國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室12日發(fā)表《改革開(kāi)放40年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步》白皮書(shū)，雙語(yǔ)全文如下：

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改革開(kāi)放40年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步
Progress in Human Rights over the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up in China

中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China

2018年12月
December 2018

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目錄
Contents

前言
Foreword

一、牢固樹(shù)立尊重和保障人權(quán)的治國(guó)理政原則
I.Firmly Establishing a Governance Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights

二、大幅提升生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)保障水平
II.Better Protecting the Rights to Subsistence and Development

三、有效實(shí)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)全面發(fā)展
III.Fully Developing Human Rights in All Respects

四、顯著改善特定群體權(quán)利
IV.Ensuring the Rights of Special Groups

五、全面加強(qiáng)人權(quán)法治建設(shè)
V.Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law for Human Rights

六、努力推動(dòng)各國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)共同發(fā)展
VI.Facilitating the Development of Human Rights in the World

七、積極參與全球人權(quán)治理
VII.Active Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

八、成功走出符合國(guó)情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路
VIII.Path of Human Rights Protection Suited to National Conditions

結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Conclusion

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前言
Foreword

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2018年，是中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放40周年。改革開(kāi)放是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在新的時(shí)代條件下帶領(lǐng)全國(guó)人民進(jìn)行的新的偉大革命，是決定當(dāng)代中國(guó)命運(yùn)的關(guān)鍵一招。改革開(kāi)放極大地解放和發(fā)展了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，成功地開(kāi)辟了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路，也揭開(kāi)了中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的新篇章。
2018 marks the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up in China. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has led the people in carrying out this great new revolution in the new era-one that holds the key to the destiny of contemporary China. Reform and opening up has helped to liberate and develop social productive forces. It has opened up a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and ushered in a new chapter in the development of human rights.

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40年來(lái)，在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)人民團(tuán)結(jié)一心、勵(lì)精圖治、艱苦奮斗、勇往直前，國(guó)家面貌發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，人民生活水平不斷提高。中華民族迎來(lái)了從站起來(lái)、富起來(lái)到強(qiáng)起來(lái)的偉大飛躍。
Over the four decades, the Chinese people have worked hard as one under the strong and coherent leadership of the CPC. Huge changes have taken place, and living standards have significantly improved. The Chinese nation has risen and become prosperous and strong.

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40年來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終把人民的利益放在首位，做到改革為了人民，改革依靠人民，改革成果由人民共享，切實(shí)維護(hù)最廣大人民的根本利益，尊重人的價(jià)值和尊嚴(yán)，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。
Over the four decades, the CPC has always prioritized the people's interests, ensuring that reform is conducted for the people and by the people, and that its benefits are shared by the people. It has worked to safeguard the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, respect human values and dignity, and promote the well-rounded development of the people.

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40年來(lái)，中國(guó)在改革開(kāi)放中尊重人權(quán)，在改革開(kāi)放中保障人權(quán)，在改革開(kāi)放中促進(jìn)人權(quán)，成功走出了一條符合國(guó)情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路，創(chuàng)造了人類文明發(fā)展史上人權(quán)保障的新經(jīng)驗(yàn)、新奇跡。
Over the four decades, China has showed respect for, protected and promoted human rights in the course of reform and opening up. It has blazed a trail of development in human rights that conforms to the national conditions, and created new experiences and new progress in safeguarding human rights.

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40年來(lái)，中國(guó)總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，汲取人類文明發(fā)展成果，堅(jiān)持把人權(quán)的普遍性原則與本國(guó)實(shí)際相結(jié)合，不斷創(chuàng)新人權(quán)發(fā)展理念，形成了以人民為中心、以生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)為首要的基本人權(quán)、以全面加強(qiáng)人權(quán)法治建設(shè)為路徑、以各項(xiàng)人權(quán)綜合協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展為目標(biāo)的人權(quán)發(fā)展新理念。
Over the four decades, China has summed up its historical experience, drawn on the achievements of human civilization, combined the universal principles of human rights with the prevailing realities of the country, and generated a series of innovative ideas on human rights. It has brought into being basic rights that center on the people and prioritize their rights to subsistence and development, and proposed that China should follow a path of comprehensive and coordinated human rights development under the rule of law.

