推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室22日發(fā)表《共建“一帶一路”倡議：進(jìn)展、貢獻(xiàn)與展望》報(bào)告。全文如下：

共建“一帶一路”倡議：進(jìn)展、貢獻(xiàn)與展望
The Belt and Road Initiative Progress, Contributions and Prospects

推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室
Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative

2019年

前言
Preface

2013年9月和10月，中國(guó)國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在出訪哈薩克斯坦和印度尼西亞時(shí)先后提出共建“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”的重大倡議。中國(guó)政府成立了推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，并在中國(guó)國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委設(shè)立領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室。2015年3月，中國(guó)發(fā)布《推動(dòng)共建絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶和21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路的愿景與行動(dòng)》；2017年5月，首屆“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇在北京成功召開(kāi)。中國(guó)還先后舉辦了博鰲亞洲論壇年會(huì)、上海合作組織青島峰會(huì)、中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)、中國(guó)國(guó)際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)等。5年多來(lái)，共建“一帶一路”倡議得到了越來(lái)越多國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織的積極響應(yīng)，受到國(guó)際社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注，影響力日益擴(kuò)大。
When visiting Kazakhstan and Indonesia in September and October of 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping raised the initiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (hereinafter referred to as the Belt and Road, or B&R). The Chinese government then set up the Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative with an administrative office under the National Development and Reform Commission. In March 2015, the Chinese government published the “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Eco- nomic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road”. In May 2017, the first Belt and Road Forum for International Co- operation was convened in Beijing. China also hosted the Boao Forum for Asia annual conferences, the Shanghai Co- operation Organization (SCO) Qingdao Summit, the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and the China International Import Expo. Over the past five years, the Belt and Road Initiative has won positive responses from numerous countries and interna- tional organizations and has attracted worldwide attention. Its influence is growing.

共建“一帶一路”倡議源自中國(guó)，更屬于世界；根植于歷史，更面向未來(lái)；重點(diǎn)面向亞歐非大陸，更向所有伙伴開(kāi)放。共建“一帶一路”跨越不同國(guó)家地域、不同發(fā)展階段、不同歷史傳統(tǒng)、不同文化宗教、不同風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，是和平發(fā)展、經(jīng)濟(jì)合作倡議，不是搞地緣政治聯(lián)盟或軍事同盟；是開(kāi)放包容、共同發(fā)展進(jìn)程，不是要關(guān)起門(mén)來(lái)搞小圈子或者“中國(guó)俱樂(lè)部”；不以意識(shí)形態(tài)劃界，不搞零和游戲，只要各國(guó)有意愿，都?xì)g迎參與。共建“一帶一路”倡議以共商共建共享為原則，以和平合作、開(kāi)放包容、互學(xué)互鑒、互利共贏的絲綢之路精神為指引，以政策溝通、設(shè)施聯(lián)通、貿(mào)易暢通、資金融通、民心相通為重點(diǎn)，已經(jīng)從理念轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)，從愿景轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)，從倡議轉(zhuǎn)化為全球廣受歡迎的公共產(chǎn)品。
The Belt and Road Initiative originated in China, but it belongs to the world. It is rooted in history, but oriented toward the future. It focuses on Asia, Europe and Africa, but is open to all partners. It spans different countries and regions, different stages of development, different histori- cal traditions, different cultures and religions, and different customs and lifestyles. It is an initiative for peaceful devel- opment and economic cooperation, rather than a geopoliti- cal or military alliance. It is a process of open, inclusive and common development, not an exclusionary bloc or a “China club”. It neither differentiates between countries by ideology nor plays the zero-sum game. Countries are wel- come to join in the initiative if they so will. The Belt and Road Initiative upholds the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. It follows a Silk Road spirit featuring peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit. It focuses on policy coordination, con- nectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and closer people-to-people ties. It has turned ideas into actions and vision into reality, and the initiative itself into a public product widely welcomed by the international community.

2018年8月，習(xí)近平主席在北京主持召開(kāi)推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)工作5周年座談會(huì)，提出“一帶一路”建設(shè)要從謀篇布局的“大寫(xiě)意”轉(zhuǎn)入精耕細(xì)作的“工筆畫(huà)”，向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變，造福沿線國(guó)家人民，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體。
When presiding over a symposium in August 2018 that marked the fifth anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative, President Xi said that in advancing the initiative, we should transition from making high-level plans to intensive and meticulous implementation, so as to realize high-quality development, bring benefits to local people, and build a global community of shared future.

一、進(jìn)展
I. Progress

2013年以來(lái)，共建“一帶一路”倡議以政策溝通、設(shè)施聯(lián)通、貿(mào)易暢通、資金融通和民心相通為主要內(nèi)容扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，取得明顯成效，一批具有標(biāo)志性的早期成果開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)，參與各國(guó)得到了實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處，對(duì)共建“一帶一路”的認(rèn)同感和參與度不斷增強(qiáng)。
Since 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative, with policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties as its main goals, has advanced in solid steps. Significant progress has been made, including a number of landmark early results. Participating countries have obtained tangible benefits, and their appreciation of and participation in the initiative is growing.

（一）政策溝通
1. Policy coordination

政策溝通是共建“一帶一路”的重要保障，是形成攜手共建行動(dòng)的重要先導(dǎo)。5年多來(lái)，中國(guó)與有關(guān)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織充分溝通協(xié)調(diào)，形成了共建“一帶一路”的廣泛國(guó)際合作共識(shí)。
Policy coordination is an important guarantee for this initiative, and an essential precondition for joint actions. Over the past five years or so, China has engaged in thor- ough communication and coordination with participating countries and international organizations, and reached a broad consensus on international cooperation for building the Belt and Road.

1．共建“一帶一路”倡議載入國(guó)際組織重要文件。共建“一帶一路”倡議及其核心理念已寫(xiě)入聯(lián)合國(guó)、二十國(guó)集團(tuán)、亞太經(jīng)合組織以及其他區(qū)域組織等有關(guān)文件中。2015年7月，上海合作組織發(fā)表了《上海合作組織成員國(guó)元首烏法宣言》，支持關(guān)于建設(shè)“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”的倡議。2016年9月，《二十國(guó)集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人杭州峰會(huì)公報(bào)》通過(guò)關(guān)于建立“全球基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通聯(lián)盟”倡議。2016年11月，聯(lián)合國(guó)193個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)協(xié)商一致通過(guò)決議，歡迎共建“一帶一路”等經(jīng)濟(jì)合作倡議，呼吁國(guó)際社會(huì)為“一帶一路”建設(shè)提供安全保障環(huán)境。2017年3月，聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)一致通過(guò)了第2344號(hào)決議，呼吁國(guó)際社會(huì)通過(guò)“一帶一路”建設(shè)加強(qiáng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，并首次載入“人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體”理念。2018年，中拉論壇第二屆部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議、中國(guó)－阿拉伯國(guó)家合作論壇第八屆部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議、中非合作論壇峰會(huì)先后召開(kāi)，分別形成了中拉《關(guān)于“一帶一路”倡議的特別聲明》、《中國(guó)和阿拉伯國(guó)家合作共建“一帶一路”行動(dòng)宣言》和《關(guān)于構(gòu)建更加緊密的中非命運(yùn)共同體的北京宣言》等重要成果文件。
1) The Belt and Road Initiative has been incorpo- rated into important documents of international orga- nizations. The initiative and its core concepts have been written into documents from the United Nations, G20, APEC and other international and regional organizations. In July 2015, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization issued the “Ufa Declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, showing support for the Silk Road Economic Belt initiative. In September 2016, the “G20 Leaders’ Communiqué” adopted at the G20 Hangzhou Summit endorsed an initiative to establish the Global In- frastructure Connectivity Alliance. In November 2016, the 193 UN member states adopted by consensus a resolution, welcoming the Belt and Road Initiative and other economic cooperation initiatives and urging the international commu- nity to ensure a secure environment for these initiatives. In March 2017, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2344, calling on the international community to strengthen regional economic cooperation through the Belt and Road Initiative and other development initiatives, while for the first time enshrining the concept of “a com- munity of shared future for mankind”. In January 2018, the Second Ministerial Meeting of the Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) was held in Santiago and adopted the “Special Declaration on the Belt and Road Initiative”. In July the same year, the Eighth Ministerial Meeting of the China- Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF) was convened in Beijing, which adopted the “Declaration of Action on China- Arab States Belt and Road Cooperation”. In September the FOCAC Beijing Summit adopted the “Beijing Declaration – Toward an Even Stronger China-Africa Community with a Shared Future” and the “Forum on China-Africa Coopera- tion Beijing Action Plan (2019-2021)”.

