五、婦女與決策管理
V. Women and Decision Making

中國制定和實(shí)施相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和政策規(guī)劃，保障婦女享有與男性平等的政治權(quán)利，婦女參政比例進(jìn)一步提高，在國家和社會(huì)事務(wù)決策和管理中的作用增強(qiáng)。
China has formulated and implemented laws, regulations and policy outlines to ensure that women enjoy equal political rights with men, which has resulted in a higher level of female participation in politics and a greater role played by women in decision making and management of state and social affairs.

完善促進(jìn)婦女參與決策和管理的法律政策。制定和實(shí)施促進(jìn)婦女參與決策和管理的積極措施，婦女參與決策和管理的人數(shù)和比例不斷提高。各地制定的婦女權(quán)益保障法實(shí)施辦法和選舉法實(shí)施細(xì)則，普遍對(duì)地方各級(jí)人大代表候選人中的女性比例作出明確規(guī)定。國家制定專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，明確培養(yǎng)選拔女干部的目標(biāo)指標(biāo)和工作要求，并采取具體措施，提高各級(jí)女干部的人數(shù)和比例?！吨腥A人民共和國村委會(huì)組織法》規(guī)定，“婦女村民代表應(yīng)當(dāng)占村民代表會(huì)議組成人員的三分之一以上”?！吨袊鴭D女發(fā)展綱要(2011-2020年)》提出，到2020年“村委會(huì)成員中女性比例達(dá)到30%以上。村委會(huì)主任中女性比例達(dá)到10%以上”“居委會(huì)成員中女性比例保持在50%左右”。2013年出臺(tái)的《村民委員會(huì)選舉規(guī)程》具體規(guī)定，“候選人中應(yīng)當(dāng)有適當(dāng)?shù)膵D女名額，沒有產(chǎn)生婦女候選人的，以得票最多的婦女為候選人”，并采取一系列措施提高村民委員會(huì)中的女性比例。
Improving laws and policies that boost women's participation in decision making and management. China has formulated and implemented proactive measures to boost women's participation in decision making and management, which, in turn, has helped increase the number and proportion of women in decision-making and managerial positions. The detailed implementation rules of the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women and the Electoral Law adopted by various places across China all include explicit provisions on the proportion of women candidates to local people's congresses. The state has formulated a special plan that defines the goals of and requirements for training and selection of women officials, and has taken concrete measures to increase the number and proportion of women officials at various levels. The Organic Law of the Village Committees of the People's Republic of China rules that "female villager representatives should make up more than one third of the village committee." The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) states that "by 2020 the percentage of women in village committees will exceed 30 percent, and that female village committee heads should exceed 10 percent"; and that "the ratio in neighborhood committees should be around 50 percent." The Election Procedure of Village Committees issued in 2013 specifies that "village committee candidate lists should include a certain number of women; if not, those women who get the most votes should be candidates." This show that a number of measures has been adopted to improve the representation of women in village committees.

婦女參與決策和管理的比例提高。重視發(fā)揮婦女在人民代表大會(huì)中的作用，提高婦女在各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表中的比例。2013年十二屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議女代表比例為23.4%，比20年前提高了2.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；少數(shù)民族婦女代表占少數(shù)民族代表的41.3%。注重提高婦女在社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主中的參與度，重視發(fā)揮政協(xié)婦聯(lián)界和女委員作用。2013年全國政協(xié)十二屆一次會(huì)議女委員比例為17.8%，比20年前提高了4.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。中國共產(chǎn)黨女黨員的比例顯著提高，2013年為24.3%，比1995年增加了8.7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。各民主黨派女性成員比例均高于20年前。婦女參與國家公共事務(wù)管理的人數(shù)不斷增加。2013年中央機(jī)關(guān)及直屬機(jī)構(gòu)錄用的公務(wù)員中女性比例為47.8%。近年來，地方新錄用公務(wù)員中女性比例不斷提高。
Women's participation in decision making and management has markedly improved. China values the role of women in people's congresses by improving their representation in the ranks of deputies to people's congresses at various levels. The ratio of women deputies to the first session of the 12th National People's Congress in 2013 was 23.4 percent, 2.4 percentage points higher than 20 years ago; ethnic minority women deputies made up 41.3 percent of the total number of ethnic minority deputies. China sets store on improving women's participation in socialist consultative democracy and the role of representatives of women's federations and women delegates to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The proportion of women members at the first session of the 12th CPPCC national committee in 2013 was 17.8 percent, 4.1 percentage points higher than 20 years ago. The ratio of female CPC members also markedly increased, reaching 24.3 percent, an increase of 8.7 percentage points from 1995. The ratio of women members in all other political parties (other than the CPC) is higher than 20 years ago. The number of women participating in the management of state public affairs keeps increasing. In 2013, the female employment ratio in central government agencies and their subsidiaries reached 47.8 percent. In recent years, the number of newly employed women civil servants has also increased steadily at local levels.

