an Asia-Pacific HQ. 5. Tokyo Despite being the world's largest city in terms of gross domestic product, Tokyo has fallen behind Singapore as Asia's most influential, according to Forbes. Like Paris, the magazine said, it gains most of its ranking due to its domination of its own domestic markets. But it will continue to suffer thanks to an ageing population and declining birth rate, a lack of ethnic diversity and stiff competition from regional rivals. 6. Hong Kong More free than the rest of China, Hong Kong is the largest financial centre in Asia and the third largest in the world. Most of the world's banks, asset managers and insurance companies have Asia-Pacific headquarters there. 7. Dubai Dubai has put itself the centre of the world thanks to an airport which boasts the largest terminal on the globe which makes it the most well-connected city in terms of air travel. Coupled with an environment described by Forbes as "business-friendly," it is the destination of choice for companies seeking a Middle East presence. It is also the most racially-diverse city on the list, with 83 per cent of residents having been born elsewhere. 8. Beijing As the capital of the emerging economic superpower that is China, Beijing is growing importance all the time. As well as hosting the HQs of most of China's state-owned companies Forbes said it is "home to the country's elite educational institutions and its most innovative companies." = Sydney Australia's largest city is dominant in a country that has seen a resources-fuelled boom in the last two decades. 10. San Francisco Bay Area Has leapt from relatively obscurity to become hugely "necessary" thanks largely to its domination of the tech field. Companies outside the sector are now also seeing San Fran as the place to be, moving their businesses there. = Los Angeles No longer the force it was when it sought to rival New York as America's most important city, LA's position is just about secured thanks to Hollywood and its domination of the entertainment industry. It remains the second-largest city in the US, but it is losing influence in business terms, with several major companies departing in recent years, and could soon trail its neighbour San Francisco . = Toronto Gains its position as the economic capital of the rich and stable country that is Canada. Nearly half of its population is foreign born. |
據(jù)英國《每日電訊報》報道，盡管大英帝國經(jīng)過一個世紀(jì)的衰落，已淪為一個“二流強國”，但倫敦仍是全球最具影響力的城市。 這些全球最“顯要”城市排名結(jié)果令人十分震驚，它源自于商業(yè)雜志《福布斯》。 倫敦和紐約之所以能夠在全球最具影響力城市榜單遙遙領(lǐng)先，雖然在很大程度上歸功于歷史、傳統(tǒng)和“慣性”的作用——但主要原因是他們一直以來都處于領(lǐng)先地位。 英國首都倫敦榜單獨占鰲頭，一部分原因功歸于其全球交通樞紐的地位，這里有大量的企業(yè)總部、寬松的監(jiān)管環(huán)境以及完善的司法政治體系，這些都顯示了其為世界樹立的典范。 然而，《福布斯》在其贊美之辭中卻有一些不滿，稱倫敦能居全球最具影響力城市之首，主要因為延續(xù)著過往輝煌。 《福布斯》指出：“傳統(tǒng)慣性以及如何巧用慣性是我們此次評選考慮的關(guān)鍵因素?！?/p> “沒有其它城市可以比倫敦更好的證明這一點。盡管經(jīng)過一個世紀(jì)多的帝國衰落，但調(diào)查顯示，倫敦仍具有無以匹敵的影響力?！?/p> “現(xiàn)在的英國也許已淪為一個二流強國，但倫敦仍是全球金融中心，這一無與倫比的遺產(chǎn)仍彰顯著其顯赫地位。”