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40年來(lái)，中國(guó)廣泛開(kāi)展人權(quán)領(lǐng)域交流合作，認(rèn)真履行國(guó)際人權(quán)義務(wù)，全面參與國(guó)際人權(quán)事務(wù)，積極促進(jìn)全球人權(quán)治理體系變革，致力于構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，為推動(dòng)世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展不斷作出新貢獻(xiàn)。
Over the four decades, China has carried out extensive exchanges and cooperation in the field of human rights, earnestly fulfilled its international human rights obligations, fully participated in international human rights affairs, actively promoted reform of the global human rights governance system, worked hard for the building of a global community of shared future, and made a consistent contribution to the international cause of human rights.

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一、牢固樹(shù)立尊重和保障人權(quán)的治國(guó)理政原則
I. Firmly Establishing a Governance Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights

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尊重和保障人權(quán)，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府的堅(jiān)定意志和不懈追求。改革開(kāi)放40年來(lái)，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”先后載入中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的全國(guó)代表大會(huì)報(bào)告、國(guó)家憲法、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨黨章以及國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，成為中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府治國(guó)理政的一條重要原則。
It is the determination and ultimate goal of the CPC and the Chinese government to respect and protect human rights. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, "respecting and protecting human rights" has been written into the reports to CPC National Congresses, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Constitution of the Communist Party of China, and strategies and plans for national development, becoming an important principle of governance for the CPC and the Chinese government.

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國(guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)成為中國(guó)憲法的重要原則。憲法是國(guó)家的根本大法，是人權(quán)保障的宣言書(shū)。中國(guó)憲法以其最高的法律地位，有力保障了人民當(dāng)家作主，推動(dòng)了中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展。1954年，新中國(guó)制定了第一部憲法。1982年憲法在“總綱”和“公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)”中全面系統(tǒng)規(guī)定了全體人民享有廣泛的人身人格權(quán)利，財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利，政治權(quán)利和經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利。隨后國(guó)家又根據(jù)改革開(kāi)放的形勢(shì)和要求對(duì)憲法進(jìn)行了5次修改，人權(quán)在憲法中的地位不斷加強(qiáng)。2004年，憲法確立了“國(guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)”原則，進(jìn)一步明確了公民在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會(huì)諸方面全面發(fā)展的權(quán)利，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了以憲法原則指引人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的新格局。2018年通過(guò)的憲法修正案堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，進(jìn)一步為新時(shí)代堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義人權(quán)事業(yè)、實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國(guó)夢(mèng)提供了有力保障。
That the state respects and protects human rights has been established as an important principle of the Constitution of the PRC. The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country, making it a declaration of human rights protection. As the supreme law, the Constitution of China effectively ensures that the people are masters of the country, and has promoted the cause of human rights in China. In 1954, the first Constitution of the PRC was created. The Constitution of 1982 stipulated clearly in the "General Principle" and "The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens" that all people enjoy a wide range of rights, including personal rights, right to dignity, property rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. Since then the state has revised the Constitution five times in accordance with the developments and requirements of reform and opening up, enhancing the status of human rights. In 2004, the Constitution established the principle that "the state respects and protects human rights", and further clarified citizens' rights in the economic, political, cultural and social fields. This launched a new stage where human rights develop under the guidance of constitutional principles. The amendment to the Constitution adopted in 2018 guarantees the principal position of the people, ensuring in the new era the development of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics, and the realization of the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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尊重和保障人權(quán)成為中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的執(zhí)政主張。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨根據(jù)改革開(kāi)放實(shí)際，先后提出一系列人權(quán)主張，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)地不斷賦予中國(guó)人權(quán)發(fā)展新的內(nèi)涵。1997年，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十五次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)明確提出，“共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政就是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和支持人民掌握管理國(guó)家的權(quán)力，實(shí)行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，保證人民依法享有廣泛的權(quán)利和自由，尊重和保障人權(quán)”。2002年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”作為社會(huì)主義政治文明建設(shè)的重要目標(biāo)再次寫(xiě)入中共十六大報(bào)告。2007年，中共十七大報(bào)告在總結(jié)過(guò)去五年“人權(quán)事業(yè)健康發(fā)展”的同時(shí)，進(jìn)一步指出要“尊重和保障人權(quán)，依法保證全體社會(huì)成員平等參與、平等發(fā)展的權(quán)利”。同年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”首次寫(xiě)入《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨章程》。
Respecting and protecting human rights is a pursuit in CPC governance. Based on the realities of reform and opening up, the CPC has proposed a series of ideas on human rights in China, constantly adding new elements to reflect the changes in our time. In 1997, the 15th CPC National Congress clearly stated: "As a ruling party, the Communist Party leads and supports the people in exercising the power of running the state, holding democratic elections, making policy decisions in a democratic manner, instituting democratic management and supervision, ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights." In 2002, "human rights are respected and guaranteed" was written into the report to the 16th CPC National Congress as an important goal of socialist political progress. In 2007, when summarizing "sound development of the cause of human rights" over the previous five years, the report to the 17th CPC National Congress further pointed out: "We must respect and safeguard human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law. "And in the same year, this principle was written for the first time into the CPC Constitution.

