國務院新聞辦公室10月14日發(fā)布《中國的糧食安全》白皮書。全文如下：

中國的糧食安全
Food Security in China

（2019年10月）
中華人民共和國
國務院新聞辦公室
State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
October 2019

目錄
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、中國糧食安全成就
I. China's Achievements in Ensuring Food Security

二、中國特色糧食安全之路
II. Food Security in China

三、對外開放與國際合作
III. Opening Up and International Cooperation

四、未來展望與政策主張
IV. Prospects and Policies

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

前言
Preamble

民為國基，谷為民命。糧食事關國運民生，糧食安全是國家安全的重要基礎。新中國成立后，中國始終把解決人民吃飯問題作為治國安邦的首要任務。70年來，在中國共產(chǎn)黨領導下，經(jīng)過艱苦奮斗和不懈努力，中國在農(nóng)業(yè)基礎十分薄弱、人民生活極端貧困的基礎上，依靠自己的力量實現(xiàn)了糧食基本自給，不僅成功解決了近14億人口的吃飯問題，而且居民生活質(zhì)量和營養(yǎng)水平顯著提升，糧食安全取得了舉世矚目的巨大成就。
The people are the foundation of a country; food is the primary need of the people. As food decides national prosperity and the people's wellbeing, food security is a major prerequisite for national security. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China has always prioritized food security in state governance. Despite a weak agricultural foundation and extreme poverty, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has led an unremitting campaign of hard work over the past 70 years that has made China basically self-sufficient in food supply. China now has enough food to feed its nearly 1.4 billion population, and has remarkably improved the people's nutrition and life quality. China's food security is a success of worldwide significance.

黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央把糧食安全作為治國理政的頭等大事，提出了“確保谷物基本自給、口糧絕對安全”的新糧食安全觀，確立了以我為主、立足國內(nèi)、確保產(chǎn)能、適度進口、科技支撐的國家糧食安全戰(zhàn)略，走出了一條中國特色糧食安全之路。中國堅持立足國內(nèi)保障糧食基本自給的方針，實行最嚴格的耕地保護制度，實施“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”戰(zhàn)略，持續(xù)推進農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構性改革和體制機制創(chuàng)新，糧食生產(chǎn)能力不斷增強，糧食流通現(xiàn)代化水平明顯提升，糧食供給結(jié)構不斷優(yōu)化，糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，更高層次、更高質(zhì)量、更有效率、更可持續(xù)的糧食安全保障體系逐步建立，國家糧食安全保障更加有力，中國特色糧食安全之路越走越穩(wěn)健、越走越寬廣。
Since the CPC's 18th National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has treated food security as a top state issue. The central leadership has introduced a food security policy of "ensuring basic self-sufficiency of grain and absolute security of staple food". The Chinese government has established a national strategy on food security featuring self-sufficiency based on domestic grain production, guaranteed food production capacity, moderate imports, and technological support. Abiding by the principle of basic food self-sufficiency based on domestic grain production, China practices the strictest farmland protection system and a strategy of sustainable farmland use and innovative application of agricultural technology to increase farmland productivity. Through supply-side structural reform and institutional innovation in agriculture, China has raised grain productivity, modernized grain circulation, improved food-supply structure, and achieved steady development in the grain industry. Step by step, China has established a food security guarantee system at a very high level characterized by quality, efficiency and sustainability. China's food security has a stronger guarantee, along a steadier and wider path with Chinese characteristics.

糧食安全是世界和平與發(fā)展的重要保障，是構建人類命運共同體的重要基礎，關系人類永續(xù)發(fā)展和前途命運。作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家和負責任大國，中國始終是維護世界糧食安全的積極力量。中國積極參與世界糧食安全治理，加強國際交流與合作，堅定維護多邊貿(mào)易體系，落實聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程，為維護世界糧食安全、促進共同發(fā)展作出了積極貢獻。
Food security is an essential guarantee for world peace and development, a significant foundation for a global community of shared future, and an influential factor for the development and future of humanity. As the world's largest developing country, and a major country that shoulders its responsibilities, China has always been a positive force in safeguarding world food security. China has been an active part of global food security governance, enhancing international exchanges and cooperation, supporting the multilateral trade system, and implementing the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this sense, China has made a positive contribution to improving global food security and promoting common development.

