2021中國的航天

中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

（2022年1月）

China's Space Program: A 2021 Perspective

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China

January 2022

 

目錄

前言

一、開啟全面建設(shè)航天強(qiáng)國新征程

（一）發(fā)展宗旨

（二）發(fā)展愿景

（三）發(fā)展原則

二、發(fā)展空間技術(shù)與系統(tǒng)

（一）航天運輸系統(tǒng)

（二）空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

（三）載人航天

（四）深空探測

（五）發(fā)射場與測控

（六）新技術(shù)試驗

（七）空間環(huán)境治理

三、培育壯大空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

（一）衛(wèi)星公益服務(wù)

（二）空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

四、開展空間科學(xué)探索與研究

（一）空間科學(xué)探索

（二）空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實驗

五、推進(jìn)航天治理現(xiàn)代化

（一）持續(xù)提升航天創(chuàng)新能力

（二）強(qiáng)化航天工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)能力

（三）加快發(fā)展空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

（四）鼓勵引導(dǎo)商業(yè)航天發(fā)展

（五）積極推進(jìn)法治航天建設(shè)

（六）建設(shè)高水平航天人才隊伍

（七）大力開展航天科普教育和文化建設(shè)

六、構(gòu)建航天國際合作新格局

（一）基本政策

（二）主要進(jìn)展

（三）未來合作重點

結(jié)束語

前言

習(xí)近平總書記指出，“探索浩瀚宇宙，發(fā)展航天事業(yè)，建設(shè)航天強(qiáng)國，是我們不懈追求的航天夢?！敝袊冀K把發(fā)展航天事業(yè)作為國家整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，始終堅持為和平目的探索和利用外層空間。

2016年以來，中國航天進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新發(fā)展“快車道”，空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)，北斗全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建成開通，高分辨率對地觀測系統(tǒng)基本建成，衛(wèi)星通信廣播服務(wù)能力穩(wěn)步增強(qiáng)，探月工程“三步走”圓滿收官，中國空間站建設(shè)全面開啟，“天問一號”實現(xiàn)從地月系到行星際探測的跨越，取得了舉世矚目的輝煌成就。

未來五年，中國航天將立足新發(fā)展階段，貫徹新發(fā)展理念，構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，按照高質(zhì)量發(fā)展要求，推動空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用全面發(fā)展，開啟全面建設(shè)航天強(qiáng)國新征程，為服務(wù)國家發(fā)展大局、在外空領(lǐng)域推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體、促進(jìn)人類文明進(jìn)步作出更大貢獻(xiàn)。

為介紹2016年以來中國航天活動主要進(jìn)展、未來五年主要任務(wù)，進(jìn)一步增進(jìn)國際社會對中國航天事業(yè)的了解，特發(fā)布本白皮書。

Preamble

"To explore the vast cosmos, develop the space industry and build China into a space power is our eternal dream," stated President Xi Jinping. The space industry is a critical element of the overall national strategy, and China upholds the principle of exploration and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes.

Since 2016, China's space industry has made rapid and innovative progress, manifested by a steady improvement in space infrastructure, the completion and operation of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, the completion of the high-resolution earth observation system, steady improvement of the service ability of satellite communications and broadcasting, the conclusion of the last step of the three-step lunar exploration program ("orbit, land, and return"), the first stages in building the space station, and a smooth interplanetary voyage and landing beyond the earth-moon system by Tianwen-1, followed by the exploration of Mars. These achievements have attracted worldwide attention.

In the next five years, China will integrate space science, technology and applications while pursuing the new development philosophy, building a new development model and meeting the requirements for high-quality development. It will start a new journey towards a space power. The space industry will contribute more to China's growth as a whole, to global consensus and common effort with regard to outer space exploration and utilization, and to human progress.

We are publishing this white paper to offer a brief introduction to China's major achievements in this field since 2016 and its main tasks in the next five years, in order to help the international community better understand China's space industry.

 

一、開啟全面建設(shè)航天強(qiáng)國新征程

（一）發(fā)展宗旨

探索外層空間，擴(kuò)展對地球和宇宙的認(rèn)識；和平利用外層空間，維護(hù)外層空間安全，在外空領(lǐng)域推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，造福全人類；滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、科技發(fā)展、國家安全和社會進(jìn)步等方面的需求，提高全民科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)，維護(hù)國家權(quán)益，增強(qiáng)綜合國力。

（二）發(fā)展愿景

全面建成航天強(qiáng)國，持續(xù)提升科學(xué)認(rèn)知太空能力、自由進(jìn)出太空能力、高效利用太空能力、有效治理太空能力，成為國家安全的維護(hù)者、科技自立自強(qiáng)的引領(lǐng)者、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的推動者、外空科學(xué)治理的倡導(dǎo)者和人類文明發(fā)展的開拓者，為建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國、推動人類和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。

（三）發(fā)展原則

中國發(fā)展航天事業(yè)服從和服務(wù)于國家整體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，堅持創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)、協(xié)同高效、和平發(fā)展、合作共享的原則，推動航天高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

——創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)。堅持創(chuàng)新在航天事業(yè)發(fā)展中的核心地位，建強(qiáng)航天領(lǐng)域國家戰(zhàn)略科技力量，實施航天重大科技工程，強(qiáng)化原創(chuàng)引領(lǐng)的科技創(chuàng)新，持續(xù)優(yōu)化創(chuàng)新生態(tài)，加快產(chǎn)品化進(jìn)程，不斷提升航天自主發(fā)展能力和安全發(fā)展能力。

——協(xié)同高效。堅持系統(tǒng)觀念，更好發(fā)揮新型舉國體制優(yōu)勢，引導(dǎo)各方力量有序參與航天發(fā)展，科學(xué)統(tǒng)籌部署航天活動，強(qiáng)化空間技術(shù)對空間科學(xué)、空間應(yīng)用的推動牽引作用，培育壯大新模式新業(yè)態(tài)，提升航天發(fā)展的質(zhì)量效益和整體效能。

——和平發(fā)展。始終堅持和平利用外層空間，反對外空武器化、戰(zhàn)場化和外空軍備競賽，合理開發(fā)和利用空間資源，切實保護(hù)空間環(huán)境，維護(hù)一個和平、清潔的外層空間，使航天活動造福全人類。

——合作共享。堅持獨立自主與開放合作相結(jié)合，深化高水平國際交流與合作，拓展航天技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品全球公共服務(wù)，積極參與解決人類面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)，助力聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)，在外空領(lǐng)域推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體。

I. A New Journey Towards a Strong Space Presence

1. Mission

The mission of China's space program is: to explore outer space to expand humanity's understanding of the earth and the cosmos; to facilitate global consensus on our shared responsibility in utilizing outer space for peaceful purposes and safeguarding its security for the benefit of all humanity; to meet the demands of economic, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress; and to raise the scientific and cultural levels of the Chinese people, protect China's national rights and interests, and build up its overall strength.

2. Vision

China aims to strengthen its space presence in an all-round manner: to enhance its capacity to better understand, freely access, efficiently use, and effectively manage space; to defend national security, lead self-reliance and self-improvement efforts in science and technology, and promote high-quality economic and social development; to advocate sound and efficient governance of outer space, and pioneer human progress; and to make a positive contribution to China's socialist modernization and to peace and progress for all humanity.

3. Principles

China's space industry is subject to and serves the overall national strategy. China adheres to the principles of innovation-driven, coordinated, efficient, and peaceful progress based on cooperation and sharing to ensure a high-quality space industry.

- Innovation-driven development

China puts innovation at the core of its space industry. It boosts state strategic scientific and technological strength in the space industry, implements major space programs, strengthens original innovation, optimizes the environment for innovation, achieves industrial production as early as possible, and grows China's independent capacity to build a safe space industry.

- Coordination and efficiency

China adopts a holistic approach in building its space industry. It mobilizes and guides different sectors to take part in and contribute to this key industry, and coordinates all relevant activities under an overall plan. It ensures that technology plays a greater role in promoting and guiding space science and applications, and it facilitates the growth of new forms and models of business for the industry. These measures aim to raise the quality and overall performance of China's space industry.

- For peaceful purposes

China has always advocated the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and opposes any attempt to turn outer space into a weapon or battlefield or launch an arms race in outer space. China develops and utilizes space resources in a prudent manner, takes effective measures to protect the space environment, ensures that space remains peaceful and clean, and guarantees that its space activities benefit humanity.

- Cooperation and sharing

China always combines independence and self-reliance with opening to the outside world. It actively engages in high-level international exchanges and cooperation, and expands global public services for space technology and products. It takes an active part in solving major challenges facing humanity, helps to realize the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and facilitates global consensus and common effort with regard to outer space exploration and utilization.

 

二、發(fā)展空間技術(shù)與系統(tǒng)

中國航天面向世界科技前沿和國家重大戰(zhàn)略需求，以航天重大工程為牽引，加快關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)攻關(guān)和應(yīng)用，大力發(fā)展空間技術(shù)與系統(tǒng)，全面提升進(jìn)出、探索、利用和治理空間能力，推動航天可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

II. Development of Space Technology and Systems

China's space industry serves its major strategic needs, and targets cutting-edge technology that leads the world. Spearheaded by the major space projects, the country has accelerated research into core technologies, stepped up their application, and redoubled its efforts to develop space technology and systems. As a result, China's capacity to enter and return from space, and its ability to engage in space exploration, utilization and governance have grown markedly along a sustainable path.

 

（一）航天運輸系統(tǒng)

2016年以來，截至2021年12月，共完成207次發(fā)射任務(wù)，其中長征系列運載火箭發(fā)射共完成183次，總發(fā)射次數(shù)突破400次。長征系列運載火箭加速向無毒、無污染、模塊化、智慧化方向升級換代，“長征五號”“長征五號乙”運載火箭實現(xiàn)應(yīng)用發(fā)射，“長征八號”“長征七號甲”實現(xiàn)首飛，運載能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。運載火箭多樣化發(fā)射服務(wù)能力邁上新臺階，“長征十一號”實現(xiàn)海上商業(yè)化應(yīng)用發(fā)射，“捷龍一號”“快舟一號甲”“雙曲線一號”“谷神星一號”等商業(yè)運載火箭成功發(fā)射?？芍貜?fù)使用運載器飛行演示驗證試驗取得成功。

未來五年，中國將持續(xù)提升航天運輸系統(tǒng)綜合性能，加速實現(xiàn)運載火箭升級換代。推動運載火箭型譜發(fā)展，研制發(fā)射新一代載人運載火箭和大推力固體運載火箭，加快推動重型運載火箭工程研制。持續(xù)開展重復(fù)使用航天運輸系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)和演示驗證。面向航班化發(fā)射需求，發(fā)展新型火箭發(fā)動機(jī)、組合動力、上面級等技術(shù)，拓展多樣化便利進(jìn)出空間能力。

1. Space Transport System

From 2016 to December 2021, 207 launch missions were completed, including 183 by the Long March carrier rocket series. The total launch attempts exceeded 400.