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2012年，中共十八大將“人權(quán)得到切實(shí)尊重和保障”作為全面建成小康社會(huì)的重要目標(biāo)，從戰(zhàn)略層面確立了人權(quán)事業(yè)的重要地位。中共十八大修改通過(guò)的《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨章程》再次重申尊重和保障人權(quán)。2014年，中共十八屆四中全會(huì)通過(guò)《中共中央關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》，從推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的高度，作出了全面依法治國(guó)的重大戰(zhàn)略部署，強(qiáng)調(diào)“加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障”“增強(qiáng)全社會(huì)尊重和保障人權(quán)意識(shí)”。2017年，中共十九大確立習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想為黨的指導(dǎo)思想，明確提出“加強(qiáng)人權(quán)法治保障，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由”。習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想蘊(yùn)含著豐富的人權(quán)內(nèi)涵，對(duì)新時(shí)代中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展提出了新的更高要求，為堅(jiān)持中國(guó)特色人權(quán)發(fā)展道路、全面推進(jìn)中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)提供了根本遵循。
In 2012, the principle that "human rights should be fully respected and protected" was defined by the 18th CPC National Congress as an important goal in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, establishing the importance of human rights from a strategic perspective. The CPC Constitution amended and adopted at this congress reaffirms the principle of respecting and protecting human rights. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law", making a major strategic plan to comprehensively advance the rule of law as part of its effort to modernize the state governance system and enhance its administrative capacity. The resolution emphasizes the need to "provide stronger judicial protection of human rights" and to "strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights". In 2017, the CPC 19th National Congress established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding ideology of the CPC, and clearly stated that we should "strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law". Xi Jinping Thought raises new and higher development requirements for China's human rights in the new era, and provides fundamental principles for us to follow the path and advance the cause of human rights with Chinese characteristics.

