六、婦女與環(huán)境
VI. Women and the Environment

中國(guó)重視營(yíng)造促進(jìn)性別平等的社會(huì)文化環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造健康安全的自然環(huán)境，倡導(dǎo)平等和諧的文明家風(fēng)，為婦女的生存發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好條件。婦女在社會(huì)文化培育、生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)和家庭建設(shè)中的獨(dú)特作用日益凸顯。
China attaches great importance to creating a social and cultural environment conducive to boosting gender equality; through building a healthy and safe natural environment and fostering equal and harmonious family traditions, sound conditions have been created for women's development. Women are playing an increasingly prominent unique role in the fostering of social culture, protection of the ecological environment and family management.

營(yíng)造尊重婦女和兩性平等發(fā)展的社會(huì)環(huán)境。各級(jí)黨政部門(mén)、婦聯(lián)組織及其他社會(huì)組織通過(guò)宣傳倡導(dǎo)、教育培訓(xùn)、座談研討等多種形式，全方位、多渠道宣傳男女平等基本國(guó)策，提升全社會(huì)性別平等意識(shí)。各級(jí)黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)帶頭宣講國(guó)策，發(fā)表署名文章，作專題報(bào)告，表明促進(jìn)性別平等的意愿和行動(dòng)。制定促進(jìn)兩性和諧發(fā)展的文化和傳媒政策，禁止性別歧視。加強(qiáng)對(duì)傳媒的正面引導(dǎo)和管理，培訓(xùn)媒體從業(yè)者，增強(qiáng)性別平等意識(shí)。完善傳媒監(jiān)管機(jī)制，監(jiān)督新聞媒體和廣告經(jīng)營(yíng)者嚴(yán)格自律，禁止在媒體中出現(xiàn)貶抑、否定婦女獨(dú)立人格的歧視現(xiàn)象。大力宣傳婦女在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的積極貢獻(xiàn)。婦女在媒體領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了重要作用，截至2014年底，持有新聞?dòng)浾咦C的女性采編人員比例為44.1%。
Creating a social environment in which women are respected and gender equality is upheld. The Party and government departments, women's federations and other social organizations at various levels promote the basic national policy of gender equality through various means, such as publicity campaigns, training courses and seminars. Leading Party and government officials at various levels have taken the lead in writing and publishing articles and making speeches to promote gender equality. China has developed cultural and media policies aimed to boost harmonious development between men and women and prohibit gender discrimination. The state has enhanced guidance and management of the media and has trained media workers to enhance their awareness of gender equality. China has improved supervision to ensure news media and advertising agents exercise strict self-discipline and avoid any discrimination against women in the media by depreciating or denying their independent personality. China has vigorously publicized the positive contribution made by women to economic and social development. Women are playing an important role in the media. By the end of 2014, female journalists and editors had made up 44.1 percent of qualified staff in this area.

婦女的精神文化生活日益豐富。公共文化服務(wù)體系建設(shè)注重面向婦女群體，滿足婦女的精神文化需求。全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)免費(fèi)開(kāi)放博物館、美術(shù)館、公共圖書(shū)館、文化館和文化站等文化場(chǎng)所，不斷發(fā)展數(shù)字圖書(shū)館，婦女的文化生活資源更加豐富。大力推動(dòng)信息通信技術(shù)發(fā)展，為婦女文化交流與創(chuàng)新提供了新平臺(tái)，截至2014年12月，中國(guó)女性網(wǎng)民共有2.83億，占網(wǎng)民總數(shù)的43.6%。婦女休閑方式和內(nèi)容更加多元。開(kāi)展“億萬(wàn)婦女健身活動(dòng)”，婦女健身活動(dòng)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。最新一期中國(guó)婦女社會(huì)地位調(diào)查顯示，有55.2%的女性主動(dòng)參加體育鍛煉。
Women's cultural life is being enriched. Public cultural services target women with the intention of satisfying their cultural demands. Museums, galleries, libraries and cultural centers nationwide are open to the public for free, and digital libraries are being developed, thus increasing women's access to culture. Major efforts have been made to boost the development of information technology, providing women with new platforms for cultural communication and innovation. By December 2014, Chinese women netizens numbered 283 million, accounting for 43.6 percent of the total netizens. Women have ever-increasing leisure opportunities. Fitness campaigns have been directed at hundreds of millions of women, and such activities are still gaining momentum. According to a recent survey of Chinese women's social status, 55.2 percent of women are taking an active part in physical exercises.