The Long March carrier rockets are being upgraded towards non-toxic and pollution-free launch, and they are becoming smarter boosted by modular technology. The Long March-5 and Long March-5B carrier rockets have been employed for regular launches; Long March-8 and Long March-7A have made their maiden flights, with increased payload capacity.

China now provides a variety of launch vehicle services. The Long March-11 carrier rocket has achieved commercial launch from the sea; the Smart Dragon-1, Kuaizhou-1A, Hyperbola-1, CERES-1 and other commercial vehicles have been successfully launched; successful demonstration flight tests on reusable launch vehicles have been carried out.

In the next five years, China will continue to improve the capacity and performance of its space transport system, and move faster to upgrade launch vehicles. It will further expand the launch vehicle family, send into space new-generation manned carrier rockets and high-thrust solid-fuel carrier rockets, and speed up the R&D of heavy-lift launch vehicles. It will continue to strengthen research into key technologies for reusable space transport systems, and conduct test flights accordingly. In response to the growing need for regular launches, China will develop new rocket engines, combined cycle propulsion, and upper stage technologies to improve its capacity to enter and return from space, and make space entry and exit more efficient.

 

（二）空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

衛(wèi)星遙感系統(tǒng)。高分辨率對地觀測系統(tǒng)天基部分基本建成，對地觀測邁進(jìn)高空間分辨率、高時間分辨率、高光譜分辨率時代。陸地觀測業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)綜合能力大幅提升，成功發(fā)射“資源三號”03星、“環(huán)境減災(zāi)二號”A/B星、高分多模綜合成像衛(wèi)星、高光譜觀測衛(wèi)星以及多顆商業(yè)遙感衛(wèi)星等。海洋觀測實現(xiàn)全球海域多要素、多尺度、高分辨率連續(xù)覆蓋，成功發(fā)射“海洋一號”C/D星、“海洋二號”B/C/D星。大氣全球化、精細(xì)化綜合觀測能力實現(xiàn)躍升，成功發(fā)射新一代靜止軌道氣象衛(wèi)星“風(fēng)云四號”A/B星，實現(xiàn)全天候、精細(xì)化、連續(xù)大氣立體綜合探測和快速響應(yīng)災(zāi)害監(jiān)測，成功發(fā)射“風(fēng)云三號”D/E星，形成上午、下午、晨昏星業(yè)務(wù)組網(wǎng)觀測能力，成功發(fā)射“風(fēng)云二號”H星，為“一帶一路”沿線國家和地區(qū)提供衛(wèi)星監(jiān)測服務(wù)。遙感衛(wèi)星地面系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步完善，基本具備衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)全球接收、快速處理與業(yè)務(wù)化服務(wù)能力。

衛(wèi)星通信廣播系統(tǒng)。固定通信廣播衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)建設(shè)穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)，覆蓋區(qū)域、通信容量等性能進(jìn)一步提升，成功發(fā)射“中星”6C、“中星”9B等衛(wèi)星，支持廣播電視業(yè)務(wù)連續(xù)穩(wěn)定運行；成功發(fā)射“中星”16、“亞太”6D衛(wèi)星，單星通信容量達(dá)到50Gbps，中國衛(wèi)星通信進(jìn)入“高通量”時代。移動通信廣播衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)逐步完善，成功發(fā)射“天通一號”02/03星，與“天通一號”01星組網(wǎng)運行，具備為中國及周邊、亞太部分地區(qū)手持終端用戶提供語音、短消息和數(shù)據(jù)等移動通信服務(wù)能力。中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)建設(shè)邁入升級換代新階段，成功發(fā)射“天鏈一號”05星和“天鏈二號”01星，綜合性能大幅提升。衛(wèi)星通信廣播地面系統(tǒng)持續(xù)完善，形成全球覆蓋天地融合的衛(wèi)星通信廣播、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)及信息服務(wù)能力。

衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。北斗三號全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)全面建成開通，完成30顆衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，北斗系統(tǒng)“三步走”戰(zhàn)略圓滿完成，正式進(jìn)入服務(wù)全球新時代。北斗系統(tǒng)具備定位導(dǎo)航授時、全球短報文通信、區(qū)域短報文通信、國際搜救、星基增強(qiáng)、地基增強(qiáng)、精密單點定位共七類服務(wù)能力，服務(wù)性能達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平。

未來五年，中國將持續(xù)完善國家空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，推動遙感、通信、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星融合技術(shù)發(fā)展，加快提升泛在通聯(lián)、精準(zhǔn)時空、全維感知的空間信息服務(wù)能力。研制靜止軌道微波探測、新一代海洋水色、陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳監(jiān)測、大氣環(huán)境監(jiān)測等衛(wèi)星，發(fā)展雙天線X波段干涉合成孔徑雷達(dá)、陸地水資源等衛(wèi)星技術(shù)，形成綜合高效的全球?qū)Φ赜^測和數(shù)據(jù)獲取能力。推動構(gòu)建高低軌協(xié)同的衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng)，開展新型通信衛(wèi)星技術(shù)驗證與商業(yè)應(yīng)用，建設(shè)第二代數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)。開展下一代北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)航通信融合、低軌增強(qiáng)等深化研究和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，推動構(gòu)建更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的國家綜合定位導(dǎo)航授時（PNT）體系。持續(xù)完善衛(wèi)星遙感、通信、導(dǎo)航地面系統(tǒng)。

2. Space Infrastructure

(1) Satellite remote-sensing system

The space-based section of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System has been largely completed, enabling high-spatial-resolution, high-temporal-resolution and high-spectrum-resolution earth observation. China now provides improved land observation services, having launched the Ziyuan-3 03 earth resources satellite, the Huanjing Jianzai-2A/2B satellites for environmental disaster management, a high-resolution multi-mode imaging satellite, a hyper-spectral observation satellite, and a number of commercial remote-sensing satellites.

In ocean observation, China is now able to view multiple indexes of contiguous waters around the globe on all scales, with high-resolution images from the Haiyang-1C/1D satellites and the Haiyang-2B/2C/2D satellites.

China's ability to observe the global atmosphere has achieved a significant increase. Its new-generation Fengyun-4A/4B meteorological satellites in the geostationary orbit are able to perform all-weather, precise and uninterrupted atmospheric monitoring and disaster monitoring to boost response capability. The successful launches of Fengyun-3D/3E satellites enable coordinated morning, afternoon and twilight monitoring, and the Fengyun-2H satellite provides monitoring services for countries and regions participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.

With further improvements to the ground system of its remote-sensing satellites, China is now able to provide remote-sensing satellite data receiving and quick processing services across the world.

(2) Satellite communications and broadcasting system

China has made steady progress in developing fixed communications and broadcasting satellite network, which now covers more areas with greater capacity. The Zhongxing-6C and Zhongxing-9B satellites ensure the uninterrupted, stable operation of broadcasting and television services. The Zhongxing-16 and APSTAR-6D satellites, each with a 50Gbps capacity, signify that satellite communications in China have reached the stage of high-capacity service.

The mobile communications and broadcasting satellite network has expanded with the launch of the Tiantong-1 02/03 satellites, operating in tandem with the Tiantong-1 01 satellite, to provide voice, short message and data services for hand-held terminal users in China, its neighboring areas, and certain parts of the Asia-Pacific.

The relay satellite system is being upgraded with the launch of the Tianlian-1 05 and Tianlian-2 01 satellites, giving a powerful boost to capacity.

The satellite communications and broadcasting ground system has been improved, to form a space-ground integrated network that provides satellite communications and broadcasting, internet, Internet of Things, and information services around the globe.

(3) Satellite navigation system

The completion and operation of the 30-satellite BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) represents the successful conclusion of the system's three-step strategy and its capacity to serve the world. BeiDou's world-leading services include positioning, navigation, timing, regional and global short-message communication, global search and rescue, ground-based and satellite-based augmentation, and precise point positioning.

In the next five years, China will continue to improve its space infrastructure, and integrate remote-sensing, communications, navigation, and positioning satellite technologies. It will:

· Upgrade its spatial information services featuring extensive connection, precise timing and positioning, and all dimension sensoring;

· Develop satellites for geostationary microwave monitoring, new-type ocean color observation, carbon monitoring of the territorial ecosystem, and atmospheric environmental monitoring;

· Develop dual-antenna X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), land water resources and other satellite technology, for efficient, comprehensive earth observation and data acquisition across the globe;

· Build a satellite communications network with high and low orbit coordination, test new communications satellites for commercial application, and build a second-generation data relay satellite system;

· Study and research navigation-communications integration, low-orbit augmentation and other key technologies for the next-generation BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and develop a more extensive, more integrated and smarter national positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) system;

· Continue to improve the ground systems for remote-sensing, communications and navigation satellites.

（三）載人航天

“天舟一號”貨運飛船成功發(fā)射并與“天宮二號”空間實驗室成功交會對接，突破并掌握貨物運輸、推進(jìn)劑在軌補(bǔ)加等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，載人航天工程第二步圓滿收官?！疤旌汀焙诵呐摮晒Πl(fā)射，標(biāo)志著中國空間站建造進(jìn)入全面實施階段?！疤熘鄱枴薄疤熘廴枴必涍\飛船和“神舟十二號”“神舟十三號”載人飛船成功發(fā)射，先后與“天和”核心艙快速對接，形成空間站組合體并穩(wěn)定運行，6名航天員先后進(jìn)駐中國空間站，實施出艙活動、艙外操作、在軌維護(hù)、科學(xué)實驗等任務(wù)。

未來五年，中國將繼續(xù)實施載人航天工程，發(fā)射“問天”實驗艙、“夢天”實驗艙、“巡天”空間望遠(yuǎn)鏡以及“神舟”載人飛船和“天舟”貨運飛船，全面建成并運營中國空間站，打造國家太空實驗室，開展航天員長期駐留、大規(guī)?？臻g科學(xué)實驗、空間站平臺維護(hù)等工作。深化載人登月方案論證，組織開展關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)，研制新一代載人飛船，夯實載人探索開發(fā)地月空間基礎(chǔ)。

3. Manned Spaceflight

The Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft has docked with the earth-orbiting Tiangong-2 space laboratory. With breakthroughs in key technologies for cargo transport and in-orbit propellant replenishment, China has successfully completed the second phase of its manned spaceflight project.