2．簽署共建“一帶一路”政府間合作文件的國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織數(shù)量逐年增加。在共建“一帶一路”框架下，各參與國(guó)和國(guó)際組織本著求同存異原則，就經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃和政策進(jìn)行充分交流，協(xié)商制定經(jīng)濟(jì)合作規(guī)劃和措施。截至2019年3月底，中國(guó)政府已與125個(gè)國(guó)家和29個(gè)國(guó)際組織簽署173份合作文件。共建“一帶一路”國(guó)家已由亞歐延伸至非洲、拉美、南太等區(qū)域。
2) More and more countries and international or- ganizations have signed intergovernmental cooperation agreements on the Belt and Road Initiative. In the B&R framework, all participating countries and international organizations, based on the principle of seeking com- mon ground while reserving differences, have exchanged views on economic development plans and policies and discussed and agreed economic cooperation plans and measures. By the end of March 2019, the Chinese govern- ment had signed 173 cooperation agreements with 125 countries and 29 international organizations. The Belt and Road has expanded from Asia and Europe to include more new participants in Africa, Latin America and the South Pacific.

3．共建“一帶一路”專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)雍献饔行蛲七M(jìn)。數(shù)字絲綢之路建設(shè)已成為共建“一帶一路”的重要組成部分，中國(guó)與埃及、老撾、沙特阿拉伯、塞爾維亞、泰國(guó)、土耳其、阿聯(lián)酋等國(guó)家共同發(fā)起《“一帶一路”數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)際合作倡議》，與16個(gè)國(guó)家簽署加強(qiáng)數(shù)字絲綢之路建設(shè)合作文件。中國(guó)發(fā)布《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)通共建“一帶一路”行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2018－2020年）》，與49個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)簽署85份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化合作協(xié)議?！耙粠б宦贰倍愂蘸献鏖L(zhǎng)效機(jī)制日趨成熟，中國(guó)組織召開(kāi)“一帶一路”稅收合作會(huì)議，發(fā)布《阿斯塔納“一帶一路”稅收合作倡議》，稅收協(xié)定合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)延伸至111個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。中國(guó)與49個(gè)沿線國(guó)家聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)“一帶一路”國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)務(wù)實(shí)合作的聯(lián)合聲明》。中國(guó)組織召開(kāi)“一帶一路”法治合作國(guó)際論壇，發(fā)布《“一帶一路”法治合作國(guó)際論壇共同主席聲明》。中國(guó)組織召開(kāi)“一帶一路”能源部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議，18個(gè)國(guó)家聯(lián)合宣布建立“一帶一路”能源合作伙伴關(guān)系。中國(guó)發(fā)布《共同推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)合作的愿景與行動(dòng)》、《“一帶一路”建設(shè)海上合作設(shè)想》等。中國(guó)推動(dòng)建立了國(guó)際商事法庭和“一站式”國(guó)際商事糾紛多元化解決機(jī)制。
3) Coordination and cooperation in specific fields of the Belt and Road Initiative have progressed steadily. The Digital Silk Road has become an important part of the Belt and Road Initiative. China has launched the “Belt and Road Digital Economy International Cooperation Initia- tive” with Egypt, Laos, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Thailand, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. It has signed coop- eration agreements with 16 countries to strengthen the con- struction of the Digital Silk Road. China issued the “Action Plan on Belt and Road Standard Connectivity (2018-2020)”. It has signed 85 standardization cooperation agreements with 49 countries and regions. The long-term mechanism for tax cooperation between B&R countries is maturing. China co-organized the Belt and Road Initiative Tax Co- operation Conference (BRITCC) in May 2018, which published the “Astana Proposal by BRITCC Participating Jurisdictions for Enhancing Cooperation in Tax Matters”, signaling that the cooperation network has expanded to 111 countries and regions. China and 49 B&R countries pub- lished the “Joint Statement on Pragmatic Cooperation in the Field of Intellectual Property Among Countries Along the Belt and Road” in August 2018. In July 2018 China hosted the Forum on the Belt and Road Legal Cooperation, which published the “Statement of the Co-Chairs of the Fo- rum on the Belt and Road Legal Cooperation”. In October 2018 China hosted the Belt and Road Energy Ministerial Conference and 18 countries jointly announced building the B&R energy partnership. In addition, China published the “Vision and Action on Jointly Promoting Agricultural Cooperation on the Belt and Road” in May 2017 and the “Vision for Maritime Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative” in June the same year. China has been a strong proponent of the establishment of international commercial courts and a “one-stop” diversified resolution mechanism for international commercial disputes.

（二）設(shè)施聯(lián)通
2. Infrastructure connectivity

設(shè)施聯(lián)通是共建“一帶一路”的優(yōu)先方向。在尊重相關(guān)國(guó)家主權(quán)和安全關(guān)切的基礎(chǔ)上，由各國(guó)共同努力，以鐵路、公路、航運(yùn)、航空、管道、空間綜合信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等為核心的全方位、多層次、復(fù)合型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)正在加快形成，區(qū)域間商品、資金、信息、技術(shù)等交易成本大大降低，有效促進(jìn)了跨區(qū)域資源要素的有序流動(dòng)和優(yōu)化配置，實(shí)現(xiàn)了互利合作、共贏發(fā)展。
Infrastructure connectivity is high on the B&R agenda. While committed to respecting the sovereignty and secu- rity concerns of all relevant countries, B&R countries have made concerted efforts to build an all-round, multi-level, and composite infrastructure framework centered on rail- ways, roads, shipping, aviation, pipelines, and integrated space information networks. This framework is taking shape rapidly. It has greatly reduced the transaction costs of products, capital, information, and technologies flow- ing between regions, and effectively promoted the orderly flow and optimal allocation of resources among different regions. Thus it will help achieve mutually beneficial coop- eration and common development.

1．國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作走廊和通道建設(shè)取得明顯進(jìn)展。新亞歐大陸橋、中蒙俄、中國(guó)－中亞－西亞、中國(guó)－中南半島、中巴和孟中印緬等六大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作走廊將亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)圈與歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)圈聯(lián)系在一起，為建立和加強(qiáng)各國(guó)互聯(lián)互通伙伴關(guān)系，構(gòu)建高效暢通的亞歐大市場(chǎng)發(fā)揮了重要作用。
1) Significant progress has been made in the con- struction of international economic cooperation cor- ridors and passageways. The six major corridors for international economic cooperation – the New Eurasian Land Bridge, and the China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Central Asia-West Asia, China-Indochina Peninsula, China-Pakistan, and Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridors – connect the Asian economic circle with the European eco- nomic circle. They have played an important role in estab- lishing and strengthening connectivity partnerships between participating countries and building an efficient and smooth Eurasian market.

——新亞歐大陸橋經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。5年多來(lái)，新亞歐大陸橋經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊區(qū)域合作日益深入，將開(kāi)放包容、互利共贏的伙伴關(guān)系提升到新的水平，有力推動(dòng)了亞歐兩大洲經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易交流?！吨袊?guó)－中東歐國(guó)家合作布達(dá)佩斯綱要》和《中國(guó)－中東歐國(guó)家合作索菲亞綱要》對(duì)外發(fā)布，中歐互聯(lián)互通平臺(tái)和歐洲投資計(jì)劃框架下的務(wù)實(shí)合作有序推進(jìn)。匈塞鐵路塞爾維亞境內(nèi)貝舊段開(kāi)工。中國(guó)西部－西歐國(guó)際公路（中國(guó)西部－哈薩克斯坦－俄羅斯－西歐）基本建成。
– New Eurasian Land Bridge. Over the past five years or so, regional cooperation through the New Eurasian Land Bridge has widened, enhancing partnerships featuring openness, inclusiveness, and mutual benefits to a higher level and driving forward economic and trade exchanges between Asia and Europe. The “Budapest Guidelines for Cooperation Between China and Central and Eastern Euro- pean Countries” and the “Sofia Guidelines for Cooperation Between China and Central and Eastern European Coun- tries” have been published, showing that steady progress is being made in pragmatic cooperation in the frameworks of the China-EU Connectivity Platform and the Investment Plan for Europe. Construction has started on the Belgrade- Stara Pazova section of the Hungary-Serbia Railway in Serbia. The Western China-Western European International Expressway connecting western China, Kazakhstan, Russia and Western Europe is basically complete.