婦女生活環(huán)境得到明顯改善。《中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要(2011-2020年)》提出改水改廁等與婦女生產(chǎn)生活密切相關(guān)的主要目標(biāo)。目前，全國(guó)農(nóng)村衛(wèi)生廁所普及率由2000年的40.3%提高到2013年的74.1%，農(nóng)村改水受益人數(shù)累計(jì)達(dá)9億，改水累計(jì)受益率達(dá)95.6%，農(nóng)村自來(lái)水普及率由2000年的55.2%提高到2013年的76.4%，改善了婦女生產(chǎn)生活環(huán)境，減輕了生產(chǎn)生活負(fù)擔(dān)。重視發(fā)揮婦女在生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中的作用。更多婦女進(jìn)入環(huán)保領(lǐng)域，為保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化、維護(hù)能源資源安全作出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。全國(guó)人大環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)委員會(huì)的女委員、各級(jí)政府分管環(huán)境的女市長(zhǎng)和女環(huán)保局長(zhǎng)人數(shù)不斷增加。截至2014年底，環(huán)境保護(hù)部機(jī)關(guān)女干部比例為31.2%。倡導(dǎo)婦女參與節(jié)能減排，踐行低碳生活。婦女積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)，以女性為主導(dǎo)的環(huán)保組織日益增多。
The everyday environment for women is being markedly improved. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) set goals for improving water supply services and toilets that have a positive impact on women's daily and working life. Access to sanitary toilets in rural areas increased from 40.3 percent in 2000 to 74.1 percent in 2013. Improved water supply in rural areas has benefitted a total of 900 million people, with accumulative benefit rate of 95.6 percent. Access to tap water in rural areas increased from 55.2 percent in 2000 to 76.4 percent in 2013. All these changes have helped improve the living environment of women and reduced their daily burden. China sets store by highlighting the role of women in building a conservation culture. More and more women are involved in environmental protection, making their contribution to protecting the ecological environment, addressing climate change and maintaining energy and resource security. The number of female members in the NPC Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee, female mayors in charge of environmental protection and female heads of environmental protection bureaus has kept increasing. By the end of 2014, female officials working at the Ministry of Environmental Protection accounted for 31.2 percent of the total. Women are encouraged to participate in energy conservation and emission reduction efforts, and to adopt low-carbon lifestyle. Women take part in environmental protection with enthusiasm, and environmental protection organizations with women playing a dominant role are on the rise.

營(yíng)造和諧、平等的家庭環(huán)境。國(guó)家人口發(fā)展“十二五”規(guī)劃將促進(jìn)性別平等、家庭和諧、倡導(dǎo)婚姻自由平等作為主要任務(wù)，促進(jìn)家庭成員的平等發(fā)展。一些地方法規(guī)對(duì)女職工產(chǎn)假、男職工護(hù)理假及津貼作出明確規(guī)定，支持男女平衡工作與家庭、夫妻共擔(dān)家庭責(zé)任。探索開(kāi)展婦女與婚姻家庭社會(huì)工作，完善婦女社會(huì)支持系統(tǒng)。實(shí)施“關(guān)愛(ài)女孩行動(dòng)”，改變傳統(tǒng)男孩偏好的文化習(xí)俗。建立健全社會(huì)養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系，老年婦女的生活條件得到改善，生活質(zhì)量不斷提高，貧困、喪偶和獨(dú)居老年婦女得到特殊關(guān)照。積極開(kāi)展“五好文明家庭”和“尋找最美家庭”等家庭文化建設(shè)活動(dòng)，宣傳倡導(dǎo)文明家風(fēng)。20年來(lái)，婚姻家庭中的性別平等狀況明顯改善。最新一期中國(guó)婦女社會(huì)地位調(diào)查顯示，夫妻共同決策家庭事務(wù)成為趨勢(shì)，70%以上的婦女參與家庭重大事務(wù)決策。越來(lái)越多的婦女能夠平等分享家庭資源，男女共同分擔(dān)家務(wù)的觀念得到更多認(rèn)同，兩性家務(wù)勞動(dòng)時(shí)間差距由10年前的150分鐘縮短到74分鐘。
Building a harmonious and equal family environment. The 12th five-year plan for population development takes gender equality, family harmony and freedom and equality in marriage as its major goals. Some local regulations contain explicit provisions on maternity leave for female employees and nursing leave and subsidies for male employees, to support husbands and wives in balancing work and family and jointly sharing family responsibilities. China has conducted social studies of the relationship between women, marriage and family to improve the social support system for women. It has initiated "Care for Girls Action" to challenge the tradition of favoring boys. China has set up and improved systems of services for the elderly to ensure that elderly women's living conditions and quality of life are improved, and that impoverished, widowed and elderly women living alone are given special care. China actively launches campaigns to find "Model Family" and "The Most Harmonious Family" to foster the best family traditions. Over the past 20 years, a marked improvement has been seen in gender equality in marriages and families. The recent survey of Chinese women's social status shows that it has become the norm for husbands and wives to make family decisions jointly, and that more than 70 percent of women have taken part in making major family decisions. More and more women can share family resources on an equal basis with men, and the concept of men and women sharing housework is now accepted, with the housework time gap between men and women shortened from 150 minutes 10 years ago to 74 minutes now.