The launch of the Tianhe core module marks a solid step in building China's space station. The Tianzhou-2 and Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft and the Shenzhou-12 and Shenzhou-13 manned spacecraft, together with the Tianhe core module to which they have docked, form an assembly in steady operation. Six astronauts have worked in China's space station, performing extravehicular activities, in-orbit maintenance, and scientific experiments.

In the next five years, China will continue to implement its manned spaceflight project. It plans to:

· Launch the Wentian and Mengtian experimental modules, the Xuntian space telescope, the Shenzhou manned spacecraft, and the Tianzhou cargo spacecraft;

· Complete China's space station and continue operations, build a space laboratory on board, and have astronauts on long-term assignments performing large-scale scientific experiments and maintenance;

· Continue studies and research on the plan for a human lunar landing, develop new-generation manned spacecraft, and research key technologies to lay a foundation for exploring and developing cislunar space.

 

（四）深空探測

月球探測工程?！版隙鹚奶枴碧綔y器通過“鵲橋”衛(wèi)星中繼通信，首次實現(xiàn)航天器在月球背面軟著陸和巡視勘察?！版隙鹞逄枴碧綔y器實現(xiàn)中國首次地外天體采樣返回，將1731克月球樣品成功帶回地球，標(biāo)志著探月工程“繞、落、回”三步走圓滿收官。

行星探測工程?！疤靻栆惶枴被鹦翘綔y器成功發(fā)射，實現(xiàn)火星環(huán)繞、著陸，“祝融號”火星車開展巡視探測，在火星上首次留下中國人的印跡，中國航天實現(xiàn)從地月系到行星際探測的跨越。

未來五年，中國將繼續(xù)實施月球探測工程，發(fā)射“嫦娥六號”探測器、完成月球極區(qū)采樣返回，發(fā)射“嫦娥七號”探測器、完成月球極區(qū)高精度著陸和陰影坑飛躍探測，完成“嫦娥八號”任務(wù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)，與相關(guān)國家、國際組織和國際合作伙伴共同開展國際月球科研站建設(shè)。繼續(xù)實施行星探測工程，發(fā)射小行星探測器、完成近地小行星采樣和主帶彗星探測，完成火星采樣返回、木星系探測等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)。論證太陽系邊際探測等實施方案。

4. Deep Space Exploration

(1) Lunar exploration

Achieving relay communications through the Queqiao satellite, the Chang'e-4 lunar probe performed humanity's first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and conducted roving exploration. The Chang'e-5 lunar probe brought back 1,731 g of samples from the moon, marking China's first successful extraterrestrial sampling and return, and the completion of its three-step lunar exploration program of orbiting, landing and return.

(2) Planetary exploration

The Tianwen-1 Mars probe orbited and landed on Mars; the Zhurong Mars rover explored the planet and left China's first mark there. China has achieved a leap from cislunar to interplanetary exploration.

In the next five years, China will continue with lunar and planetary exploration. It will:

· Launch the Chang'e-6 lunar probe to collect and bring back samples from the polar regions of the moon;

· Launch the Chang'e-7 lunar probe to perform a precise landing in the moon's polar regions and a hopping detection in lunar shadowed area;

· Complete R&D on the key technology of Chang'e-8, and work with other countries, international organizations and partners to build an international research station on the moon;

· Launch asteroid probes to sample near-earth asteroids and probe main-belt comets;

· Complete key technological research on Mars sampling and return, exploration of the Jupiter system, and so forth;

· Study plans for boundary exploration of the solar system.

 

（五）發(fā)射場與測控

航天發(fā)射場。酒泉、太原、西昌發(fā)射場適應(yīng)性改造全面完成，酒泉發(fā)射場新增液體火箭商業(yè)發(fā)射工位，文昌航天發(fā)射場進(jìn)入業(yè)務(wù)化應(yīng)用階段，基本建成沿海內(nèi)陸相結(jié)合、高低緯度相結(jié)合、各種射向范圍相結(jié)合的航天發(fā)射格局，能夠滿足載人飛船、空間站艙段、深空探測器及各類衛(wèi)星的多樣化發(fā)射需求。海上發(fā)射平臺投入使用，填補(bǔ)了中國海上發(fā)射火箭的空白。

航天測控。測控通信能力實現(xiàn)由地月空間向行星際空間跨越，天基測控能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)，國家航天測控網(wǎng)布局進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，形成安全可靠、響應(yīng)迅速、接入靈活、運行高效、服務(wù)廣泛的天地一體化航天測控體系，圓滿完成“神舟”“天舟”系列飛船、“天和”核心艙、“嫦娥”系列月球探測器、“天問一號”火星探測器等為代表的航天測控任務(wù)。商業(yè)衛(wèi)星測控站網(wǎng)加快發(fā)展。

未來五年，中國將在強(qiáng)化航天產(chǎn)品統(tǒng)一技術(shù)體制的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步完善現(xiàn)有航天發(fā)射場系統(tǒng)，統(tǒng)籌開展發(fā)射場通用化、集約化、智能化建設(shè)，增強(qiáng)發(fā)射場系統(tǒng)任務(wù)適應(yīng)性和可靠性，提升高密度、多樣化發(fā)射任務(wù)支撐能力。建設(shè)商業(yè)發(fā)射工位和商業(yè)航天發(fā)射場，滿足各類商業(yè)發(fā)射需求。持續(xù)完善現(xiàn)有航天測控系統(tǒng)，優(yōu)化組織模式，創(chuàng)新測控技術(shù)和手段，強(qiáng)化天地基測控資源融合運用能力，推動構(gòu)建全域覆蓋、泛在互聯(lián)的航天測控體系，統(tǒng)籌實施國家太空系統(tǒng)運行管理，提高管理和使用效益。建強(qiáng)深空測控通信網(wǎng)，保障月球、火星等深空探測任務(wù)實施。

5. Space Launch Sites and Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C)

(1) Space launch sites

Adaptive improvements have been completed at the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, with new launch pads installed at Jiuquan for the commercial launch of liquid fuel rockets, and the Wenchang Launch Site entering service. China has formed a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space station modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites. In addition, its first sea launch site has begun operation.

(2) Space TT&C

China's leap from cislunar to interplanetary TT&C communications, with growing space-based TT&C capacity, represents a significant progress. Its space TT&C network has improved to form an integrated space-ground TT&C network providing security, reliability, quick response, flexible access, efficient operation and diverse services. TT&C missions of the Shenzhou and Tianzhou spacecraft series, Tianhe core module, Chang'e lunar probe series, and Tianwen-1 Mars probe have been completed successfully. TT&C station networks for commercial satellites are growing quickly.

In the next five years, China will strengthen unified technical standard-setting for its space products, and on this basis will:

· Further adapt the existing launch site system to better serve most launch missions, and make launch sites smarter, more reliable and more cost-effective to support high-intensity and diversified launch missions;

· Build commercial launch pads and launch sites to meet different commercial launch needs;

· Improve the space TT&C network in terms of organization, technology and methodology, grow the capacity to utilize and integrate space- and ground-based TT&C resources, and build a space TT&C network providing ubiquitous coverage and connections;

· Coordinate the operation and management of the national space system for greater efficiency;

· Strengthen the deep-space TT&C communications network to support missions probing the moon and Mars.

 

（六）新技術(shù)試驗

成功發(fā)射多顆新技術(shù)試驗衛(wèi)星，開展新一代通信衛(wèi)星公用平臺、甚高通量通信載荷、Ka頻段寬帶通信、星地高速激光通信、新型電推進(jìn)等技術(shù)試驗驗證。

未來五年，中國將面向新技術(shù)工程化應(yīng)用，開展航天器智能自主管理、空間擴(kuò)展飛行器、新型空間動力、航天器在軌服務(wù)與維護(hù)、空間碎片清除等新技術(shù)驗證，以及航天領(lǐng)域新材料、新器件、新工藝在軌試驗驗證，提升技術(shù)成熟度和工程應(yīng)用能力。

6. Experiments on New Technologies

China has launched a number of new technological test satellites, and tested new technologies such as the common platforms of new-generation communications satellites, very high throughput satellites' telecommunication payload, Ka-band communications, satellite-ground high-speed laser communications, and new electric propulsion.

In the next five years, China will focus on new technology engineering and application, conduct in-orbit tests of new space materials, devices and techniques, and test new technologies in these areas:

· Smart self-management of spacecraft;

· Space mission extension vehicle;

· Innovative space propulsion;

· In-orbit service and maintenance of spacecraft;

· Space debris cleaning.

 

（七）空間環(huán)境治理

空間碎片監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)初具規(guī)模，基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)庫不斷完善，碰撞預(yù)警和空間事件感知應(yīng)對能力逐步提升，有力保障在軌航天器運行安全。落實國際空間碎片減緩準(zhǔn)則、外空活動長期可持續(xù)準(zhǔn)則，全面實施運載火箭末級鈍化，成功實施“天宮二號”等航天器任務(wù)末期主動離軌，為空間碎片減緩作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。近地小天體搜索跟蹤和數(shù)據(jù)分析研究取得積極進(jìn)展。初步建成空間天氣保障業(yè)務(wù)體系，具備監(jiān)測、預(yù)警和預(yù)報能力，應(yīng)用服務(wù)效益不斷拓展。

未來五年，中國將統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)空間環(huán)境治理體系建設(shè)。加強(qiáng)太空交通管理，建設(shè)完善空間碎片監(jiān)測設(shè)施體系、編目數(shù)據(jù)庫和預(yù)警服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，統(tǒng)籌做好航天器在軌維護(hù)、碰撞規(guī)避控制、空間碎片減緩等工作，確保太空系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定有序運行。全面加強(qiáng)防護(hù)力量建設(shè)，提高容災(zāi)備份、抗毀生存、信息防護(hù)能力，維護(hù)國家太空活動、資產(chǎn)和其他利益的安全。論證建設(shè)近地小天體防御系統(tǒng)，提升監(jiān)測、編目、預(yù)警和應(yīng)對處置能力。建設(shè)天地結(jié)合的空間天氣監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，持續(xù)完善業(yè)務(wù)保障體系，有效應(yīng)對災(zāi)害性空間天氣事件。

7. Space Environment Governance

With a growing database, China's space debris monitoring system is becoming more capable of collision warning and space event perception and response, effectively ensuring the safety of in-orbit spacecraft.

In compliance with the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, China has applied upper stage passivation to all its carrier rockets, and completed end of life active deorbit of the Tiangong-2 and other spacecraft, making a positive contribution to mitigating space debris.

Progress has been made in the search and tracking of near-earth objects and in data analysis. A basic space climate service system is now in place, capable of providing services in space climate monitoring, early warning, and forecasting, and is providing broader applications.