婦女廣泛參與基層民主建設(shè)。2013年，村委會(huì)成員中的女性比例為22.7%，比2000年提高了7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；村委會(huì)主任和村民代表中的女性比例也明顯提高，婦女成為農(nóng)村基層治理的重要力量。2013年，居委會(huì)成員中的女性比例為48.4%，主任中的女性比例為41.5%。女職工積極參與企業(yè)民主管理和監(jiān)督。2014年，工會(huì)會(huì)員中女性占38.1%，企業(yè)職代會(huì)職工代表中女代表比例為29.3%，在企業(yè)董事會(huì)、監(jiān)事會(huì)中，女職工董事、監(jiān)事占職工董事和監(jiān)事的比例分別為40.1%和41.5%。
Women's extensive participation in the development of grassroots democracy. In 2013, female representation in village committees was 22.7 percent, an increase of 7 percentage points from 2000; the ratio of women as village committee heads and representatives also increased significantly, making women an important force in primary-level rural governance. In 2013, women made up 48.4 percent of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees represented 41.5 percent. Female employees also play an active part in democratic management and supervision in enterprises. In 2014, female workers represented 38.1percent of the trade union members, female employee representatives accounted for 29.3 percent of workers'congresses, and female representatives made up 40.1 percent and 41.5 percent of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.

婦女和婦女組織在國家民主政治建設(shè)中的影響力日益增強(qiáng)。支持鼓勵(lì)婦女有序參與國家和社會(huì)事務(wù)管理，不斷拓寬參與的范圍和途徑。人大女代表、政協(xié)女委員積極參政議政，密切關(guān)注性別平等議題，積極提出議案、建議和提案，推動(dòng)解決性別平等和婦女發(fā)展問題。注重將性別平等納入決策，各級(jí)女領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部在決策管理中發(fā)揮重要作用。婦聯(lián)組織代表婦女參與立法協(xié)商和協(xié)商民主，推動(dòng)將性別平等納入法律、法規(guī)和政策的制定與執(zhí)行，在婦女權(quán)益保障法、反家庭暴力法等法律制定和修訂中，積極推動(dòng)立法體現(xiàn)性別平等原則。婦女組織是基層社會(huì)治理的重要力量。近年來，婦聯(lián)組織依托村級(jí)組織和社區(qū)活動(dòng)場所建立70余萬個(gè)“婦女之家”，在密切聯(lián)系和服務(wù)婦女群眾、參與基層社會(huì)治理中發(fā)揮了重要作用。其他婦女組織也積極參與民主管理和民主監(jiān)督。
The influence of women and women's organizations in the development of the country's democratic politics keeps growing. China supports and encourages women to take part in the management of state and social affairs in an orderly manner by expanding the scope and channels for such participation. Women deputies to people's congresses and the CPPCC women members have taken an active part in the administration and discussion of state affairs by actively introducing bills, suggestions and motions to help improve gender equality and women's development. The state sets store by gender equality in decision making, enabling leading women officials to play an important role in decision making and management. Women's federations participate in legislation and consultative democracy. They have pressed for incorporating gender equality in the formulation and implementation of policies, laws and regulations, and urged to give expression to the principle of gender equality in the formulation and amendment of the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women and the Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China. Women's organizations are a force of growing importance in primary level social governance. In recent years, using the venues of rural village committees and urban communities, women's federations have established more than 700,000 service centers (known as "Women's Home") to connect and serve women effectively, and to help with primary level social governance. Other women's organizations also take an active part in democratic governance and supervision.