《福布斯》城市排行評選主要基于八個因素：吸引外國直接投資數(shù)量、企業(yè)總部數(shù)量、主要企業(yè)類型數(shù)量、國際航運便捷程度、金融服務(wù)實力、技術(shù)和媒體權(quán)威以及種族多元化程度。 根據(jù)這些因素，《福布斯》發(fā)現(xiàn)倫敦和紐約在全球其它城市中“鶴立雞群”，與最接近它們的巴黎和東京相比，遙遙領(lǐng)先。 后起之秀新加坡目前排名第五，迪拜排名第七，舊金山排名第十。 未來有望躋身前十名的城市包括，目前排名第十六的首爾（Seoul，韓國首都），排名二十的阿布扎比（Abu Dhabi，阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國首都），以及排名第23的圣保羅（Sao Paulo，巴西最大城市）。 在發(fā)展中國家中，盡管有些城市人口很稠密，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展也取得了突破，但仍被認為缺乏影響力。 《福布斯》稱：“印度的大都市德里（Delhi）和孟買（Mumbai）只能排名三十多，與南非的約翰內(nèi)斯堡（Johannesburg）處于同一等級?！?/p> “直到這些地區(qū)建立足夠完善的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——從道路、交通、橋梁到廉潔的司法體系——否則至少十年內(nèi)，他們無法躋身前十名或前二十名。 “從目前來看，國際性大都市的未來屬于那些最有效率、最有見識并擁有深遠歷史背景的城市，而不是那些規(guī)模最大或發(fā)展最快的城市。這抬高了眾多城市期望加入該‘精英俱樂部’的門檻?！?/p> 全球十大最具影響力的城市： 1．倫敦（London） 以英語為母語的倫敦，擁有悠久的歷史和傳統(tǒng)，并是國際性金融中心，豐厚的經(jīng)濟效益也助其榮登榜首。此外，完善的司法和法律體系也為世界其它地區(qū)樹立了典范。 作為全球富豪首選居住地，倫敦占據(jù)著世界文化、媒體、廣告行業(yè)的主導(dǎo)地位。 撇開在美國和歐洲的商業(yè)法規(guī)及繁文縟節(jié)，倫敦擁有時區(qū)上的優(yōu)勢，方便全國各地商務(wù)旅客的來來往往。此外，倫敦的航空聯(lián)絡(luò)體系十分完善，全球排名第二，僅次于迪拜。 在歐洲大量的高科技初創(chuàng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司屬于倫敦。全球前2000強企業(yè)中，有68家公司總部設(shè)在倫敦。 2．紐約（New York） 《福布斯》榜單上，美國紐約緊跟倫敦之后，惜敗于對手倫敦屈居第二。大蘋果城（The Big Apple，紐約的別稱）是世界頂級投資銀行和對沖基金之鄉(xiāng)。紐約股票市場貿(mào)易是倫敦的十倍，東京的四倍。紐約的媒體、廣告和音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)在全球遙遙領(lǐng)先，同時，紐約還是世界重要的時尚和奢侈品之都。《福布斯》指出，由于紐約擁有眾多標(biāo)志性建筑物，游客在紐約的消費超過世界上其它任何城市。 3．巴黎（Paris） 巴黎在排行榜上名列第三，但與倫敦、紐約差距較大。巴黎聲稱之所以能位居第三，主要由于法國國內(nèi)市場仍發(fā)揮著重要的作用，且?guī)缀跛蟹▏鴩鴥?nèi)知名企業(yè)總部都設(shè)于巴黎。 4．新加坡（Singapore） 新加坡是亞洲最具影響力的城市。雖然新加坡的人口只有500萬，但這里的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施讓全世界為之羨慕。收益于英國殖民時期遺留下來的統(tǒng)治方式和法律法規(guī)，被稱為全球最佳經(jīng)商之地。因此，新加坡是外國直接投資水平最高的地區(qū)，并且是歐洲公司建立亞太地區(qū)總部的首選之地。 5．東京（Tokyo） 據(jù)《福布斯》稱，盡管東京是全球國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）最大的城市，但卻落居新加坡之后，未能成為亞洲最具影響力的城市?！陡２妓埂愤€稱，東京與巴黎相似，其排名第五主要依賴于自身國內(nèi)市場的發(fā)展。然而，由于受到人口的老齡化、出生率不斷下降、民族多樣性的缺乏以及區(qū)域競爭對手的激烈競爭等因素的制約，東京的發(fā)展將面臨挑戰(zhàn)。 6．香港（Hong Kong） 香港比中國其它地區(qū)更自由，也是亞洲最大金融中心，僅次于倫敦和紐約，全球排名第三位。全球大多數(shù)的世界銀行、資產(chǎn)管理公司和保險公司都把他們的亞太地區(qū)總部設(shè)在香港。 7．迪拜（Dubai） 迪拜之所以能將自己推向世界中心，功歸于擁有全球最大航站樓的迪拜國際機場，這也使它成為全球航空旅行的最佳樞紐城市。 《福布斯》表示，迪拜擁有優(yōu)良的企業(yè)發(fā)展環(huán)境，因此，這里也是企業(yè)在中東地區(qū)尋求舉足輕重地位的首選之地。 此外，迪拜還是榜單中種族最復(fù)雜的城市，83%的迪拜居民都出生在國外。 8．北京 作為新興經(jīng)濟超級大國中國的首都，北京的地位也越來越重要。由于許多中國國有企業(yè)總部坐落于此，《福布斯》把北京稱為“國家人才教育機構(gòu)和最具創(chuàng)新力企業(yè)之鄉(xiāng)”。 8．悉尼（Sydney）（并列第八） 悉尼作為澳大利亞最大的城市，在全國處于主導(dǎo)地位。過去的二十年里，悉尼的資源能源行業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。 10．舊金山港灣區(qū)（San Francisco Bay Area） 從默默無聞一躍成為極其“顯要”城市，這很大程度上要歸功于其科技領(lǐng)域的主導(dǎo)地位。各大企業(yè)將舊金山視為企業(yè)外部部門最佳之地，將業(yè)務(wù)移于此地擴展。 10. 洛杉磯（Los Angeles） 洛杉磯曾經(jīng)與紐約競選美國最重要的城市。它顯著的影響力主要得益于好萊塢和娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)中心地位。洛杉磯雖然仍是美國第二大城市，但由于近幾年幾大企業(yè)的撤離，其商業(yè)方面的影響力正在減弱，或?qū)⒑芸炻浜笥谄浣徟f金山。 10. 多倫多（Toronto） 多倫多是繁榮穩(wěn)定的加拿大最大的城市，以雄厚的經(jīng)濟資本贏得其名。這里近一半人口為海外出生。 （譯者 落葉林117 編輯 丹妮） 掃一掃，關(guān)注微博微信
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