為全面介紹中國糧食安全成就，增進國際社會對中國糧食安全的了解，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to provide a full picture of how food security operates in China, in order to increase the international community's understanding in this important field.

一、中國糧食安全成就
I. China's Achievements in Ensuring Food Security

中國人口占世界的近1/5，糧食產(chǎn)量約占世界的1/4。中國依靠自身力量端牢自己的飯碗，實現(xiàn)了由“吃不飽”到“吃得飽”，并且“吃得好”的歷史性轉(zhuǎn)變。這既是中國人民自己發(fā)展取得的偉大成就，也是為世界糧食安全作出的重大貢獻。
With one fifth of the world population, China accounts for a quarter of total global food production. China is self-reliant in securing its own food supply; its people now have not only enough to eat, but also a greater range of choices. Compared to past times when they were underfed, this historical change has been made possible by the Chinese themselves through hard work and development. It is also a key contribution to world food security.

（一）糧食產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)步增長
1. Steady growth in food output

——人均占有量穩(wěn)定在世界平均水平以上。目前，中國人均糧食占有量達到470公斤左右，比1996年的414公斤增長了14%，比1949年新中國成立時的209公斤增長了126%，高于世界平均水平。
- Per capita food output remains above the world average. Currently China's per capita food output is around 470 kg, growing by 14 percent from 414 kg since 1996 when China published its first white paper on food - The Grain Issue in China, and by 126 percent from 209 kg in 1949, when the PRC was founded. This is higher than the world average.

——單產(chǎn)顯著提高。2010年平均每公頃糧食產(chǎn)量突破5000公斤。2018年達到5621公斤，比1996年的4483公斤增加了1138公斤，增長25%以上。2017年稻谷、小麥、玉米的每公頃產(chǎn)量分別為6916.9公斤、5481.2公斤、6110.3公斤，較1996年分別增長11.3%、46.8%、17.4%，比世界平均水平分別高50.1%、55.2%、6.2%。
- Per unit yield has significantly increased. The average food yield per hectare is as follows:

-more than 5,000 kg in 2010;

-5,621 kg in 2018, an increase of 1,138 kg, or 25 percent, over 1996.

The yields per hectare for rice, wheat and corn in 2017 are as follows:

-6,916.9 kg, up 11.3 percent over 1996, 50.1 percent higher than the world average;

-5,481.2 kg, up 46.8 percent over 1996, 55.2 percent higher than the world average;

-6,110.3 kg, up 17.4 percent over 1996, 6.2 percent higher than the world average.

——總產(chǎn)量連上新臺階。2010年突破5.5億噸，2012年超過6億噸，2015年達到6.6億噸，連續(xù)4年穩(wěn)定在6.5億噸以上水平。2018年產(chǎn)量近6.6億噸，比1996年的5億噸增產(chǎn)30%以上，比1978年的3億噸增產(chǎn)116%，是1949年1.1億噸的近6倍。糧食產(chǎn)量波動幅度基本穩(wěn)定在合理區(qū)間，除少數(shù)年份外，一般保持在±6%的范圍之內(nèi)。
- Total food output has seen a steady increase. China's total food output surpassed

-550 million tons in 2010,

-600 million tons in 2012,

-660 million tons in 2015,

-650 million tons for four years from 2015.
In 2018 the figure was near 660 million tons, up 30 percent over 1996(500 million tons), the year China published its first white paper on food security, 116 percent over 1978 (300 million tons), the year of the launch of China's reform and opening up, and by nearly 600 percent over 1949 (110 million tons), the year the PRC was founded.

Over the years food output each year has fluctuated within a range of plus or minus 6 percent, with the exception of a few years.

（二）谷物供應基本自給
2. Self-sufficiency in grain supply

——實現(xiàn)谷物基本自給。2018年，谷物產(chǎn)量6.1億噸，占糧食總產(chǎn)量的90%以上，比1996年的4.5億噸增加1.6億噸。目前，我國谷物自給率超過95%，為保障國家糧食安全、促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和國家長治久安奠定了堅實的物質(zhì)基礎。
- China is self-sufficient in grain supply. In 2018 the grain output was 610 million tons, accounting for more than 90 percent of total food output, and growing by 160 million tons over 1996. Currently China supplies 95 percent of its own needs for grain, laying down a solid material foundation for maintaining national food security, promoting socioeconomic development, and safeguarding long-term peace and stability.