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尊重和保障人權(quán)成為國(guó)家發(fā)展的核心目標(biāo)。中國(guó)的國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略堅(jiān)持以尊重和保障人權(quán)為價(jià)值取向，以增進(jìn)人民福祉、保障人民權(quán)利、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展為出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)。按照建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的要求，自改革開(kāi)放初期提出現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)“三步走”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府始終把提高人民生活水平、保障人民各項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)作為執(zhí)政目標(biāo)。中共十八大以來(lái)，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，明確將“人民對(duì)美好生活的向往”作為執(zhí)政目標(biāo)，進(jìn)一步提出了實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個(gè)一百年”的奮斗目標(biāo)。2017年，中共十九大提出到2020年全面建成小康社會(huì)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上確定分兩步走在本世紀(jì)中葉建成社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)的戰(zhàn)略安排。
It has become a core goal of national development to respect and protect human rights. In its national development strategies, the Chinese government upholds the values of respecting and safeguarding human rights, and is committed to improving the people's wellbeing, safeguarding their rights, and promoting their well-rounded development. To meet the requirements of building socialism with Chinese characteristics since the three-step development strategy for achieving modernization was laid out in the early days of reform and opening up, the CPC and the Chinese government have always pursued the goals of improving people's living standards and ensuring that they enjoy various basic rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Central Committee led by General Secretary Xi Jinping has made it clear that, in governing the country, it will follow the goal of meeting the people's aspiration to live a better life and subsequently set the Two Centenary Goals. In 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress proposed that on the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, a two-step approach should be taken to build China into a strong and modern socialist country by the middle of the century.

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按照建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家的要求和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，中國(guó)政府制定國(guó)家發(fā)展規(guī)劃，保障人民各項(xiàng)權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)。從1953年到2001年，每5年制定一個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展計(jì)劃，對(duì)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)等各方面發(fā)展作出安排。自2006年起，改計(jì)劃為規(guī)劃，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從具體、微觀、指標(biāo)性的發(fā)展計(jì)劃向宏觀的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃的轉(zhuǎn)變。目前，中國(guó)已經(jīng)連續(xù)制定了十三個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃或規(guī)劃，涵蓋脫貧攻堅(jiān)、教育、健康、就業(yè)、社會(huì)保障、民主法治建設(shè)、反腐敗斗爭(zhēng)等，涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利和公民及政治權(quán)利的諸多內(nèi)容，為推動(dòng)人權(quán)發(fā)展確定了指導(dǎo)思想、目標(biāo)方向、基本要求和實(shí)施舉措。
In accordance with the requirements and strategies for building a modern socialist country, the Chinese government has made a national plan every five years from 1953 to 2001 for the development of the economy, culture, society, and other sectors. In 2006, the detailed, micro plan with growth targets was transformed into a macro program for national economic and social development. China has formulated 13 such programs for national economic and social development, covering poverty elimination, education, healthcare, employment, social security, democracy and the rule of law, and the anti-corruption campaign and involving economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights. These plans set out the guiding principles, goals, basic requirements and implementation measures for the development of human rights.

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中國(guó)積極響應(yīng)聯(lián)合國(guó)《維也納宣言和行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)》，先后制定并實(shí)施《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2009－2010年）》《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2012－2015年）》《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2016－2020年）》，確定尊重和保障人權(quán)的階段性目標(biāo)和任務(wù)。目前已圓滿完成第一、二期國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃預(yù)定的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，正在扎實(shí)推進(jìn)第三期國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃的落實(shí)。國(guó)家還制定了經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)和環(huán)境等方面的專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以及保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人等特定群體權(quán)利的專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，努力促進(jìn)全體人民共同享有人生出彩的機(jī)會(huì)，共同享有夢(mèng)想成真的機(jī)會(huì)，共同享有充分人權(quán)。
In response to the UN Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, the Chinese government has made and carried out the National Human Rights Action Plan (2009-2010), National Human Rights Action Plan (2012-2015), and National Human Rights Action Plan (2016-2020), setting phased goals and tasks for respecting and safeguarding human rights. It has fulfilled the targets set in the first two action plans, and is working on the third. The Chinese government has also formulated special action plans relating to the economy, culture, society, the environment and other fields, as well as special plans to protect the rights of specific groups such as ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. In so doing, the government is determined to ensure equal opportunities for all people to live a rewarding life, realize their dreams, and enjoy full access to human rights.