——中蒙俄經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。中蒙俄三國(guó)積極推動(dòng)形成以鐵路、公路和邊境口岸為主體的跨境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施聯(lián)通網(wǎng)絡(luò)。2018年，三國(guó)簽署《關(guān)于建立中蒙俄經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊聯(lián)合推進(jìn)機(jī)制的諒解備忘錄》，進(jìn)一步完善了三方合作工作機(jī)制。中俄同江－下列寧斯闊耶界河鐵路橋中方側(cè)工程已于2018年10月完工。黑河－布拉戈維申斯克界河公路橋建設(shè)進(jìn)展順利。中俄企業(yè)聯(lián)合體基本完成莫喀高鐵項(xiàng)目初步設(shè)計(jì)。三國(guó)簽署并核準(zhǔn)的《關(guān)于沿亞洲公路網(wǎng)國(guó)際道路運(yùn)輸政府間協(xié)定》正式生效。中蒙俄（二連浩特）跨境陸纜系統(tǒng)已建成。
– China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. China, Mongolia, and Russia have made positive efforts to build a cross-border infrastructure connectivity network consist- ing mainly of railways, roads and border ports. In 2018, the three countries signed the “Memorandum of Under- standing on Establishing a Joint Mechanism for Advancing the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”, making further progress in improving the working mechanism of the tripartite cooperation. China’s side of the Tongjiang- Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was completed in Oc- tober 2018. Construction of the Heihe-Blagoveshchensk road bridge is progressing smoothly. A Sino-Russian enter- prise consortium has completed preliminary design of the Moscow-Kazan High-Speed Railway. The “Intergovern- mental Agreement on International Road Transport Along the Asian Highway Network” signed and approved by the three countries has entered into force. The China-Mongolia- Russia cross-border terrestrial cable system has been com- pleted.

——中國(guó)－中亞－西亞經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。5年多來(lái)，該走廊在能源合作、設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通、經(jīng)貿(mào)與產(chǎn)能合作等領(lǐng)域合作不斷加深。中國(guó)與哈薩克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、土耳其等國(guó)的雙邊國(guó)際道路運(yùn)輸協(xié)定，以及中巴哈吉、中哈俄、中吉烏等多邊國(guó)際道路運(yùn)輸協(xié)議或協(xié)定相繼簽署，中亞、西亞地區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)不斷完善。中國(guó)－沙特投資合作論壇圍繞共建“一帶一路”倡議與沙特“2030愿景”進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)接，簽署合作協(xié)議總價(jià)值超過(guò)280億美元。中國(guó)與伊朗發(fā)揮在各領(lǐng)域的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)，加強(qiáng)涵蓋道路、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、能源等領(lǐng)域的對(duì)接合作。
– China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor. Over the past five years or so, cooperation has advanced in energy, infrastructure connectivity, economy and trade, and industrial capacity in this corridor’s framework. China has signed bilateral agreements on international road transport with Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and other countries, as well as China-Pakistan-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan, China- Kazakhstan-Russia, China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan, and some other multilateral agreements on international road transport, constantly improving infrastructure construction in Central Asia and West Asia. The China-Saudi Arabia Investment Cooperation Forum has promoted industrial complementarity between the Belt and Road Initiative and Saudi Vision 2030, and has concluded cooperation agree- ments worth more than US$28 billion. China and Iran have drawn on their strengths in various fields and are strength- ening their combined forces in the fields of roads, infra- structure and energy.

——中國(guó)－中南半島經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。5年多來(lái)，該走廊在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通、跨境經(jīng)濟(jì)合作區(qū)建設(shè)等方面取得積極進(jìn)展。昆（明）曼（谷）公路全線貫通，中老鐵路、中泰鐵路等項(xiàng)目穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。中老經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊合作建設(shè)開(kāi)始啟動(dòng)，泰國(guó)“東部經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊”與“一帶一路”倡議加快對(duì)接，中國(guó)與柬老緬越泰（CLMVT）經(jīng)濟(jì)合作穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。中國(guó)－東盟（10+1）合作機(jī)制、瀾湄合作機(jī)制、大湄公河次區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)合作（GMS）發(fā)揮的積極作用越來(lái)越明顯。
– China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor. Over the past five years or so, progress has been made in infrastructure connectivity and construction of cross-border economic cooperation zones through this corridor. The Kunming-Bangkok Expressway has been completed, while the China-Laos and China-Thailand railways and some other projects are well underway. Cooperation has started in building the China-Laos Economic Corridor. More intensive efforts have been made to dovetail Thailand’s Eastern Eco- nomic Corridor and the Belt and Road Initiative. Economic cooperation between China and Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam and Thailand is advancing steadily. Positive roles for the China-ASEAN (10+1) cooperation mechanism, Lancang- Mekong cooperation mechanism, and Greater Mekong Subre- gion (GMS) Economic Cooperation are becoming clearer.

——中巴經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。以能源、交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)合作、瓜達(dá)爾港為重點(diǎn)的合作布局確定實(shí)施。中國(guó)與巴基斯坦組建了中巴經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊聯(lián)合合作委員會(huì)，建立了定期會(huì)晤機(jī)制。一批項(xiàng)目順利推進(jìn)，瓜達(dá)爾港疏港公路、白沙瓦至卡拉奇高速公路（蘇庫(kù)爾至木爾坦段）、喀喇昆侖公路升級(jí)改造二期（哈維連－塔科特段）、拉合爾軌道交通橙線、卡西姆港1320兆瓦電站等重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)工建設(shè)，部分項(xiàng)目已發(fā)揮效益。中巴經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊正在開(kāi)啟第三方合作，更多國(guó)家已經(jīng)或有意愿參與其中。
– China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. A coopera- tion plan focusing on energy, transportation infrastructure, industrial park cooperation, and Gwadar Port has been implemented in the framework of this corridor. China and Pakistan have established the Joint Cooperation Committee of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, which meets regularly. Smooth progress has been made in a number of projects. Key projects, such as the road to the Gwadar Port, Peshawar-Karachi Motorway (Sukkur-Multan section), Karakoram Highway Phase II (Havelian-Thakot section), Lahore Orange Line Metro, and 1,320MW Coal-Fired Power Plants at Port Qasim have been launched. Some projects have already brought benefits. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is open to third parties for cooperation, and more countries have joined or expressed a willingness to participate.

——孟中印緬經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊。5年多來(lái)，孟中印緬四方在聯(lián)合工作組框架下共同推進(jìn)走廊建設(shè)，在機(jī)制和制度建設(shè)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通、貿(mào)易和產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)合作、國(guó)際金融開(kāi)放合作、人文交流與民生合作等方面研擬并規(guī)劃了一批重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。中緬兩國(guó)共同成立了中緬經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊聯(lián)合委員會(huì)，簽署了關(guān)于共建中緬經(jīng)濟(jì)走廊的諒解備忘錄、木姐－曼德勒鐵路項(xiàng)目可行性研究文件和皎漂經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)深水港項(xiàng)目建設(shè)框架協(xié)議。
– Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Cor- ridor. Over the past five years or so, the four countries have worked together to build this corridor in the framework of joint working groups, and have planned a number of major projects in institutional development, infrastructure connec- tivity, cooperation in trade and industrial parks, cooperation and opening up in the financial market, cultural exchange, and cooperation in enhancing people’s wellbeing. A Joint Com- mittee of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor has been established. The two countries have also signed an MoU on building the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor, as well as papers on a feasibility study for the Muse-Mandalay Railway, and the Framework Agreement on the Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zone Deep-Sea Port Project.

2．基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通水平大幅提升。“道路通，百業(yè)興”?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施投入不足是發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的瓶頸，加快設(shè)施聯(lián)通建設(shè)是共建“一帶一路”的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域和核心內(nèi)容。
2) Infrastructure connectivity has been remarkably enhanced. “Access to roads will enable all sectors of the economy to prosper.” Insufficient infrastructure investment is a bottleneck for economic development in developing countries. Accelerating infrastructure connectivity is a key area and core goal of the Belt and Road Initiative.