In the next five years, China will continue to expand its space environment governance system. It will:

· Strengthen space traffic control;

· Improve its space debris monitoring system, cataloguing database, and early warning services;

· Conduct in-orbit maintenance of spacecraft, collision avoidance and control, and space debris mitigation, to ensure the safe, stable and orderly operation of the space system;

· Strengthen the protection of its space activities, assets and other interests by boosting capacity in disaster backup and information protection, and increasing invulnerability and survivability;

· Study plans for building a near-earth object defense system, and increase the capacity of near-earth object monitoring, cataloguing, early warning, and response;

· Build an integrated space-ground space climate monitoring system, and continue to improve relevant services to effectively respond to catastrophic space climate events.

 

三、培育壯大空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

中國航天面向經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展重大需求，加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星公益服務(wù)和商業(yè)應(yīng)用，加速航天技術(shù)成果轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)化，推動空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，提升航天發(fā)展效益效能。

III. Developing and Expanding Space Application Industry

To serve the economy and society, China has promoted public and commercial application of its satellites and space technology, growing the industry towards greater efficiency.

 

（一）衛(wèi)星公益服務(wù)

衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)能力顯著增強(qiáng)，在資源環(huán)境與生態(tài)保護(hù)、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)與應(yīng)急管理、氣象預(yù)報與氣候變化應(yīng)對、社會管理與公共服務(wù)、城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè)與區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、脫貧攻堅等方面發(fā)揮重要作用，航天創(chuàng)造更加美好生活。衛(wèi)星遙感基本實現(xiàn)了國家和省級政府部門業(yè)務(wù)化應(yīng)用，對100余次國內(nèi)重特大自然災(zāi)害開展應(yīng)急監(jiān)測，為國內(nèi)數(shù)萬家各類用戶和全球100多個國家提供服務(wù)，累計分發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)超億景。衛(wèi)星通信廣播累計為國內(nèi)農(nóng)村及邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的1.4億多戶家庭提供直播衛(wèi)星電視服務(wù)、500多個手機(jī)通信基站提供數(shù)據(jù)回傳，在四川涼山特大森林火災(zāi)、河南鄭州特大暴雨等災(zāi)害救援中提供高效應(yīng)急通信服務(wù)。北斗導(dǎo)航為超過700萬輛道路運營車輛提供安全保障服務(wù)，為超過4萬艘海洋漁船提供定位和短報文通信服務(wù)，為新冠肺炎疫情防控物資運輸、人員流動管理、醫(yī)院建設(shè)等提供精準(zhǔn)位置服務(wù)。

未來五年，圍繞平安中國、健康中國、美麗中國、數(shù)字中國建設(shè)，強(qiáng)化衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用與行業(yè)區(qū)域發(fā)展深度融合，強(qiáng)化空間信息與大數(shù)據(jù)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新一代信息技術(shù)深度融合，深化陸地、海洋、氣象遙感衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)綜合應(yīng)用，推進(jìn)北斗導(dǎo)航+衛(wèi)星通信+地面通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)融合應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，加快提升精細(xì)化精準(zhǔn)化業(yè)務(wù)化服務(wù)能力，更好服務(wù)支撐碳達(dá)峰與碳中和、鄉(xiāng)村振興、新型城鎮(zhèn)化、區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)。

1. Boosting Public Services with Satellites

The service capacity of satellite applications has markedly improved. The significant role of satellites is seen in the protection of resources and the eco-environment, disaster prevention and mitigation, management of emergencies, weather forecasting and climate change response, and also felt in social management and public services, urbanization, coordinated regional development, and poverty eradication. The space industry helps to improve people's lives.

The satellite remote-sensing system has been used by almost all departments at national and provincial levels to conduct emergency monitoring of over 100 major and catastrophic natural disasters around the country. It provides services to tens of thousands of domestic users and over 100 countries, having distributed over 100 million scenes of data.

The communications and broadcasting satellite network has made direct services available to over 140 million households in China's rural and remote areas, provided returned data for over 500 mobile phone base stations, and ensured efficient emergency communications during the responses to the forest fire in Liangshan, Sichuan province, to the heavy rainstorm in Zhengzhou, Henan province and to other major disaster relief work.

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System has guaranteed the safety of over seven million operating vehicles, provided positioning and short message communication services to over 40,000 seagoing fishing vessels, and offered precise positioning services for the freighting of supplies and tracking of individual movement for Covid-19 control, and for hospital construction.

In the next five years, under the overarching goal of building a safe, healthy, beautiful and digital China, we will intensify the integration of satellite application with the development of industries and regions, and space information with new-generation information technology such as big data and Internet of Things. We will also extend the integrated application of remote-sensing satellite data on land, ocean and meteorology, advance the construction of infrastructure for integrated application of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, satellite communications, and the ground communications network, and improve our capacity to tailor and refine professional services. All these efforts will help to achieve the goals of peaking carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, to revitalize rural areas, and to realize new-type urbanization, coordinated development between regions and eco-environmental progress.

 

（二）空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用商業(yè)化發(fā)展方興未艾，面向政府、企業(yè)和個人的應(yīng)用市場持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，涌現(xiàn)出一批具有較強(qiáng)競爭力的商業(yè)航天企業(yè)，產(chǎn)業(yè)化規(guī)?；l(fā)展格局初步形成。衛(wèi)星遙感高精地圖、全維影像、數(shù)據(jù)加工、應(yīng)用軟件等產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)更好滿足了不同用戶特色需求，廣泛應(yīng)用于大眾出行、電子商務(wù)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交易、災(zāi)害損失評估與保險理賠、不動產(chǎn)登記等領(lǐng)域。衛(wèi)星通信廣播商業(yè)服務(wù)能力進(jìn)一步提升，實現(xiàn)國內(nèi)4個4K超高清頻道上星和100多套節(jié)目高清化，為遠(yuǎn)洋船舶、民航客機(jī)提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入服務(wù)，“天通一號”衛(wèi)星移動通信系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化運營。衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展，北斗兼容型芯片模塊銷量超過億級規(guī)模，北斗應(yīng)用廣泛進(jìn)入大眾消費、共享經(jīng)濟(jì)和民生領(lǐng)域。航天技術(shù)成果加速賦能傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，助推新能源、新材料、綠色環(huán)保等新興產(chǎn)業(yè)和智慧城市、智慧農(nóng)業(yè)、無人駕駛等新業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)展，為建設(shè)科技強(qiáng)國、制造強(qiáng)國、網(wǎng)絡(luò)強(qiáng)國、交通強(qiáng)國作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。

未來五年，中國航天將緊緊抓住數(shù)字產(chǎn)業(yè)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)字化發(fā)展機(jī)遇，面向經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和大眾多樣化需求，加大航天成果轉(zhuǎn)化和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移，豐富應(yīng)用場景，創(chuàng)新商業(yè)模式，推動空間應(yīng)用與數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展深度融合。拓展衛(wèi)星遙感、衛(wèi)星通信應(yīng)用廣度深度，實施北斗產(chǎn)業(yè)化工程，為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各行業(yè)領(lǐng)域和大眾消費提供更先進(jìn)更經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和便利服務(wù)。培育發(fā)展太空旅游、太空生物制藥、空間碎片清除、空間試驗服務(wù)等太空經(jīng)濟(jì)新業(yè)態(tài)，提升航天產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模效益。

2. Space Application Industry

The commercial use of satellite technology is thriving, which expands the applications market for governments, enterprises and individuals. A group of competitive commercial space enterprises are emerging and realizing industrialized large-scale operation. A variety of products and services such as high-accuracy maps using remote-sensing data, full dimensional images, data processing, and application software are improving the service to users in transport, e-commerce, trading of agricultural products, assessment of disaster losses and insurance claims, and the registration of real estate.

The ability to commercialize satellite communications and broadcasting services has further improved. Four 4K Ultra HD television channels in China were launched and TV viewers now have access to over 100 HD channels. Internet access is also available on board ocean vessels and passenger aircraft. Tiantong-1, a satellite mobile communication system, is in commercial operation.

The satellite navigation industry has witnessed rapid growth as evidenced by sales of over 100 million chips compatible with the BeiDou system. Its industrial applications have been widely introduced into mass consumption, the sharing economy, and daily life. Achievements in space technology have helped traditional industries transform and upgrade, supported emerging industries such as new energy, new materials and environmental protection, enabled new business models such as smart cities, smart agriculture and unmanned driving to grow, making a great contribution to building China's strengths in science and technology, manufacturing, cyberspace and transport.

In the next five years, China's space industry will seize the opportunities presented by the expanding digital industry and the digital transformation of traditional industries, to promote the application and transfer of space technology. Through innovative business models and the deep integration of space application with digital economy, more efforts will be made to expand and extend the scope for applying satellite remote-sensing and satellite communications technologies, and realizing the industrialized operation of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. This will provide more advanced, economical, high-quality products and convenient services for all industries and sectors and for mass consumption. New business models for upscaling the space economy such as travel, biomedicine, debris removal and experiment services will be developed to expand the industry.

 

四、開展空間科學(xué)探索與研究

中國航天圍繞宇宙起源和演化、太陽系與人類的關(guān)系等科學(xué)主題，論證實施空間科學(xué)計劃，開展空間科學(xué)探索和空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實驗，深化基礎(chǔ)理論研究，孵化重大空間科學(xué)研究成果。

IV. Research on Space Science

China's research on space science focuses on scientific questions such as the origin and evolution of the universe, and the relationship between the solar system and humanity. It has launched programs to explore space and conduct experiments, advanced research on basic theories, and incubated major research findings.