——確?？诩Z絕對安全。近幾年，稻谷和小麥產(chǎn)需有余，完全能夠自給，進出口主要是品種調(diào)劑，將中國人的飯碗牢牢端在自己手上。2001年至2018年年均進口的糧食總量中，大豆占比為75.4%，稻谷和小麥兩大口糧品種合計占比不足6%。
- China ensures absolute security of staple grains. In 2001-2018, soybean accounted for 75.4 percent of imported grains, and the two main staple grains of rice and wheat together accounted for less than 6 percent. In recent years, with rice and wheat output meeting domestic needs, China is fully self-sufficient in food supply, and the main driver of food imports and exports is to satisfy the need for variety. China makes sure it relies on itself for food supply.

（三）糧食儲備能力顯著增強
3. Greater food reserve capacity

——倉儲現(xiàn)代化水平明顯提高。2018年全國共有標準糧食倉房倉容6.7億噸，簡易倉容2.4億噸，有效倉容總量比1996年增長31.9%。食用油罐總罐容2800萬噸，比1996年增長7倍。規(guī)劃建設了一批現(xiàn)代化新糧倉，維修改造了一批老糧庫，倉容規(guī)模進一步增加，設施功能不斷完善，安全儲糧能力持續(xù)增強，總體達到了世界較先進水平。
- Food storage is further modernized. In 2018 the storage capacity of qualified grain warehouses was 670 million tons, and that of simple warehouses was 240 million tons. Total effective warehouse capacity grew by 31.9 percent over 1996. The total tank capacity for edible oils was 28 million tons, a sevenfold increase over 1996. China has built new modern grain storage facilities and renovated old ones, further increasing storage capacity. With the facilities' functions also improved, China has secured a continued increase in its food storage capacity, generally reaching world advanced levels.

——物流能力大幅提升。2017年，全國糧食物流總量達到4.8億噸，其中跨省物流量2.3億噸。糧食物流骨干通道全部打通，公路、鐵路、水路多式聯(lián)運格局基本形成，原糧散糧運輸、成品糧集裝化運輸比重大幅提高，糧食物流效率穩(wěn)步提升。
- Logistics capacity has increased markedly. In 2017, the total volume of food transported reached 480 million tons, including 230 million tons of interprovincial transport. All major channels of food logistics have been integrated to form a multimodal transport network composed of highways, railways and waterways. Food logistics now involves more unprocessed grain, bulk grain, and finished grain products transported by container. The efficiency of food logistics has seen steady improvement.

——糧食儲備和應急體系逐步健全。政府糧食儲備數(shù)量充足，質(zhì)量良好，儲存安全。在大中城市和價格易波動地區(qū)，建立了10－15天的應急成品糧儲備。應急儲備、加工和配送體系基本形成，應急供應網(wǎng)點遍布城鄉(xiāng)街道社區(qū)，在應對地震、雨雪冰凍、臺風等重大自然災害和公共突發(fā)事件等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。
- Grain reserves and emergency response systems are improving. The government has sufficient and quality food reserves, with secured storage. Emergency food reserves for 10-15 days are available in large and medium-sized cities and areas prone to price fluctuation. A network of emergency reserves, processing and distribution is in place, with outlets to supply sub-districts and communities in urban and rural areas. These play an important role in response to natural disasters such as earthquakes, sleet, snowstorms, and typhoons, as well as public emergencies.

（四）居民健康營養(yǎng)狀況明顯改善
4. Improved nutrition for residents

——膳食品種豐富多樣。2018年，油料、豬牛羊肉、水產(chǎn)品、牛奶、蔬菜和水果的人均占有量分別為24.7公斤、46.8公斤、46.4公斤、22.1公斤、505.1公斤和184.4公斤，比1996年分別增加6.5公斤、16.6公斤、19.5公斤、17公斤、257.7公斤和117.7公斤，分別增長35.7%、55%、72.5%、333.3%、104.2%和176.5%。居民人均直接消費口糧減少，動物性食品、木本食物及蔬菜、瓜果等非糧食食物消費增加，食物更加多樣，飲食更加健康。
- More choices for meals. Per capita shares of various foods in 2018 and their increase over 1996 are as follows:

-oil, 24.7 kg, growing by 6.5 kg (35.7 percent up);

-pork, beef and mutton, 46.8 kg, growing by 16.6 kg (55 percent up);

-aquatic products, 46.4 kg, growing by 19.5 kg (72.5 percent up);

-milk, 22.1 kg, growing by 17 kg (333.3 percent up);

-vegetables, 505.1 kg, growing by 257.7 kg (104.2 percent up); and

-fruits, 184.4 kg, growing by 117.7 kg (176.5 percent up).