——鐵路合作方面。以中老鐵路、中泰鐵路、匈塞鐵路、雅萬(wàn)高鐵等合作項(xiàng)目為重點(diǎn)的區(qū)際、洲際鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展。泛亞鐵路東線、巴基斯坦1號(hào)鐵路干線升級(jí)改造、中吉烏鐵路等項(xiàng)目正積極推進(jìn)前期研究，中國(guó)－尼泊爾跨境鐵路已完成預(yù)可行性研究。中歐班列初步探索形成了多國(guó)協(xié)作的國(guó)際班列運(yùn)行機(jī)制。中國(guó)、白俄羅斯、德國(guó)、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、波蘭和俄羅斯等7國(guó)鐵路公司簽署了《關(guān)于深化中歐班列合作協(xié)議》。截至2018年底，中歐班列已經(jīng)聯(lián)通亞歐大陸16個(gè)國(guó)家的108個(gè)城市，累計(jì)開(kāi)行1.3萬(wàn)列，運(yùn)送貨物超過(guò)110萬(wàn)標(biāo)箱，中國(guó)開(kāi)出的班列重箱率達(dá)94%，抵達(dá)中國(guó)的班列重箱率達(dá)71%。與沿線國(guó)家開(kāi)展口岸通關(guān)協(xié)調(diào)合作、提升通關(guān)便利，平均查驗(yàn)率和通關(guān)時(shí)間下降了50%。
– Railways
Major progress has been made in building inter-regional and intercontinental railway networks focusing on such cooperation projects as the China-Laos Railway, China- Thailand Railway, Hungary-Serbia Railway, and Jakarta- Bandung High-Speed Railway. Preliminary research has advanced on the eastern route of the Pan-Asia Railway Network, the upgrade of Pakistan’s Karachi-Peshawar Railway Line (also referred to as Main Line 1 or ML-1), and the China-Kyrgyzstan- Uzbekistan Railway. A pre-feasibility study on a China- Nepal cross-border railway has been completed. After preliminary work on China Railway Express cargo trains, an international railway operation mechanism with cooperation among multiple countries has been established. Railway companies of China, Belarus, Germany, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, and Russia have signed an agreement on deeper cooperation in China-Europe rail service. By the end of 2018, China-Europe rail service had connected 108 cities in 16 countries in Asia and Europe. A total of 13,000 trains had carried more than 1.1 million TEUs. Among the trains starting from China, 94 percent were fully loaded; and among those arriving in China, 71 percent were fully loaded. China has cooperated with other B&R countries in cus- toms clearance to make it more convenient and efficient for the operation of the trains. The average inspection rate and customs clearance turnover time have both decreased by 50 percent.

——公路合作方面。中蒙俄、中吉烏、中俄（大連－新西伯利亞）、中越國(guó)際道路直達(dá)運(yùn)輸試運(yùn)行活動(dòng)先后成功舉辦。2018年2月，中吉烏國(guó)際道路運(yùn)輸實(shí)現(xiàn)常態(tài)化運(yùn)行。中越北侖河公路二橋建成通車(chē)。中國(guó)正式加入《國(guó)際公路運(yùn)輸公約》（TIR公約）。中國(guó)與15個(gè)沿線國(guó)家簽署了包括《上海合作組織成員國(guó)政府間國(guó)際道路運(yùn)輸便利化協(xié)定》在內(nèi)的18個(gè)雙多邊國(guó)際運(yùn)輸便利化協(xié)定。《大湄公河次區(qū)域便利貨物及人員跨境運(yùn)輸協(xié)定》實(shí)施取得積極進(jìn)展。
– Roads
Trial operations have been carried out on nonstop trans- port on the China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Kyrgyzstan- Uzbekistan, China-Russia (Dalian-Novosibirsk) and China-Viet Nam roads. In February 2018, regular operation began on the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan highway. China- Viet Nam Beilun River Bridge II has been completed and opened to traffic. China formally joined the Convention on International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention). It has signed 18 bilateral and multilateral international transport facilitation agreements with 15 B&R countries, including the “Intergovernmental Agreement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Member States on the Facilitation of International Road Transport”. Positive progress has been made in implementing the GMS “Agree- ment for the Facilitation of Cross-Border Transport of Goods and People”.

——港口合作方面。巴基斯坦瓜達(dá)爾港開(kāi)通集裝箱定期班輪航線，起步區(qū)配套設(shè)施已完工，吸引30多家企業(yè)入園。斯里蘭卡漢班托塔港經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)已完成園區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)定位、概念規(guī)劃等前期工作。希臘比雷埃夫斯港建成重要中轉(zhuǎn)樞紐，三期港口建設(shè)即將完工。阿聯(lián)酋哈利法港二期集裝箱碼頭已于2018年12月正式開(kāi)港。中國(guó)與47個(gè)沿線國(guó)家簽署了38個(gè)雙邊和區(qū)域海運(yùn)協(xié)定。中國(guó)寧波航交所不斷完善“海上絲綢之路航運(yùn)指數(shù)”，發(fā)布了16+1貿(mào)易指數(shù)和寧波港口指數(shù)。
– Ports
In Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, routes for regular container liners have been opened and supporting facilities in the starting area of the Gwadar Free Trade Zone completed, attracting more than 30 companies into the area. Prelimi- nary work has been completed for Sri Lanka’s Hamban- tota Port Special Economic Zone, including defining the zone’s industrial functions and making conceptual plans. An important transit hub has been completed at the Port of Piraeus in Greece, and Phase III construction is to be completed. Khalifa Port Container Terminal Phase II in the United Arab Emirates officially opened in December 2018. China has signed 38 bilateral and regional shipping agree- ments with 47 B&R countries. China’s Ningbo Shipping Exchange has made constant efforts to improve the Mari- time Silk Road Freight Index and released the China-CEEC Trade Index (CCTI) and the Ningbo Port Index.

——航空運(yùn)輸方面。中國(guó)與126個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)簽署了雙邊政府間航空運(yùn)輸協(xié)定。與盧森堡、俄羅斯、亞美尼亞、印度尼西亞、柬埔寨、孟加拉國(guó)、以色列、蒙古、馬來(lái)西亞、埃及等國(guó)家擴(kuò)大了航權(quán)安排。5年多來(lái)，中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家新增國(guó)際航線1239條，占新開(kāi)通國(guó)際航線總量的69.1%。
– Air transport
China has signed bilateral intergovernmental air trans- port agreements with 126 countries and regions. It has ex- panded arrangements for air traffic rights with Luxembourg, Russia, Armenia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Israel, Mongolia, Malaysia, and Egypt. Over the past five years or so, 1,239 new international routes have opened between China and other B&R countries, accounting for 69.1 percent of the total of China’s new international routes over that period.

——能源設(shè)施建設(shè)方面。中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家簽署了一系列合作框架協(xié)議和諒解備忘錄，在電力、油氣、核電、新能源、煤炭等領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展了廣泛合作，與相關(guān)國(guó)家共同維護(hù)油氣管網(wǎng)安全運(yùn)營(yíng)，促進(jìn)國(guó)家和地區(qū)之間的能源資源優(yōu)化配置。中俄原油管道、中國(guó)－中亞天然氣管道保持穩(wěn)定運(yùn)營(yíng)，中俄天然氣管道東線將于2019年12月部分實(shí)現(xiàn)通氣，2024年全線通氣。中緬油氣管道全線貫通。
– Energy facilities
China has signed a large number of cooperation frame- work agreements and MoUs with other B&R countries, and has carried out extensive cooperation in the fields of elec- tricity, oil and gas, nuclear power, new energy, and coal. It works with relevant countries to ensure the safe operation of oil and gas pipeline networks and optimize the configu- ration of energy resources between countries and regions. The China-Russia crude oil pipeline and the China- Central Asia natural gas pipeline have maintained stable operation. Certain sections of the eastern route of the China-Russia natural gas pipeline will enter service in December 2019 and the entire eastern route will be completed and enter service in 2024. China-Myanmar oil and gas pipelines have been completed.