 

（一）空間科學(xué)探索

空間天文。“悟空”號暗物質(zhì)粒子探測衛(wèi)星獲取了宇宙射線電子、質(zhì)子和氦核能譜精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)。成功發(fā)射“慧眼”硬X射線調(diào)制望遠(yuǎn)鏡衛(wèi)星，實現(xiàn)宇宙磁場測量和黑洞雙星爆發(fā)過程全景觀測。成功發(fā)射“羲和號”太陽探測科學(xué)技術(shù)試驗衛(wèi)星，獲得多幅Hɑ波段不同波長點的太陽光譜圖像。

月球與行星科學(xué)。依托月球探測工程，開展月球地質(zhì)和月表淺層結(jié)構(gòu)綜合探測，在月球巖漿活動定年、礦物學(xué)特征和化學(xué)元素分析等方面取得重大成果。依托行星探測工程，開展火星地表結(jié)構(gòu)、土壤和巖石物質(zhì)成分分析，深化火星地質(zhì)演化認(rèn)知。

空間地球科學(xué)。“張衡一號”電磁監(jiān)測試驗衛(wèi)星獲取了全球地磁場和電離層原位數(shù)據(jù)，構(gòu)建了全球地磁場參考模型。全球二氧化碳監(jiān)測科學(xué)實驗衛(wèi)星獲取了全球高精度二氧化碳分布圖，衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)向全球免費共享。

空間基礎(chǔ)物理。利用“墨子”號量子科學(xué)實驗衛(wèi)星，開展千公里級星地量子糾纏分發(fā)和隱形傳態(tài)實驗、引力誘導(dǎo)量子糾纏退相干實驗，完成基于糾纏的無中繼千公里量子密鑰分發(fā)。成功發(fā)射“太極一號”和“天琴一號”空間引力波探測試驗衛(wèi)星。

未來五年，中國將圍繞極端宇宙、時空漣漪、日地全景、宜居行星等科學(xué)主題，研制空間引力波探測衛(wèi)星、愛因斯坦探針、先進(jìn)天基太陽天文臺、太陽風(fēng)－磁層相互作用全景成像衛(wèi)星、高精度地磁場測量衛(wèi)星等，持續(xù)開展空間天文、日球物理、月球與行星科學(xué)、空間地球科學(xué)、空間基礎(chǔ)物理等領(lǐng)域的前瞻探索和基礎(chǔ)研究，催生更多原創(chuàng)性科學(xué)成果。

1. Research on Space Science

(1) Space astronomy

The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) Satellite obtained the precise measurements of the energy spectrums of cosmic ray electrons, protons and the GCR helium. The Huiyan (Insight) Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope was successfully launched; it has since discovered the strongest magnetic field in the universe and obtained a panoramic view of the black hole binary explosion process. The Xihe observation satellite was successfully launched, which obtained multiple solar spectroscopic images at different wavelengths in the Hα waveband.

(2) Lunar and planetary science

Led by its lunar exploration program, China has achieved significant advances in the comprehensive surveying of the moon's geology and subsurface structure, in dating the lunar magmatic activity, and in analyzing its mineralogical features and chemical elements. In planetary exploration, China has built a deeper understanding of the geological evolution of Mars by conducting analysis of its surface structure and soil and the composition of its rocks.

(3) Space earth sciences

Zhangheng-1, also known as the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, helped to obtain data on and build models of the global geomagnetic field and the in situ data of ionosphere parameters. A high-precision global carbon flux map, developed by using the data from the Chinese Global Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Scientific Experimental Satellite, is shared globally free of any charge.

(4) Space physics

With the help of Mozi, the world's first quantum communication satellite, China has carried out experiments on satellite-based quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over thousand kilometers, on gravitational induced decoherence of quantum entanglement, and on entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over thousand kilometers with no trusted relay. It has also launched the Taiji-1 and Tianqin-1 satellites to support the space gravitational wave detection program.

In the next five years, China will continue with the research and development of programs such as the satellite for space gravitational wave detection, the Einstein Probe, the advanced space-based solar observatory, the panoramic imaging satellite for solar wind and magnetosphere interaction, and the high precision magnetic field measurement satellite, focusing on the subjects of the extreme universe, ripples in time and space, the panoramic view of the sun and the earth, and the search for habitable planets. China will continue to explore frontier areas and research into space astronomy, heliospheric physics, lunar and planetary science, space earth sciences, and space physics, to generate more original scientific findings.

 

（二）空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實驗

利用“神舟”系列飛船、“天宮二號”空間實驗室、“實踐十號”衛(wèi)星等，在太空實現(xiàn)了哺乳動物細(xì)胞胚胎發(fā)育，完成世界首臺空間冷原子鐘在軌驗證，深化了微重力顆粒分聚和煤粉燃燒、材料制備等機(jī)理認(rèn)識，取得了一批有國際影響力的空間科學(xué)研究成果。

未來五年，中國將利用天宮空間站、“嫦娥”系列探測器、“天問一號”探測器等空間實驗平臺，開展空間環(huán)境下的生物、生命、醫(yī)學(xué)、材料等方面的實驗和研究，持續(xù)深化人類對基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的認(rèn)知。

2. Science Experiments in Space

With the help of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, and the Shijian-10 satellite, China has achieved mammalian embryonic development in space and in-orbit verification of the world's first space cold atom clock, expanded the understanding of the mechanisms behind particle segregation in microgravity, pulverized coal combustion, and material preparation, and achieved research findings in space science of international standing.

In the coming five years, China will make use of space experiment platforms such as the Tiangong space station, the Chang'e lunar probe series, and the Tianwen-1 Mars probe to conduct experiments and research on biology, life, medicine, and materials, to expand humanity's understanding of basic science.

 

五、推進(jìn)航天治理現(xiàn)代化

中國政府積極制定發(fā)展航天事業(yè)的政策與措施，科學(xué)部署各項航天活動，充分發(fā)揮有效市場和有為政府作用，營造良好發(fā)展環(huán)境，推動航天事業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

V. Modernizing Space Governance

The Chinese government has been proactive in developing the space industry, through policy measures and well-thought-out plans for space activities. Better alignment between a well-functioning market and an enabling government gives full play to the roles of both, endeavoring to create a favorable environment for the growth of a high-quality space industry.

 

（一）持續(xù)提升航天創(chuàng)新能力

建設(shè)航天戰(zhàn)略科技力量，打造以科研院所為主體的原始創(chuàng)新策源地，建立健全產(chǎn)學(xué)研用深度融合的航天技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系，構(gòu)建關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域航天科技創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟，形成上中下游協(xié)同、大中小企業(yè)融通的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展格局。

推進(jìn)實施一批航天重大工程和重大科技項目，推動航天科技跨越發(fā)展，帶動國家科技整體躍升。

勇攀航天科技高峰，超前部署戰(zhàn)略性、基礎(chǔ)性、前瞻性科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，推進(jìn)新一代信息技術(shù)在航天領(lǐng)域融合應(yīng)用，加速先進(jìn)技術(shù)特別是顛覆性技術(shù)的工程應(yīng)用。

加強(qiáng)航天技術(shù)二次開發(fā)，推動航天科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用，輻射帶動國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。

1. Enhancing Innovation

In order to create a new configuration in which the upper, middle and lower industrial chains are coordinated, and large, small and medium-sized enterprises advance in an integrated way, China is building a strategic force of space science and technology, encouraging original innovation by research institutes and bringing together enterprises, universities, research institutes and end-users in creating and applying new technologies. A technological innovation alliance is emerging in key areas of space science.

A number of major space and science projects are in place to promote the leapfrog development of space science and technology, which spearheads overall technical advances.

China is making forward-looking plans for strategic, fundamental and technological breakthroughs in space science - it is integrating the application of new-generation information technology in the space sector, and accelerating the engineering application of advanced and especially revolutionary technologies.

The secondary development of space technologies will be further reinforced to put research findings into industrial production and boost the economy.

 

（二）強(qiáng)化航天工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)能力

持續(xù)完善基于系統(tǒng)集成商、專業(yè)承包商、市場供應(yīng)商和公共服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，根植于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)，融合開放的航天科研生產(chǎn)組織體系。

優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)布局，做強(qiáng)研發(fā)制造，做優(yōu)發(fā)射運營，做大應(yīng)用服務(wù)，強(qiáng)健產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈。

加快工業(yè)化與信息化深度融合，建設(shè)智能化脈動生產(chǎn)線、智能車間、智慧院所，持續(xù)推動航天工業(yè)能力轉(zhuǎn)型升級。

2. Strengthening Basic Industrial Capabilities

The space industry will continue to improve its integrated and open industrial system comprising system integrators, specialized contractors, market suppliers, and public service providers, and covering all links from research to production.

To strengthen the industrial and supply chains of its space industry and transform and upgrade the basic capabilities of the industry, China will optimize the industrial structure and upgrade R&D, manufacturing, launch operations, and application services, further integrate industrialization with information technology, and build intelligent production lines, workshops and institutes.

 

（三）加快發(fā)展空間應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)

完善衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策，統(tǒng)籌公益和市場需求，統(tǒng)合設(shè)施資源建設(shè)，統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)與產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，暢通共享共用渠道，構(gòu)建產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、服務(wù)個性化的衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用服務(wù)體系。

加快培育衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用市場，支持各類市場主體開展衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用增值產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，創(chuàng)新衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用模式，培育“航天+”產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)，加快發(fā)展航天戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。

3. Expanding Application

China will improve the policies for its satellite application industry, including coordinating public interest and market demand, integrating facilities and resources, unifying data and product standards, and streamline the channel for sharing and utilization. It is committed to improving satellite application services with unified standards and customized choices.

China will move faster to grow its satellite application market, where various market entities are encouraged to develop value-added products. By creating new application models, China is fostering a "space plus" industrial ecosystem and promoting emerging strategic industries related to space.

 

（四）鼓勵引導(dǎo)商業(yè)航天發(fā)展

研究制定商業(yè)航天發(fā)展指導(dǎo)意見，促進(jìn)商業(yè)航天快速發(fā)展。擴(kuò)大政府采購商業(yè)航天產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)范圍，推動重大科研設(shè)施設(shè)備向商業(yè)航天企業(yè)開放共享，支持商業(yè)航天企業(yè)參與航天重大工程項目研制，建立航天活動市場準(zhǔn)入負(fù)面清單制度，確保商業(yè)航天企業(yè)有序進(jìn)入退出、公平參與競爭。

優(yōu)化商業(yè)航天在產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中布局，鼓勵引導(dǎo)商業(yè)航天企業(yè)從事衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用和航天技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)化。

4. Encouraging Commercialization

China has formulated guidelines on commercializing its space industry. It will expand the scope of government procurement of space products and services, grant relevant enterprises access and sharing rights to major scientific research facilities and equipment, and support these enterprises in joining the R&D of major engineering projects. It will establish a negative list for market access to space activities, to ensure fair competition and the orderly entry and exit of participating enterprises.

China will optimize the distribution of the space industry in the national industrial chain, and encourage and guide participating enterprises to engage in satellite application and the transfer and transformation of space technologies.