The per capita direct consumption of staple grains has decreased, and the consumption of non-grain foods such as meat and fish, ligneous foods, vegetables, and fruits has increased. The Chinese have more choices in what they eat and have a healthier diet.

——營養(yǎng)水平不斷改善。據(jù)國家衛(wèi)生健康委監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國居民平均每標準人日能量攝入量2172千卡，蛋白質(zhì)65克，脂肪80克，碳水化合物301克。城鄉(xiāng)居民膳食能量得到充足供給，蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、碳水化合物三大營養(yǎng)素供能充足，碳水化合物供能比下降，脂肪供能比上升，優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)攝入增加。
- Improved nutrition. Data from the National Health Commission shows that the average daily energy intake of a standard person in China is 2,172 kcal, and the intakes of protein, fat and carbohydrate are 65g, 80g and 301g. Chinese citizens have an adequate supply of dietary energy, with sufficient intake of the three major nutrients - proteins, fat and carbohydrates. The proportion of carbohydrate intake has fallen, and those of fat and quality protein intake have risen.

（五）貧困人口吃飯問題有效解決
5. Food for the poor

——中國農(nóng)村貧困人口基本解決了“不愁吃”問題。中國高度重視消除饑餓和貧困問題，特別是黨的十八大以來，探索出了一條發(fā)展農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟、提高農(nóng)民收入、消除饑餓和貧困的成功道路，精準扶貧、精準脫貧成效卓著。按現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村貧困標準計算，2018年末，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口數(shù)量1660萬人，較2012年末的9899萬人減少了8239萬人，貧困發(fā)生率由10.2%降至1.7%；較1978年末的7.7億人，累計減貧7.5億人。按世界銀行每人每天1.9美元的國際貧困標準，中國對全球減貧的貢獻率超過70%，是世界上減貧人口最多的國家，也是世界上率先完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標中減貧目標的國家，貧困人口“不愁吃”的問題已基本解決。
- Poor people in China no longer need to worry about food. The Chinese government has always attached great importance to eliminating hunger and poverty. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in particular, it has explored ways to develop the rural economy, increase farmers' incomes, and eliminate hunger and poverty. Remarkable results have been achieved in targeted poverty alleviation and eradication. According to China's current poverty standards, as of the end of 2018 there remained 16.6 million people living in poverty in China. This represented a reduction of 82.39 million compared to 2012, and the incidence of poverty was down from 10.2 percent to 1.7 percent. The government has helped 750 million people out of poverty since 1978, when a staggering 770 million people were struggling for the means to live. According to the World Bank's poverty line of 1.9 US dollars per person per day, China has contributed more than 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort. China has lifted more people out of poverty than any other country, and is the first country to reach the poverty reduction goal in the UN's Millennium Development Goals.

——重點貧困群體健康營養(yǎng)狀況明顯改善。2018年，貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入達10371元人民幣，實際增速高于全國農(nóng)村1.7個百分點。收入水平的提高，增強了貧困地區(qū)的糧食獲取能力，貧困人口糧谷類食物攝入量穩(wěn)定增加。貧困地區(qū)青少年學生營養(yǎng)改善計劃廣泛實施，嬰幼兒營養(yǎng)改善及老年營養(yǎng)健康試點項目效果顯著，兒童、孕婦和老年人等重點人群營養(yǎng)水平明顯提高，健康狀況顯著改善。
- Nutrition for key groups in poverty has improved markedly. In 2018 the per capita disposable income of residents in impoverished rural areas reached 10,371 yuan, an actual increase of 1.7 percentage points higher than that of rural areas in general. This increase in income has enabled poor areas to acquire more food, and the intake of grains among poor groups has grown steadily. The government has carried out extensive nutrition improvement programs in poor areas for young students, infants, children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as a result of which there have been noticeable improvements in their nutrition and health.