——通訊設(shè)施建設(shè)方面。中緬、中巴、中吉、中俄跨境光纜信息通道建設(shè)取得明顯進(jìn)展。中國(guó)與國(guó)際電信聯(lián)盟簽署《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)“一帶一路”框架下電信和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域合作的意向書(shū)》。與吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗簽署絲路光纜合作協(xié)議，實(shí)質(zhì)性啟動(dòng)了絲路光纜項(xiàng)目。
– Communication facilities
Significant progress has been made in the construction of China-Myanmar, China-Pakistan, China-Kyrgyzstan, and China-Russia cross-border fiber optic cables for infor- mation transmission. China and the International Telecom- munication Union signed a “Letter of Intent to Strengthen Cooperation on Telecommunications and Information Net- works Within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initia- tive”. China has also signed cooperation agreements with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan on fiber optic ca- bles, which represent the practical launch of the Silk Road Fiber Optic Cable project.

（三）貿(mào)易暢通
3. Unimpeded trade

貿(mào)易暢通是共建“一帶一路”的重要內(nèi)容。共建“一帶一路”促進(jìn)了沿線國(guó)家和地區(qū)貿(mào)易投資自由化便利化，降低了交易成本和營(yíng)商成本，釋放了發(fā)展?jié)摿?，進(jìn)一步提升了各國(guó)參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的廣度和深度。
Unimpeded trade is an important goal of the Belt and Road Initiative. The efforts invested in the initiative have liberalized and facilitated trade and investment in the par- ticipating countries and regions, lowered the costs of trade and business, and released growth potential, enabling the participants to engage in broader and deeper economic glo- balization.

1．貿(mào)易與投資自由化便利化水平不斷提升。中國(guó)發(fā)起《推進(jìn)“一帶一路”貿(mào)易暢通合作倡議》，83個(gè)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織積極參與。海關(guān)檢驗(yàn)檢疫合作不斷深化，2017年5月首屆“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇以來(lái)，中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家簽署100多項(xiàng)合作文件，實(shí)現(xiàn)了50多種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品檢疫準(zhǔn)入。中國(guó)和哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦農(nóng)產(chǎn)品快速通關(guān)“綠色通道”建設(shè)積極推進(jìn)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品通關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了90%。中國(guó)進(jìn)一步放寬外資準(zhǔn)入領(lǐng)域，營(yíng)造高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)際營(yíng)商環(huán)境，設(shè)立了面向全球開(kāi)放的12個(gè)自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)，并探索建設(shè)自由貿(mào)易港，吸引沿線國(guó)家來(lái)華投資。中國(guó)平均關(guān)稅水平從加入世界貿(mào)易組織時(shí)的15.3%降至目前的7.5%。中國(guó)與東盟、新加坡、巴基斯坦、格魯吉亞等多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)簽署或升級(jí)了自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，與歐亞經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟簽署經(jīng)貿(mào)合作協(xié)定，與沿線國(guó)家的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系逐步形成。
1) Greater liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment. China has issued the “Initiative on Promoting Unimpeded Trade Cooperation Along the Belt and Road”, to which 83 countries and international organizations have subscribed. Cooperation in border inspection and quarantine has deepened. Since the first Belt and Road Forum for Inter- national Cooperation in May 2017, China has signed more than 100 cooperation agreements with other B&R countries, granting access to some 50 types of agricultural products and food after inspection and quarantine. Express customs clear- ance services for agricultural products between China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have reduced the clearance time by 90 percent. China has further expanded sectors accepting foreign investment to create a business en- vironment of high international standards. It has opened 12 pilot free trade zones for global business and experimented with free trade ports to attract investment from participat- ing countries of the Belt and Road Initiative. China’s aver- age tariffs have dropped from 15.3 percent when it joined the World Trade Organization to 7.5 percent today. China has signed or upgraded free trade agreements with ASEAN, Singapore, Pakistan, Georgia and other countries and regions, and signed an economic and trade cooperation agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union. A network of free trade areas involving China and other B&R countries has taken shape.

2．貿(mào)易規(guī)模持續(xù)擴(kuò)大。2013－2018年，中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家貨物貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總額超過(guò)6萬(wàn)億美元，年均增長(zhǎng)率高于同期中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易增速，占中國(guó)貨物貿(mào)易總額的比重達(dá)到27.4%。其中，2018年，中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家貨物貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總額達(dá)到1.3萬(wàn)億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)16.4%。中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家服務(wù)貿(mào)易由小到大、穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。2017年，中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額達(dá)977.6億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)18.4%，占中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易總額的14.1%，比2016年提高1.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。世界銀行研究組分析了共建“一帶一路”倡議對(duì)71個(gè)潛在參與國(guó)的貿(mào)易影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)共建“一帶一路”倡議將使參與國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易往來(lái)增加4.1%。（注1）
2) Expanding trade. From 2013 to 2018 the value of trade between China and other B&R countries surpassed US$6 trillion, accounting for 27.4 percent of China’s total trade in goods and growing faster than the country’s overall foreign trade. In 2018 the value of trade in goods between China and other B&R countries reached US$1.3 trillion, growing by 16.4 percent year on year. Trade in services be- tween China and other B&R countries has seen steady prog- ress, growing by 18.4 percent from 2016 to reach US$97.76 billion in 2017. The figure accounted for 14.1 percent of China’s total trade in services, 1.6 percentage points higher than in 2016. According to a World Bank study that analyzes the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on trade in 71 po- tentially participating countries, the initiative increases trade flows among participating countries by up to 4.1 percent.

3．貿(mào)易方式創(chuàng)新進(jìn)程加快。跨境電子商務(wù)等新業(yè)態(tài)、新模式正成為推動(dòng)貿(mào)易暢通的重要新生力量。2018年，通過(guò)中國(guó)海關(guān)跨境電子商務(wù)管理平臺(tái)零售進(jìn)出口商品總額達(dá)203億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)50%，其中出口84.8億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)67.0%，進(jìn)口118.7億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)39.8%?！敖z路電商”合作蓬勃興起，中國(guó)與17個(gè)國(guó)家建立雙邊電子商務(wù)合作機(jī)制，在金磚國(guó)家等多邊機(jī)制下形成電子商務(wù)合作文件，加快了企業(yè)對(duì)接和品牌培育的實(shí)質(zhì)性步伐。
3) Faster pace of trade model innovation. New trade models such as cross-border e-commerce are becoming an important driver of trade. In 2018 the total value of retail goods imported and exported through the cross-border e-commerce platform of China Customs reached US$20.3 billion, growing by 50 percent year on year. Exports were US$8.48 billion, growing by 67 percent year on year, and imports were US$11.87 billion, growing by 39.8 percent year on year. As Silk Road e-commerce prospers, China has established cooperation mechanisms for bilateral e-commerce with 17 countries, created agreements on e-commerce cooperation under the BRICS and other mul- tilateral frameworks, and made solid progress in finding overseas partners for Chinese businesses and developing Chinese brands.

（四）資金融通
4. Financial integration

資金融通是共建“一帶一路”的重要支撐。國(guó)際多邊金融機(jī)構(gòu)以及各類(lèi)商業(yè)銀行不斷探索創(chuàng)新投融資模式，積極拓寬多樣化融資渠道，為共建“一帶一路”提供穩(wěn)定、透明、高質(zhì)量的資金支持。
Financial integration is an important pillar of the Belt and Road Initiative. Exploring investment and financing models, international multilateral financial institutions and commercial banks have played an innovative role in ex- panding the channels of diversified financing, providing stable, transparent and quality financial support for the Belt and Road Initiative.

1．探索新型國(guó)際投融資模式?！耙粠б宦贰毖鼐€基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和產(chǎn)能合作潛力巨大，融資缺口亟待彌補(bǔ)。各國(guó)主權(quán)基金和投資基金發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。近年來(lái)，阿聯(lián)酋阿布扎比投資局、中國(guó)投資有限責(zé)任公司等主權(quán)財(cái)富基金對(duì)沿線國(guó)家主要新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體投資規(guī)模顯著增加。絲路基金與歐洲投資基金共同投資的中歐共同投資基金于2018年7月開(kāi)始實(shí)質(zhì)性運(yùn)作，投資規(guī)模5億歐元，有力促進(jìn)了共建“一帶一路”倡議與歐洲投資計(jì)劃相對(duì)接。
1) Exploring new models of international invest- ment and financing. Boasting huge cooperation potential in infrastructure construction and industrial capacity, the Belt and Road Initiative is in urgent need of finance. The sovereign wealth funds and investment funds of the partici- pating countries are playing a bigger part. In recent years the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority of the UAE, China Investment Corporation and other sovereign wealth funds have markedly increased investment in major emerging economies participating in the initiative. The China-EU Joint Investment Fund, which began operation in July 2018 with an injected capital of EUR500 million from the Silk Road Fund and the European Investment Fund, has helped the Belt and Road Initiative to dovetail with the Investment Plan for Europe.