 

（五）積極推進(jìn)法治航天建設(shè)

加快推進(jìn)航天法立法，構(gòu)建完善以航天法為核心的航天法制體系，促進(jìn)法治航天建設(shè)。研究制定衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航條例，規(guī)范和加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航活動管理。修訂空間物體登記管理辦法，持續(xù)規(guī)范空間數(shù)據(jù)共享和使用管理、民用航天發(fā)射許可管理。研究制定衛(wèi)星頻率軌道資源管理條例，加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星頻率軌道資源申報、協(xié)調(diào)和登記，維護(hù)我國衛(wèi)星頻率軌道資源合法權(quán)益，助力航天事業(yè)發(fā)展。

加強(qiáng)國際空間法研究，積極參與外空國際規(guī)則、國際電聯(lián)規(guī)則制定，維護(hù)以國際法為基礎(chǔ)的外空國際秩序，推動構(gòu)建公正、合理的外空全球治理體系。

5. Promoting Law-Based Governance

To promote law-based governance of the space industry, China will speed up the formulation of a national space law and establish a legal system with this law at the core. This will include studying and formulating regulations on satellite navigation, strengthening the management of satellite navigation activities, revising measures for the registration of space objects, and regulating the sharing and use of space data and the licensing of civil space launches. It will also include studying and formulating regulations on the management of satellite frequency and orbit resources, and strengthening the declaration, coordination and registration of these resources to safeguard the country's legitimate rights and interests in this regard. China has strengthened research on international space law, and actively participated in formulating International Telecommunication Union standards and international rules regarding outer space, maintaining the international order in outer space based on international space law, and contributing to a fair and reasonable global governance system for outer space.

 

（六）建設(shè)高水平航天人才隊伍

加快建設(shè)航天領(lǐng)域世界重要人才中心和創(chuàng)新高地，厚植人才發(fā)展沃土，壯大人才隊伍規(guī)模。完善人才培養(yǎng)機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略科學(xué)家、科技領(lǐng)軍人才、青年科技人才和創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊建設(shè)，培養(yǎng)一大批卓越工程師、高素質(zhì)技術(shù)技能人才和大國工匠，造就一批具有國際視野和社會責(zé)任感的優(yōu)秀企業(yè)家。完善人才交流機(jī)制，規(guī)范和引導(dǎo)航天人才合理流動。完善人才激勵機(jī)制，加大獎勵支持力度。加強(qiáng)航天特色學(xué)科專業(yè)建設(shè)，培養(yǎng)航天后備人才隊伍。

6. Strengthening Team-Building

China will step up its efforts to become a world center for talent and innovation in space science, and create favorable conditions for the development of professionals and the expansion of their ranks. It will improve the personnel training mechanism - fostering a pool of strategic scientists, leading and young scientists, and teams with strong innovation capacity, and cultivating a large number of outstanding engineers, top technicians championing fine craftsmanship, and visionary entrepreneurs with a sense of social responsibility. China will improve its personnel management mechanisms to regulate and guide the rational flow of professionals. It will also upgrade incentives with greater rewards and stronger support, and strengthen specialty disciplines in universities to cultivate a reserve force of aerospace personnel.

 

（七）大力開展航天科普教育和文化建設(shè)

繼續(xù)組織開展“中國航天日”系列活動，充分利用“世界空間周”“全國科技活動周”以及“天宮課堂”等平臺，加強(qiáng)航天科普教育，普及航天知識，傳播航天文化，傳承弘揚“兩彈一星”精神和載人航天精神、探月精神、新時代北斗精神，激發(fā)全民尤其是青少年崇尚科學(xué)、探索未知、敢于創(chuàng)新的熱情，提高全民科學(xué)文化素養(yǎng)。

做好重大航天遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)，持續(xù)推動航天博物館、航天體驗園等科普教育基地建設(shè)。鼓勵支持航天題材文藝作品創(chuàng)作，繁榮航天文化。

7. Promoting Space Education and Culture

China will continue to hold events to celebrate its Space Day, promote education on space knowledge and culture during World Space Week and National Science and Technology Week, and through Tiangong Classroom and other platforms, and promote the culture and spirit embodied in the development of the atomic and hydrogen bombs, missiles, man-made satellites, manned spaceflight, lunar probes and the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in the new era. The goal is to inspire the nation, especially the young people, to develop an interest in science, to create and explore the unknown, and to increase scientific knowledge among the general public.

China will protect its major space heritage and build more space museums and experience parks to popularize space science and provide education. It will encourage the creation of space-related literary and art works to promote space culture.

 

六、構(gòu)建航天國際合作新格局

和平探索、開發(fā)和利用外層空間是世界各國都享有的平等權(quán)利。中國倡導(dǎo)世界各國一起推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，堅持在平等互利、和平利用、包容發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，深入開展航天國際交流合作。

VI. International Cooperation

Peaceful exploration, development and utilization of outer space are rights equally enjoyed by all countries. China calls on all countries to work together to build a global community of shared future and carry out in-depth exchanges and cooperation in outer space on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, peaceful utilization, and inclusive development.

 

（一）基本政策

中國政府在開展航天國際交流合作中，采取以下基本政策：

——維護(hù)聯(lián)合國在外空事務(wù)中的核心作用，遵循聯(lián)合國《關(guān)于各國探索和利用包括月球和其他天體在內(nèi)外層空間活動的原則條約》，重視聯(lián)合國相關(guān)原則、宣言、決議的指導(dǎo)意義，積極參與外空國際規(guī)則制定，促進(jìn)外空活動長期可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

——加強(qiáng)空間科學(xué)、技術(shù)及應(yīng)用等領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作，與國際社會一道提供全球公共產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)，為人類應(yīng)對共同挑戰(zhàn)作出貢獻(xiàn)。

——加強(qiáng)基于共同目標(biāo)、服務(wù)“一帶一路”建設(shè)的空間合作，使航天發(fā)展成果惠及沿線國家，特別是發(fā)展中國家。

——支持亞太空間合作組織發(fā)揮重要作用，重視在金磚國家合作機(jī)制、上海合作組織框架、二十國集團(tuán)合作機(jī)制下的空間合作。

——鼓勵和支持國內(nèi)科研機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)、高等院校、社會團(tuán)體，依據(jù)有關(guān)政策和法規(guī)，開展多層次、多形式的國際空間交流與合作。

1. Basic Policies

China's basic policies on international exchanges and cooperation are as follows:

· Safeguarding the central role of the United Nations in managing outer space affairs; abiding by the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies; upholding the guiding role of relevant UN principles, declarations and resolutions; actively participating in the formulation of international rules regarding outer space; and promoting greater sustainability of space activities;

· Strengthening international exchanges and cooperation on space science, technology and application; working together with the international community to provide public products and services; and contributing to global efforts to address common challenges;

· Strengthening international space cooperation that is based on common goals and serves the Belt and Road Initiative, and ensuring that the space industry benefits the Initiative's participating countries, especially developing countries;

· Supporting the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) to play an important role, and giving weight to cooperation under the BRICS and Group 20 mechanisms and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;

· Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic research institutes, enterprises, institutions of higher learning, and social organizations to engage in international space exchanges and cooperation in diverse forms and at various levels in accordance with relevant policies, laws and regulations.

 

（二）主要進(jìn)展

2016年以來，中國與19個國家和地區(qū)、4個國際組織，簽署46項空間合作協(xié)定或諒解備忘錄；積極推動外空全球治理；利用雙邊、多邊合作機(jī)制，開展空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用等領(lǐng)域國際合作，取得豐碩成果。

2. Major Achievements

Since 2016, China has signed 46 space cooperation agreements or memoranda of understanding with 19 countries and regions and four international organizations. It has actively promoted global governance of outer space, and carried out international cooperation in space science, technology and application through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms. These measures have yielded fruitful results.

 

1.外空全球治理。

——參加聯(lián)合國框架下外空活動長期可持續(xù)性、空間資源開發(fā)利用、防止外空軍備競賽等議題磋商，共同創(chuàng)建空間探索與創(chuàng)新等新議題，持續(xù)推進(jìn)聯(lián)合國空間2030議程。

——支持聯(lián)合國災(zāi)害管理與應(yīng)急反應(yīng)天基信息平臺北京辦公室工作，深度參與聯(lián)合國全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國際委員會各項活動，加入空間任務(wù)規(guī)劃咨詢組和國際小行星預(yù)警網(wǎng)等國際機(jī)制。

——發(fā)揮亞太空間合作組織東道國作用，支持《亞太空間合作組織2030年發(fā)展愿景》。

——利用中俄航天合作分委會空間碎片工作組、中美空間碎片與空間飛行安全專家研討會等機(jī)制加強(qiáng)在空間碎片、外空活動長期可持續(xù)等領(lǐng)域的交流。

——支持國際電信聯(lián)盟、地球觀測組織、機(jī)構(gòu)間空間碎片協(xié)調(diào)委員會、國際空間數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)咨詢委員會、國際空間探索協(xié)調(diào)組、機(jī)構(gòu)間互操作顧問委員會等國際組織活動。

(1) Global governance of outer space

· China participates in consultations on issues such as the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, the development and utilization of space resources, and the prevention of arms race in outer space. Together with other parties, it has proposed discussions on space exploration and innovation, and advanced the Space2030 Agenda of the UN.

· China supports the work of the Beijing office of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response, and has participated in the activities of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems in an in-depth manner. It has joined international mechanisms such as the Space Missions Planning Advisory Group and the International Asteroid Warning Network.

· China plays its role as the host country of APSCO, and supports the organization's Development Vision 2030.

· China has strengthened international exchanges on space debris, long-term sustainability of outer space activities, and other issues through mechanisms such as the Space Debris Work Group of China-Russia Space Cooperation Sub-committee and the Sino-US Expert Workshop on Space Debris and Space Flight Safety.

· China supports the activities of international organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union, Group on Earth Observations, Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, International Space Exploration Coordination Group, and the Interagency Operations Advisory Group.

 

2.載人航天。

——利用“天宮二號”空間實驗室與歐洲空間局合作開展伽馬暴偏振探測研究，在“神舟十一號”載人飛行任務(wù)期間與法國合作開展微重力環(huán)境下人體醫(yī)學(xué)研究，與歐洲航天員中心聯(lián)合進(jìn)行洞穴訓(xùn)練、海上救生訓(xùn)練。

——完成中國空間站首批空間科學(xué)國際合作實驗項目遴選，圍繞空間科學(xué)實驗、空間站艙段研制與德國、意大利、俄羅斯開展技術(shù)合作與交流。

(2) Manned spaceflight

· China has carried out gamma-ray burst polarization monitoring research with the European Space Agency on the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, conducted human body medical research in a micro-gravitational environment with France during the Shenzhou-11 manned spaceflight mission, carried out joint CAVES training and maritime rescue drills with the European Astronaut Centre.

· China has completed the selection of the first batch of international space science experiments to be conducted on the Chinese space station, and conducted technological cooperation and exchanges with Germany, Italy and Russia on space science experiments and the development of space station sections.