2．多邊金融合作支撐作用顯現(xiàn)。中國(guó)財(cái)政部與阿根廷、俄羅斯、印度尼西亞、英國(guó)、新加坡等27國(guó)財(cái)政部核準(zhǔn)了《“一帶一路”融資指導(dǎo)原則》。根據(jù)這一指導(dǎo)原則，各國(guó)支持金融資源服務(wù)于相關(guān)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，重點(diǎn)加大對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施互聯(lián)互通、貿(mào)易投資、產(chǎn)能合作等領(lǐng)域的融資支持。中國(guó)人民銀行與世界銀行集團(tuán)下屬的國(guó)際金融公司、泛美開(kāi)發(fā)銀行、非洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行和歐洲復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行等多邊開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展聯(lián)合融資，截至2018年底已累計(jì)投資100多個(gè)項(xiàng)目，覆蓋70多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。2017年11月，中國(guó)－中東歐銀聯(lián)體成立，成員包括中國(guó)、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、克羅地亞等14個(gè)國(guó)家的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。2018年7月、9月，中國(guó)－阿拉伯國(guó)家銀行聯(lián)合體、中非金融合作銀行聯(lián)合體成立，建立了中國(guó)與阿拉伯國(guó)家之間、非洲國(guó)家之間的首個(gè)多邊金融合作機(jī)制。
2) Growing support from multilateral financial co- operation. China’s Ministry of Finance and its counterparts in 27 countries including Argentina, Russia, Indonesia, the UK, and Singapore have endorsed the “Guiding Principles on Financing the Development of the Belt and Road”. Ac- cording to the Principles, the countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative support channeling of financial resources to serve the real economy of countries and regions involved, with priority given to such areas as infrastructure connectivity, trade and investment, and industrial coopera- tion, among others. The People’s Bank of China has rolled out joint financing programs with the International Finance Corporation under the World Bank Group, Inter-American Development Bank, African Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and other mul- tilateral development institutions. By the end of 2018 these institutions had invested in more than 100 programs in over 70 countries and regions. Established in November 2017, the China-CEEC Bank Consortium includes 14 financial institutions from China, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, and nine other Central and Eastern Eu- ropean countries. In July 2018 the China-Arab States Bank Consortium was founded, followed by the China-Africa Fi- nancial Cooperation Consortium established in September; each was the first multilateral financial cooperation mecha- nism between China and the respective area.

3．金融機(jī)構(gòu)合作水平不斷提升。在共建“一帶一路”中，政策性出口信用保險(xiǎn)覆蓋面廣，在支持基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)的建設(shè)上發(fā)揮了獨(dú)特作用；商業(yè)銀行在多元化吸收存款、公司融資、金融產(chǎn)品、貿(mào)易代理、信托等方面具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。截至2018年底，中國(guó)出口信用保險(xiǎn)公司累計(jì)支持對(duì)沿線國(guó)家的出口和投資超過(guò)6000億美元。中國(guó)銀行、中國(guó)工商銀行、中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、中國(guó)建設(shè)銀行等中資銀行與沿線國(guó)家建立了廣泛的代理行關(guān)系。德國(guó)商業(yè)銀行與中國(guó)工商銀行簽署合作諒解備忘錄，成為首家加入“一帶一路”銀行合作常態(tài)化機(jī)制的德國(guó)銀行。
3) Closer cooperation between financial institutions. In building the Belt and Road, policy-backed export credit insurance, which has wide coverage, plays a special role in supporting infrastructure and basic industries. The strengths of commercial banks lie in taking deposits from wider sources, corporate financing, financial products, trade agen- cy, and trust services. By the end of 2018 the China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation had endorsed US$600 bil- lion on export to and investment in the participating coun- tries. Chinese-financed banks, such as the Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, and China Construction Bank, have formed extensive agent banking relations with the participating countries. Commerzbank became the first German bank to join the banking mechanism of the Belt and Road Initiative when it signed an MoU on cooperation with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

4．金融市場(chǎng)體系建設(shè)日趨完善。沿線國(guó)家不斷深化長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定、互利共贏的金融合作關(guān)系，各類(lèi)創(chuàng)新金融產(chǎn)品不斷推出，大大拓寬了共建“一帶一路”的融資渠道。中國(guó)不斷提高銀行間債券市場(chǎng)對(duì)外開(kāi)放程度，截至2018年底，熊貓債發(fā)行規(guī)模已達(dá)2000億人民幣左右。中國(guó)進(jìn)出口銀行面向全球投資者發(fā)行20億人民幣“債券通”綠色金融債券，金磚國(guó)家新開(kāi)發(fā)銀行發(fā)行首單30億人民幣綠色金融債，支持綠色絲綢之路建設(shè)。證券期貨交易所之間的股權(quán)、業(yè)務(wù)和技術(shù)合作穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。2015年，上海證券交易所、德意志交易所集團(tuán)、中國(guó)金融期貨交易所共同出資成立中歐國(guó)際交易所。上海證券交易所與哈薩克斯坦阿斯塔納國(guó)際金融中心管理局簽署合作協(xié)議，將共同投資建設(shè)阿斯塔納國(guó)際交易所。
4) Improved financial market system. The initia- tive’s participating countries have made continued efforts to consolidate and improve financial cooperation for long- term benefits and win-win outcomes. With a steady supply of innovative financial products, channels for financing the Belt and Road Initiative have expanded substantially. China has continued to open up its interbank bond market. By the end of 2018 about RMB200 billion of Panda bonds had been issued. The Export-Import Bank of China issued a RMB2 billion green bond for global investors, and the BRICS New Development Bank issued a RMB3 billion green bond to support the green development of the Belt and Road Initiative. Stock equity, business and technical cooperation between securities and futures exchanges has advanced. The Shanghai Stock Exchange, Deutsche Börse Group, and China Financial Futures Exchange jointly founded the China Europe International Exchange in 2015, and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Astana International Financial Center Authority of Kazakhstan have signed an agreement to co-invest in building the Astana International Exchange.

5．金融互聯(lián)互通不斷深化。已有11家中資銀行在28個(gè)沿線國(guó)家設(shè)立76家一級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)，來(lái)自22個(gè)沿線國(guó)家的50家銀行在中國(guó)設(shè)立7家法人銀行、19家外國(guó)銀行分行和34家代表處。2家中資證券公司在新加坡、老撾設(shè)立合資公司。中國(guó)先后與20多個(gè)沿線國(guó)家建立了雙邊本幣互換安排，與7個(gè)沿線國(guó)家建立了人民幣清算安排，與35個(gè)沿線國(guó)家的金融監(jiān)管當(dāng)局簽署了合作文件。人民幣國(guó)際支付、投資、交易、儲(chǔ)備功能穩(wěn)步提高，人民幣跨境支付系統(tǒng)（CIPS）業(yè)務(wù)范圍已覆蓋近40個(gè)沿線國(guó)家和地區(qū)。中國(guó)－國(guó)際貨幣基金組織聯(lián)合能力建設(shè)中心、“一帶一路”財(cái)經(jīng)發(fā)展研究中心掛牌成立。
5) Deeper financial connectivity. Eleven Chinese-funded banks have set up 76 first-grade institutions in 28 B&R coun- tries, and 50 banks from 22 B&R countries have opened 7 corporate banks, 19 branches, and 34 representative offices in China. Two Chinese-funded securities firms have estab- lished joint ventures in Singapore and Laos. China has made bilateral currency swap arrangements with more than 20 B&R countries and Renminbi clearing arrangements with 7 B&R countries, and signed cooperation agreements with the fi- nancial supervision authorities of 35 B&R countries. The Reminbi’s functions as a currency for international payment, investment, trade, and reserve have been strengthened. The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) now covers some 40 countries and regions involved in the Belt and Road Initiative. The China-IMF Capacity Development Center and the Research Center for the Belt and Road Financial and Economic Development have been founded.