 

3.北斗導(dǎo)航。

——推動中國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)與美國全球定位系統(tǒng)、俄羅斯格羅納斯系統(tǒng)、歐洲伽利略系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，在兼容與互操作、監(jiān)測評估、聯(lián)合應(yīng)用等領(lǐng)域深入合作。

——推動北斗國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作，相繼進(jìn)入民航、海事、國際搜救、移動通信、電工委員會等多個國際組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。

——推動北斗系統(tǒng)全球服務(wù)，與阿盟、非盟分別建立北斗合作論壇機(jī)制，在突尼斯建成首個海外北斗中心，與巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、阿根廷、南非、阿爾及利亞、泰國等國家開展衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航合作。

(3) BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

· China has coordinated the development of China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the United States' Global Positioning System, Russia's GLONASS system, and Europe's Galileo system. It has carried out in-depth cooperation with them in the fields of compatibility, interoperability, monitoring and assessment, and joint application.

· China has pressed ahead with international standardization of the BeiDou system, which has been included in the standard systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission and many other international organizations in fields such as civil aviation, maritime affairs, international search and rescue, and mobile communications.

· China has increased the BeiDou system's global service capacity by establishing BeiDou cooperation forum mechanisms with the League of Arab States and the African Union, completing the first overseas BeiDou center in Tunisia, and conducting satellite navigation cooperation with countries such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, South Africa, Algeria, and Thailand.

 

4.深空探測。

——與俄羅斯聯(lián)合發(fā)起國際月球科研站計劃，啟動中俄月球與深空探測聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)中心建設(shè)，推動中國“嫦娥七號”月球極區(qū)探測任務(wù)與俄羅斯月球－資源－1軌道器任務(wù)聯(lián)合實施。

——利用月球探測工程“嫦娥四號”任務(wù)，與俄羅斯、歐洲空間局開展了工程技術(shù)合作，與瑞典、德國、荷蘭、沙特開展了科學(xué)載荷合作。啟動月球探測工程“嫦娥六號”任務(wù)國際載荷搭載合作。

——利用首次火星探測“天問一號”任務(wù)，與歐洲空間局開展了工程技術(shù)合作，與奧地利、法國開展了科學(xué)載荷合作。與美國建立火星探測器軌道數(shù)據(jù)交換機(jī)制。啟動小行星探測任務(wù)國際載荷搭載合作。

——與歐洲空間局、阿根廷、納米比亞、巴基斯坦開展月球與深空探測領(lǐng)域的測控合作。

(4) Deep-space exploration

· China launched the international lunar research station project together with Russia, and initiated the Sino-Russian Joint Data Center for Lunar and Deep-space Exploration. It is working with Russia to coordinate Chang'e-7's lunar polar exploration mission with Russia's LUNA-Resource-1 orbiter mission.

· In the Chang'e-4 lunar exploration mission China cooperated with Russia and the European Space Agency on engineering technology, and with Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Saudi Arabia on payloads. It has launched international onboard payload cooperation in the Chang'e-6 lunar exploration mission.

· In the Tianwen-1 mission, China's first Mars exploration project, China cooperated with the European Space Agency on engineering technology, and with Austria and France on payloads. It has established a Mars probe orbit data exchange mechanism with the United States, and launched international onboard payload cooperation in its asteroid exploration mission.

· In the fields of lunar and deep-space exploration, China cooperated on TT&C with the European Space Agency, Argentina, Namibia, and Pakistan.

 

5.空間技術(shù)。

——聯(lián)合研制并成功發(fā)射中法海洋衛(wèi)星、中巴（西）地球資源04A星、埃塞俄比亞遙感微小衛(wèi)星，為亞太空間合作組織成功搭載發(fā)射大學(xué)生小衛(wèi)星。持續(xù)推進(jìn)埃及二號遙感衛(wèi)星等聯(lián)合研制。

——完成巴基斯坦遙感衛(wèi)星一號、委內(nèi)瑞拉遙感衛(wèi)星二號、蘇丹一號遙感衛(wèi)星、阿爾及利亞一號通信衛(wèi)星等在軌交付。

——為沙特阿拉伯、巴基斯坦、阿根廷、巴西、加拿大、盧森堡等國家提供衛(wèi)星搭載發(fā)射服務(wù)。

——與俄羅斯、烏克蘭、白俄羅斯、阿根廷、巴基斯坦、尼日利亞等國家開展宇航產(chǎn)品技術(shù)合作。

——助力發(fā)展中國家航天能力建設(shè)。與埃及、巴基斯坦、尼日利亞等國家合作建設(shè)衛(wèi)星研制基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。推動“一帶一路”空間信息走廊建設(shè)，向發(fā)展中國家開放中國空間設(shè)施資源。

(5) Space technology

· Together with relevant partners China has developed and successfully launched the China-France Oceanography Satellite, China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 04A, and the Ethiopian Remote-Sensing Satellite. It has launched the Student Small Satellites (SSS) for APSCO. It is jointly developing the MisrSat-2 remote-sensing satellite.

· China completed the in-orbit delivery of the Pakistan Remote-Sensing Satellite (PRSS-1), Venezuelan Remote-Sensing Satellite (VRSS-2), Sudan Remote-Sensing Satellite (SRSS-1), and the Algerian Communications Satellite (Alcomsat-1).

· China has provided satellite carrying or launching services for countries including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and Luxembourg.

· China has conducted space product and technology cooperation with countries including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Argentina, Pakistan, and Nigeria.

· China has helped developing countries boost their space science and research. It has built satellite research and development infrastructure with countries including Egypt, Pakistan and Nigeria. It has pressed ahead with the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, and opened China's space facilities to developing countries.

 

6.空間應(yīng)用。

——建立風(fēng)云氣象衛(wèi)星國際用戶防災(zāi)減災(zāi)應(yīng)急保障機(jī)制，中國氣象衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)廣泛應(yīng)用于121個國家和地區(qū)。

——簽署金磚國家遙感衛(wèi)星星座合作協(xié)定。與歐洲空間局開展對地觀測衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)交換合作。建設(shè)中國－東盟衛(wèi)星信息（海上）服務(wù)平臺和遙感衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)共享服務(wù)平臺。與老撾、泰國、柬埔寨、緬甸等國家共同建設(shè)瀾滄江－湄公河空間信息交流中心。

——與玻利維亞、印度尼西亞、納米比亞、泰國、南非等國家合作建設(shè)衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)接收站。

——積極參與空間與重大災(zāi)害國際憲章機(jī)制，為近40個國家的減災(zāi)提供衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù)近800景，新增8顆（座）衛(wèi)星和星座作為值班衛(wèi)星和星座，提升國際社會防災(zāi)減災(zāi)能力。

——積極開展衛(wèi)星應(yīng)急監(jiān)測和服務(wù)，針對15個國家的17次重特大災(zāi)害事故啟動應(yīng)急監(jiān)測，就2018年阿富汗大旱、2018年老撾潰壩事故、2019年莫桑比克臺風(fēng)向受災(zāi)國相關(guān)部門提供監(jiān)測產(chǎn)品服務(wù)。

——發(fā)布《中國面向全球的綜合地球觀測系統(tǒng)十年執(zhí)行計劃（2016－2025年）》，擔(dān)任地球觀測組織2020年輪值主席國，推動全球綜合地球觀測系統(tǒng)建設(shè)。

——參與國際空間氣候觀測（SCO）平臺機(jī)制，推動中國利用空間技術(shù)應(yīng)對氣候變化的最佳實踐，助力國際空間氣候觀測合作。

(6) Space applications

· China has established an emergency support mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation for international users of the Fengyun meteorological satellites, and data from China's meteorological satellites have been widely used in 121 countries and regions.

· China has signed cooperation agreements for the BRICS Remote-Sensing Satellite Constellation, cooperated with the European Space Agency on earth observation satellite data exchange, and built the China-ASEAN Satellite Information Offshore Service Platform and the Remote-Sensing Satellite Data-Sharing Service Platform. It has worked with Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar to build the Lancang-Mekong Space Information Exchange Center.

· China has built satellite data receiving stations with countries including Bolivia, Indonesia, Namibia, Thailand and South Africa.

· China actively participates in the mechanism of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, providing satellite remote-sensing data totaling 800 scenes and adding eight new on-duty satellites (constellations) to the satellite system, thereby improving the international community's capacity for disaster prevention and mitigation.

· China actively provides satellite emergency monitoring services. It has initiated emergency monitoring in response to 17 major disasters in 15 countries. For instance, in response to the severe drought in Afghanistan and the dam collapse in Laos in 2018, and to the cyclone that struck Mozambique in 2019, it provided monitoring services for the authorities of affected countries.

· China released its GEO Strategic Plan 2016-2025: Implementing GEOSS. It served as the rotating chair of the Group on Earth Observations in 2020 and promoted the construction of a global earth observation system.

· China participates in the international Space Climate Observatory platform, promoting China's best practices in space technology to address climate change, and facilitating international cooperation on space climate observation.

 

7.空間科學(xué)。

——與瑞士、意大利、奧地利、英國、日本等國家聯(lián)合開展“悟空”號、“墨子”號、“實踐十號”和“慧眼”等科學(xué)衛(wèi)星的聯(lián)合科學(xué)研究和實驗。

——聯(lián)合研制并成功發(fā)射中意電磁監(jiān)測試驗衛(wèi)星，持續(xù)推進(jìn)中歐太陽風(fēng)－磁層相互作用全景成像衛(wèi)星、中法天文衛(wèi)星、中意電磁監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星02星聯(lián)合研制，與意大利、德國等國家開展先進(jìn)天基太陽天文臺、愛因斯坦探針、增強(qiáng)型X射線時變與偏振空間天文臺等科學(xué)衛(wèi)星有效載荷的聯(lián)合研制和定標(biāo)。

——利用中國－巴西空間天氣聯(lián)合實驗室，共同建設(shè)南美地區(qū)空間環(huán)境綜合監(jiān)測研究平臺。

(7) Space science

· Using science satellites including Wukong, Mozi, Shijian-10, and Insight, China has conducted joint scientific research and experiments with countries including Switzerland, Italy, Austria, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

· China co-developed and successfully launched the China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite. It has continued the joint development of the Sino-European Panoramic Imaging Satellite for Solar Wind and Magnetosphere Interaction, Sino-French Astronomic Satellite, and China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite 02. It has joined countries including Italy and Germany in developing and calibrating the payloads of satellites such as the advanced space-based solar observatory, Einstein Probe, and enhanced X-ray timing and polarimetry observatory.

· Using the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather, it co-built the space environment monitoring and research platform for South America.