（五）民心相通
5.Closer people-to-people ties

民心相通是共建“一帶一路”的人文基礎(chǔ)。享受和平、安寧、富足，過(guò)上更加美好生活，是各國(guó)人民的共同夢(mèng)想。5年多來(lái)，各國(guó)開(kāi)展了形式多樣、領(lǐng)域廣泛的公共外交和文化交流，增進(jìn)了相互理解和認(rèn)同，為共建“一帶一路”奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的民意基礎(chǔ)。
People-to-people ties are the cultural foundation for building the Belt and Road. It is the common dream of all peoples to enjoy a peaceful and prosperous life. Over the past five years or so, the B&R countries have carried out diplomat- ic activities and cultural exchanges of various forms in wide fields, enhancing mutual understanding and recognition and laying a solid cultural foundation for furthering the initiative.

1．文化交流形式多樣。中國(guó)與沿線國(guó)家互辦藝術(shù)節(jié)、電影節(jié)、音樂(lè)節(jié)、文物展、圖書(shū)展等活動(dòng)，合作開(kāi)展圖書(shū)廣播影視精品創(chuàng)作和互譯互播。絲綢之路國(guó)際劇院、博物館、藝術(shù)節(jié)、圖書(shū)館、美術(shù)館聯(lián)盟相繼成立。中國(guó)與中東歐、東盟、俄羅斯、尼泊爾、希臘、埃及、南非等國(guó)家和地區(qū)共同舉辦文化年活動(dòng)，形成了“絲路之旅”、“中非文化聚焦”等10余個(gè)文化交流品牌，打造了絲綢之路（敦煌）國(guó)際文化博覽會(huì)、絲綢之路國(guó)際藝術(shù)節(jié)、海上絲綢之路國(guó)際藝術(shù)節(jié)等一批大型文化節(jié)會(huì)，在沿線國(guó)家設(shè)立了17個(gè)中國(guó)文化中心。中國(guó)與印度尼西亞、緬甸、塞爾維亞、新加坡、沙特阿拉伯等國(guó)簽訂了文化遺產(chǎn)合作文件。中國(guó)、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦“絲綢之路：長(zhǎng)安－天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”聯(lián)合申遺成功。“一帶一路”新聞合作聯(lián)盟建設(shè)積極推進(jìn)。絲綢之路沿線民間組織合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)成員已達(dá)310家，成為推動(dòng)民間友好合作的重要平臺(tái)。
1) Diverse forms of cultural exchange. China and other B&R countries have hosted events such as arts fes- tivals, film festivals, music festivals, cultural relics ex- hibitions, and book fairs, and have jointly launched new publishing, radio, film and television programs, as well as translating and introducing each other’s media programs. The Silk Road International League of Theaters, Silk Road International Museum Alliance, Network of Silk Road Arts Festivals, Silk Road International Library Alliance, and Silk Road International Alliance of Art Museums and Gal- leries have been established. China, CEE countries, ASEAN countries, Russia, Nepal, Greece, Egypt, and South Africa have hosted activities to celebrate the cultures of B&R countries in different years, and developed about a dozen cultural exchange brands such as the “Silk Road Tour” and “Chinese/African Cultures in Focus”. Major cultural festi- vals and expos have been launched such as the Silk Road (Dunhuang) International Cultural Expo, Silk Road Interna- tional Arts Festival, and Maritime Silk Road International Arts Festival, and 17 Chinese culture centers have been set up in B&R countries. China has signed cooperation agree- ments on the protection of cultural heritage with Indonesia, Myanmar, Serbia, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia. Through a combined effort from China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang’an-Tian Shan Corridor has become a UNESCO World Heritage site. Steady progress has been made in the Belt and Road News Alliance. The Silk Road NGO Cooperation Network, with 310 members, has become an important platform for non- governmental cooperation.

2．教育培訓(xùn)成果豐富。中國(guó)設(shè)立“絲綢之路”中國(guó)政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目，與24個(gè)沿線國(guó)家簽署高等教育學(xué)歷學(xué)位互認(rèn)協(xié)議。2017年沿線國(guó)家3.87萬(wàn)人接受中國(guó)政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金來(lái)華留學(xué)，占獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金生總數(shù)的66.0%。香港、澳門(mén)特別行政區(qū)分別設(shè)立共建“一帶一路”相關(guān)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。在54個(gè)沿線國(guó)家設(shè)有孔子學(xué)院153個(gè)、孔子課堂149個(gè)。中國(guó)科學(xué)院在沿線國(guó)家設(shè)立碩士、博士生獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和科技培訓(xùn)班，已培訓(xùn)5000人次。
2) Fruitful results in education and training. The Chi- nese Government Scholarship – Silk Road Program has been set up, and China has signed agreements with 24 B&R countries on the mutual recognition of higher education de- grees. In 2017, 38,700 students from other B&R countries studied in China on scholarships provided by the Chinese government, accounting for 66 percent of all students receiv- ing such scholarships. Other B&R scholarships are provided in the Hong Kong and Macao SARs. China has opened 153 Confucius Institutes and 149 Confucius Classrooms in 54 B&R countries. The Chinese Academy of Sciences offers scholarships in Master’s and Doctorate programs to other B&R countries, and runs science and technology training courses which have trained some 5,000 students from other B&R countries.

3．旅游合作逐步擴(kuò)大。中國(guó)與多個(gè)國(guó)家共同舉辦旅游年，創(chuàng)辦絲綢之路旅游市場(chǎng)推廣聯(lián)盟、海上絲綢之路旅游推廣聯(lián)盟、“萬(wàn)里茶道”國(guó)際旅游聯(lián)盟等旅游合作機(jī)制。與57個(gè)沿線國(guó)家締結(jié)了涵蓋不同護(hù)照種類(lèi)的互免簽證協(xié)定，與15個(gè)國(guó)家達(dá)成19份簡(jiǎn)化簽證手續(xù)的協(xié)定或安排。2018年中國(guó)出境旅游人數(shù)達(dá)1.5億人次，到中國(guó)旅游的外國(guó)游客人數(shù)達(dá)3054萬(wàn)人次，俄羅斯、緬甸、越南、蒙古、馬來(lái)西亞、菲律賓、新加坡等國(guó)成為中國(guó)主要客源市場(chǎng)。
3) Expanding cooperation in tourism. China has held joint year of tourism with many other B&R countries, initiating cooperation mechanisms such as the Silk Road Tourism Promotion Union, Maritime Silk Road Tourism Promotion Alliance, and Tea Road International Tourism Alliance. China has signed mutual visa exemption agree- ments for different types of passport with 57 B&R countries, and concluded 19 agreements or arrangements to stream- line visa application procedures with 15 countries. In 2018 outbound Chinese tourists numbered 150 million, and inbound foreign tourists numbered 30.54 million. Russia, Myanmar, Viet Nam, Mongolia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore were the main sources of tourists for China.

4．衛(wèi)生健康合作不斷深化。自首屆“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇召開(kāi)以來(lái)，中國(guó)與蒙古、阿富汗等國(guó)，世界衛(wèi)生組織等國(guó)際組織，比爾及梅琳達(dá)·蓋茨基金會(huì)等非政府組織相繼簽署了56個(gè)推動(dòng)衛(wèi)生健康合作的協(xié)議。2017年8月，“一帶一路”暨健康絲綢之路高級(jí)別研討會(huì)在北京召開(kāi)，發(fā)布了《北京公報(bào)》。中國(guó)與瀾滄江－湄公河國(guó)家開(kāi)展艾滋病、瘧疾、登革熱、流感、結(jié)核病等防控合作，與中亞國(guó)家開(kāi)展包蟲(chóng)病、鼠疫等人畜共患病防控合作，與西亞國(guó)家開(kāi)展脊髓灰質(zhì)炎等防控合作。中國(guó)先后派出多支眼科醫(yī)療隊(duì)赴柬埔寨、緬甸、老撾、斯里蘭卡等國(guó)開(kāi)展“光明行”活動(dòng)，派遣短期醫(yī)療隊(duì)赴斐濟(jì)、湯加、密克羅尼西亞、瓦努阿圖等太平洋島國(guó)開(kāi)展“送醫(yī)上島”活動(dòng)。在35個(gè)沿線國(guó)家建立了中醫(yī)藥海外中心，建設(shè)了43個(gè)中醫(yī)藥國(guó)際合作基地。
4) Deeper cooperation in health and medicine. Since the first Belt and Road Forum for International Coopera- tion, China has signed 56 agreements on cooperation in the health sector with countries such as Mongolia and Afghani- stan, international organizations such as the World Health Organization, and NGOs such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In August 2017 the Belt and Road High-Level Meeting for Health Cooperation: Towards a Health Silk Road was held in Beijing, which issued the “Beijing Com- muniqué of the Belt and Road Health Cooperation”. China has carried out cooperation on the prevention and control of AIDS, malaria, dengue, flu, and tuberculosis with Lancang- Mekong countries; on the prevention and control of echi- nococcosis, plague and other zoonoses with Central Asian countries; and on the prevention and control of polio with Western Asian countries. China has dispatched ophthalmol- ogy teams to Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Sri Lanka to carry out the “Brightness Action” program, and short- term medical teams to island countries such as Fiji, Tonga, Micronesia, and Vanuatu in the Pacific. It has established traditional Chinese medicine centers in 35 B&R countries, and 43 international TCM cooperation bases.

5．救災(zāi)、援助與扶貧持續(xù)推進(jìn)。首屆“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇以來(lái)，中國(guó)向沿線發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供20億人民幣緊急糧食援助，向南南合作援助基金增資10億美元，在沿線國(guó)家實(shí)施了100個(gè)“幸福家園”、100個(gè)“愛(ài)心助困”、100個(gè)“康復(fù)助醫(yī)”等項(xiàng)目。開(kāi)展援外文物合作保護(hù)和涉外聯(lián)合考古，與6國(guó)開(kāi)展了8個(gè)援外文物合作項(xiàng)目，與12國(guó)開(kāi)展了15個(gè)聯(lián)合考古項(xiàng)目。中國(guó)向老撾等國(guó)提供地震監(jiān)測(cè)儀器設(shè)備，提高防震減災(zāi)能力。中國(guó)在柬埔寨、尼泊爾開(kāi)展社會(huì)組織合作項(xiàng)目24個(gè)，助力改善當(dāng)?shù)孛癖娚睢?br />5) Ongoing effort in disaster relief, assistance, and poverty alleviation. Since the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, China has provided RMB2 billion in emergency food assistance to developing countries participating in the initiative, injected an additional US$1 bil- lion to the South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund, and implemented 100 Happy Home Projects, 100 Anti-Poverty Projects, and 100 Health Recovery Projects. China has partic- ipated in 8 joint programs for the protection of cultural relics with 6 countries, and 15 joint archeological activities with 12 countries. China has provided Laos and other countries with seismic monitoring equipment to improve their early warning and disaster alleviation capacity. China has initiated 24 cooperation programs with civil society organizations in Cambodia and Nepal, in an effort to improve the lives of local people.

（六）產(chǎn)業(yè)合作
6. Industrial cooperation

共建“一帶一路”支持開(kāi)展多元化投資，鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行第三方市場(chǎng)合作，推動(dòng)形成普惠發(fā)展、共享發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應(yīng)鏈、服務(wù)鏈、價(jià)值鏈，為沿線國(guó)家加快發(fā)展提供新的動(dòng)能。
The Belt and Road Initiative draws investment from diverse sources, encourages third-party market coopera- tion, and aims to build industry, supply, service, and value chains that benefit all and are shared by all, so as to provide new growth drivers for faster development in the partici- pating countries.

1．中國(guó)對(duì)沿線國(guó)家的直接投資平穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)。2013－2018年，中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)沿線國(guó)家直接投資超過(guò)900億美元，在沿線國(guó)家完成對(duì)外承包工程營(yíng)業(yè)額超過(guò)4000億美元。2018年，中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)沿線國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)非金融類(lèi)直接投資156億美元，同比增長(zhǎng)8.9%，占同期總額的13.0%；沿線國(guó)家對(duì)外承包工程完成營(yíng)業(yè)額893億美元，占同期總額的53.0%。世界銀行研究表明，預(yù)計(jì)沿線國(guó)家的外商直接投資總額將增加4.97%，其中，來(lái)自沿線國(guó)家內(nèi)部的外商直接投資增加4.36%，來(lái)自經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織國(guó)家的外商直接投資增加4.63%，來(lái)自非沿線國(guó)家的外商直接投資增加5.75%。（注2）
1) Stable growth in China’s direct investment in B&R countries. From 2013 to 2018 China’s direct investment in B&R countries surpassed US$90 billion, realizing a turnover of US$400 billion in foreign contracted projects in these coun- tries. In 2018 Chinese businesses made a total of US$15.6 billion in non-financial direct investment in B&R countries, growing by 8.9 percent year on year and accounting for 13 percent of China’s total non-financial FDI during the same period. The turnover of foreign contracted projects in B&R countries reached US$89.3 billion, or 53 percent of the total turnover of foreign contracted projects in the same period. Ac- cording to a World Bank study, the transportation network pro- posed by the Belt and Road Initiative can lead to a 4.97-percent increase in total FDI flows to B&R countries, a 4.36-percent increase in FDI flows within B&R countries, a 4.63-percent increase in FDI flows from OECD countries, and a 5.75-percent increase in FDI flows from non-B&R countries.

2．國(guó)際產(chǎn)能合作和第三方市場(chǎng)合作穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。沿線國(guó)家加快發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了國(guó)際產(chǎn)能合作的巨大市場(chǎng)需求，中國(guó)積極響應(yīng)并與相關(guān)國(guó)家推進(jìn)市場(chǎng)化、全方位的產(chǎn)能合作，促進(jìn)沿線國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展層次提升。目前中國(guó)已同哈薩克斯坦、埃及、埃塞俄比亞、巴西等40多個(gè)國(guó)家簽署了產(chǎn)能合作文件，同東盟、非盟、拉美和加勒比國(guó)家共同體等區(qū)域組織進(jìn)行合作對(duì)接，開(kāi)展機(jī)制化產(chǎn)能合作。中國(guó)與法國(guó)、意大利、西班牙、日本、葡萄牙等國(guó)簽署了第三方市場(chǎng)合作文件。
2) Steady progress in international cooperation on industrial development and third-party markets. As faster growth in B&R countries has generated huge mar- ket demands on international industrial cooperation, China has taken active measures to boost market-oriented indus- trial cooperation with relevant countries in all areas, so as to upgrade the industrial structure and raise the level of industries in these countries. Currently China has signed agreements on industrial cooperation with more than 40 countries including Kazakhstan, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Brazil. It has dovetailed industrial cooperation programs with regional organizations such as the ASEAN, African Union, and CELAC. China has signed third-party market cooperation agreements with France, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Portugal.

3．合作園區(qū)蓬勃發(fā)展。中國(guó)各類(lèi)企業(yè)遵循市場(chǎng)化法治化原則自主赴沿線國(guó)家共建合作園區(qū)，推動(dòng)這些國(guó)家借鑒中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)通過(guò)各類(lèi)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)、工業(yè)園區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法，促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，為沿線國(guó)家創(chuàng)造了新的稅收源和就業(yè)渠道。同時(shí)，中國(guó)還分別與哈薩克斯坦、老撾建立了中哈霍爾果斯國(guó)際邊境合作中心、中老磨憨－磨丁經(jīng)濟(jì)合作區(qū)等跨境經(jīng)濟(jì)合作區(qū)，與其他國(guó)家合作共建跨境經(jīng)濟(jì)合作區(qū)的工作也在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。
3) Vigorous development in cooperation parks and zones. Applying market principles and complying with laws, Chinese businesses of all types have joined in the development of cooperation parks and zones in other B&R countries, sharing China’s best practices and the experience it has gained in development zones and indus- trial parks during reform and opening up. In addition to promoting the local economy, these have also created new sources of tax revenue and jobs in the countries involved. China has established the China-Kazakhstan Khorgos In- ternational Border Cooperation Center, and the China-Laos Mohan-Boten Cross-Border Economic Cooperation Zone; more cross-border economic cooperation zones with other countries are being planned or built.