 

8.人才與學(xué)術(shù)交流。

——參與國際宇航聯(lián)合會、國際空間研究委員會、國際宇航科學(xué)院、國際空間法學(xué)會等活動，舉辦全球空間探索大會、全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國際委員會第十三屆大會、中國/聯(lián)合國航天助力可持續(xù)發(fā)展大會、文昌國際航空航天論壇、珠海論壇、北斗規(guī)模應(yīng)用國際峰會、風(fēng)云氣象衛(wèi)星國際用戶大會等。

——助力發(fā)展中國家人才培養(yǎng)。依托聯(lián)合國空間科技教育亞太區(qū)域中心（中國）為60余個國家培養(yǎng)了近千名航天人才，并建立“一帶一路”航天創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟和中俄工科大學(xué)聯(lián)盟；通過發(fā)展中國家技術(shù)培訓(xùn)班等渠道，促進(jìn)遙感與導(dǎo)航方向的人才交流。

——通過中歐空間科學(xué)研討會、中歐空間科技合作對話、中歐“龍計劃”等渠道，促進(jìn)空間科學(xué)、遙感與導(dǎo)航方向的科技交流。

(8) Personnel and academic exchanges

· China has taken part in the activities organized by the International Astronautical Federation, International Committee on Space Research, International Academy of Astronautics, and International Institute of Space Law. It has hosted the 2017 Global Space Exploration Conference, the 13th Meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the United Nations/China Forum on Space Solutions: Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals, the Wenchang International Aviation and Aerospace Forum, the Zhuhai Forum, the International Summit on BDS Applications, and the Fengyun Satellite User Conference.

· China has helped developing countries train professionals. Through the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China) (Affiliated to the United Nations), it has trained almost 1,000 space-industry professionals for more than 60 countries, and established the "Belt and Road" Aerospace Innovation Alliance and the Association of Sino-Russian Technical Universities. It has also promoted personnel exchanges in remote-sensing and navigation technology through the International Training Program and other channels.

· China has promoted scientific and technological exchanges in the fields of space science, remote sensing and navigation through the China-Europe Space Science Bilateral Meeting, the China-EU-ESA Dialogue on Space Technology Cooperation, and the Dragon Programme - a joint undertaking between ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.

 

（三）未來合作重點

未來五年，中國將以更加積極開放的姿態(tài)，拓展雙邊、多邊合作機(jī)制，在以下重點領(lǐng)域廣泛開展國際空間交流與合作：

3. Key Areas for Future Cooperation

In the next five years China will be more open and active in broadening bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms, and will engage in extensive international exchanges and cooperation in the following key areas:

 

1.外空全球治理。

——在聯(lián)合國框架下，積極參與外空國際規(guī)則制定，共同應(yīng)對外空活動長期可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。

——積極參與空間環(huán)境治理、近地小天體監(jiān)測與應(yīng)對、行星保護(hù)、太空交通管理、空間資源開發(fā)利用等領(lǐng)域國際議題討論和機(jī)制構(gòu)建。

——開展空間環(huán)境治理合作，提高太空危機(jī)管控和綜合治理效能，支持與俄、美等國及有關(guān)國際組織開展外空治理對話，推動亞太空間合作組織空間科學(xué)觀測臺建設(shè)。

(1) Global governance of outer space

· Under the framework of the United Nations, China will actively participate in formulating international rules regarding outer space, and will work together with other countries to address the challenges in ensuring long-term sustainability of outer space activities.

· China will actively participate in discussions on international issues and the development of relevant mechanisms, such as those in the fields of space environment governance, near-earth objects monitoring and response, planet protection, space traffic management, and the development and utilization of space resources.

· China will cooperate in space environment governance, improve the efficiency of space crisis management and comprehensive governance, conduct dialogue with Russia, the United States and other countries as well as relevant international organizations on outer space governance, and actively support the construction of APSCO's space science observatory.

 

2.載人航天。

——依托中國空間站，開展空間天文觀測、地球科學(xué)研究，以及微重力環(huán)境下的空間科學(xué)實驗。

——推動開展航天員聯(lián)合選拔培訓(xùn)、聯(lián)合飛行等更廣泛的國際合作。

(2) Manned spaceflight

· China will employ its space station to conduct space-based astronomical observations, earth science and research, and space science experiments under conditions of microgravity.

· China will promote more extensive international cooperation in astronaut selection and training, joint flights and other fields.

 

3.北斗導(dǎo)航。

——持續(xù)參加聯(lián)合國全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國際委員會有關(guān)活動，推動建立公正合理的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航秩序。

——積極推進(jìn)北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)和其他衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、星基增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)的兼容與互操作合作，促進(jìn)全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)兼容共用。

——重點推進(jìn)北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用合作與交流，共享北斗系統(tǒng)成熟應(yīng)用解決方案，助力各國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展。

(3) BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

· China will continue to participate in the activities of the UN's International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems and promote the establishment of a fair and reasonable satellite navigation order.

· China will actively improve compatibility and interoperability of global satellite navigation systems such as the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and other such systems as well as satellite-based augmentation systems.

· China will prioritize cooperation and exchanges, and share with others mature solutions, on the application of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, thereby boosting the socio-economic development of partner countries.

 

4.深空探測。

——重點推進(jìn)國際月球科研站合作，歡迎國際伙伴在項目的各個階段、在任務(wù)的各個層級參與國際月球科研站的論證和建設(shè)。

——拓展在小行星、行星際探測領(lǐng)域合作。

(4) Deep-space exploration

· China will advance cooperation on the international lunar research station project. It welcomes international partners to participate in the research and construction of the station at any stage and level of the mission.

· It will expand cooperation in the fields of asteroid and interplanetary exploration.

 

5.空間技術(shù)。

——支持衛(wèi)星工程和技術(shù)合作，完成埃及二號衛(wèi)星聯(lián)合研制，發(fā)射中法天文衛(wèi)星、中意電磁監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星02星，推動中巴（西）資源系列后續(xù)衛(wèi)星合作。

——開展航天測控支持合作，繼續(xù)開展與歐洲空間局在測控支持領(lǐng)域合作，進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)地面站網(wǎng)建設(shè)。

——支持商業(yè)航天國際合作，包括發(fā)射服務(wù)，以及衛(wèi)星整星、衛(wèi)星及運載火箭分系統(tǒng)、零部件、電子元器件、地面設(shè)施設(shè)備等產(chǎn)品技術(shù)合作。重點推動巴基斯坦通信衛(wèi)星研制，以及巴基斯坦航天中心、埃及航天城建設(shè)合作進(jìn)程。

(5) Space technology

· China will support cooperation on satellite engineering and technology. It will complete the joint research and development of MisrSat-2, and launch the SVOM (Space-based multiband astronomical Variable Objects Monitor), and the China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite 02. It will press ahead with follow-up cooperation in the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites program.

· China will engage in cooperation on space TT&C support. It will continue to cooperate with the European Space Agency in the field of TT&C support, and further advance the building of ground station networks.

· China will support international cooperation on commercial spaceflight, including:

(a) launching services;

(b) technical cooperation on whole satellites, on sub-systems, spare parts, and electronic components of satellites and launch vehicles, on ground facilities and equipment, and on other related items.

It will give priority to developing communications satellites for Pakistan and to cooperating on the construction of the Pakistan Space Center and Egypt's Space City.

 

6.空間應(yīng)用。

——推動中國氣象衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)全球應(yīng)用，支持中法海洋衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)向世界氣象衛(wèi)星組織開放，推動“張衡一號”電磁監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)全球共享和科學(xué)應(yīng)用。

——推動“一帶一路”空間信息走廊建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)遙感、導(dǎo)航、通信衛(wèi)星的應(yīng)用合作。

——推動亞太空間合作組織數(shù)據(jù)共享服務(wù)平臺建設(shè)。

——推動金磚國家遙感衛(wèi)星星座建設(shè)與應(yīng)用。

——參與空間氣候觀測平臺建設(shè)與實踐。

(6) Space applications

· China will promote global application of data from Chinese meteorological satellites, support the provision of data from the China-France Oceanography Satellite to the World Meteorological Organization, and promote global sharing and scientific application of the data obtained by Zhangheng-1, China's seismo-electromagnetic satellite.

· China will press ahead with the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, and strengthen cooperation on the application of remote-sensing, navigation, and communications satellites.

· China will press ahead with the construction of the data-sharing service platform of APSCO.

· China will advance the construction and application of the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.

· China will participate in the construction and use of the Space Climate Observatory.

 

7.空間科學(xué)。

——依托深空探測工程，利用地外樣品和探測數(shù)據(jù)，開展空間環(huán)境、行星起源演化等領(lǐng)域的聯(lián)合研究；通過聯(lián)合國向國際社會開放“嫦娥四號”衛(wèi)星科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。

——推動空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星聯(lián)合研制，開展以暗物質(zhì)粒子、太陽爆發(fā)活動及其影響、空間引力波等為重點的空間科學(xué)探索研究。

8.人才與學(xué)術(shù)交流。

——開展航天領(lǐng)域人員交流與培訓(xùn)。

——舉辦高水平國際學(xué)術(shù)交流會議和論壇。

(7) Space science

· By means of the deep-space exploration project, and using extraterrestrial samples and exploration data, China will conduct joint research in fields such as the space environment and planetary origin and evolution. Through the United Nations scientific data obtained by the Chang'e 4 satellite will be made available to the international community.

· China will boost joint R&D on space science satellites and research subjects such as dark matter particles, solar burst activities and their influence, and spatial gravitational wave.

(8) Personnel and academic exchanges

· China will conduct personnel exchanges and training in the space industry.

· China will hold high-level international academic exchange conferences and forums.

 

結(jié)束語

當(dāng)今世界，越來越多的國家高度重視并大力發(fā)展航天事業(yè)，世界航天進(jìn)入大發(fā)展大變革的新階段，將對人類社會發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

站在全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程的歷史起點上，中國將加快推進(jìn)航天強(qiáng)國建設(shè)，秉持人類命運共同體理念，繼續(xù)同各國一道，積極參與外空全球治理與交流合作，維護(hù)外空安全，促進(jìn)外空活動長期可持續(xù)發(fā)展，為保護(hù)地球家園、增進(jìn)民生福祉、服務(wù)人類文明進(jìn)步作出新的更大貢獻(xiàn)。

Conclusion

In today's world, a growing number of countries are seeing the importance of space and are investing more on their space programs. Space industry around the world has entered a new stage of rapid development and profound transformation that will have a major and far-reaching impact on human society.

At this new historical start towards a modern socialist country, China will accelerate work on its space industry. Guided by the concept of a global community of shared future, it will work actively with other countries to carry out international space exchanges and cooperation, safeguard outer space security, and strive for long-term sustainability in activities related to outer space. By doing so, China will contribute more to protecting the earth, improving people's wellbeing, and serving human progress.