國務(wù)院新聞辦公室9月22日發(fā)表《為人民謀幸福：新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展70年》白皮書。全文如下：

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為人民謀幸福：新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展70年
Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China

（2019年9月）
中華人民共和國
國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
September 2019

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目錄
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、輝煌壯麗的人權(quán)發(fā)展歷程
I. A Splendid History of China’s Human Rights Protection

二、以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念
II. People-centered Approach in Human Rights Protection

三、持續(xù)提升人民生活水平
III. Continuing to Improve People’s Living Standards

四、切實保障人民各項權(quán)利
IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

五、重視保障特定群體權(quán)利
V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

六、不斷加強人權(quán)法治保障
VI. Strengthening the Rule of Law for Human Rights

七、全面參與全球人權(quán)治理
VII. Full Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

八、推動世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展
VIII. Advancing the International Cause of Human Rights

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

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前言
Preamble

2019年10月1日，是中華人民共和國成立70周年紀(jì)念日。無論是對中國還是對世界，這個日子都有著特別的意義。因為有了新中國70年，中國人民的生活才更加幸福美滿；因為有了新中國70年，我們的世界才更加繁榮發(fā)展；因為有了新中國70年，人類社會才更加豐富多彩。
October 1, 2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), a day of special significance not only for China but for the entire world. As a result of the developments that have taken place in the PRC over the 70 years, the people of China are living a happier life, the world is more prosperous, and human society is more diverse and colorful.

70年前，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國人民實現(xiàn)了翻身解放和當(dāng)家作主。新中國70年，是中華民族迎來從站起來、富起來到強起來的70年；新中國70年，是中國人民各項基本權(quán)利日益得到尊重和保障的70年；新中國70年，是中國不斷為世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展作出貢獻的70年。
Seventy years ago, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) the people of China were emancipated and became masters of their country. Over the subsequent seven decades, the Chinese nation has stood up and grown prosperous and is becoming strong; all basic rights of the people are better respected and protected; and China has made regular contribution to the international cause of human rights.

人民幸福生活是最大的人權(quán)。中國共產(chǎn)黨從誕生那一天起，就把為人民謀幸福、為民族謀復(fù)興、為人類謀發(fā)展作為奮斗目標(biāo)。新中國成立以來，特別是中共十八大以來，在習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，中國不斷總結(jié)人類社會發(fā)展經(jīng)驗，在建設(shè)中國特色社會主義的偉大實踐中，堅持把人權(quán)的普遍性原則與自身實際相結(jié)合，奉行以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，始終把生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，協(xié)調(diào)增進全體人民的各項權(quán)利，努力促進人的全面發(fā)展。歷史和現(xiàn)實都證明，中國成功地走出了一條符合國情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路，豐富了人類文明多樣性。
Living a happy life is the primary human right. Since the day of its foundation, the CPC has set its goal to work for the wellbeing of the people of China, for national rejuvenation and for human progress. Since the founding of the PRC, and especially since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has been guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The nation has constantly reviewed the experience gained in human social development, integrated the principle of universality of human rights with national conditions in practicing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and espoused a people-centered view of human rights. China regards the rights to subsistence and development as its primary and basic human rights. It endeavors to improve the rights of all its people in a coordinated manner and works for their rounded development. Both history and present circumstances attest that China has opened a new path of human rights protection based on its national conditions, and increased the diversity of human civilizations.

作為國際社會重要一員，新中國高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏的旗幟，堅持維護世界和平、促進共同發(fā)展，堅持以合作促發(fā)展，以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，全面參與全球人權(quán)治理，努力推動世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展進步。
As a key member of the international community, China raises high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefits, stanchly safeguarding world peace, promoting common development, and advancing development through cooperation while promoting human rights through development. It fully participates in global human rights governance, and works strenuously to advance the international cause of human rights.

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一、輝煌壯麗的人權(quán)發(fā)展歷程
I. A Splendid History of China’s Human Rights Protection

中華人民共和國是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的社會主義國家。為中國人民謀幸福，為中華民族謀復(fù)興，是中國共產(chǎn)黨人的初心和使命；以人民為中心，是中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政的最高價值。中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，是中國人民能夠享有人權(quán)并不斷享有更加充分人權(quán)的根本保證，是全體中國人民的利益所在、幸福所在，是中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的命脈所在、根本所在。
The PRC is a socialist country led by the CPC. The original aspiration and the mission of the Party is to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and putting the people at the center of all its work is the supreme pursuit of the Party in its governance. The Party’s leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the people of China to have access to human rights, and to fully enjoy more human rights. This leadership is therefore in the interests of all people of China, critical for their pursuit of a happy life, and provides the foundations for the cause of human rights in China.

新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展，與當(dāng)代中國發(fā)展進程相統(tǒng)一，是中國特色社會主義發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。自1949年以來，新中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展大體經(jīng)歷了三個時期。
The progress in human rights in China parallels the country’s overall progress in recent times, and results from the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The cause of human rights in China has gone through three phases since 1949:

第一個時期：1949年新中國成立，確立了社會主義基本制度，完成了中國歷史上最為廣泛而深刻的社會變革，為中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎(chǔ)。
The first phase: Founded in 1949, the PRC established a basic socialist system and achieved the most extensive and profound social transformation in China’s history, laying down the basic political prerequisite and establishing the institutions for developing human rights in China.

從1840年到1949年，由于西方列強的一次次入侵，加之統(tǒng)治階級的腐朽和社會制度的落后，中國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會。戰(zhàn)亂頻仍、社會動蕩、經(jīng)濟凋敝、民不聊生，是當(dāng)時中國的真實寫照。在舊中國，廣大人民長期處于帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的壓迫下，毫無人權(quán)可言。
Between 1840 and 1949, due to repeated invasions by foreign powers, a corrupt ruling class, and a backward social system, China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Frequent wars, instability, a shattered economy, and a destitute populace – this is an accurate portrayal of China at that time. The people suffered under the oppression of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, and had no access to human rights at all.

新中國的成立，實現(xiàn)和捍衛(wèi)了真正完全的民族解放和國家獨立，為中國人民的生命、自由和人身安全提供了根本保障，為中國人民各項權(quán)利得到有效保障和不斷發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了根本條件。
With the founding of the PRC, China achieved and then defended true, complete national liberation and independence, which provided the fundamental guarantee for the subsistence, freedom, and personal security of the people, and created fundamental conditions to effectively protect and continuously improve all of their rights.

新中國建立和鞏固了人民民主的政治制度，保障人民當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利。在新中國成立前夕，通過了具有臨時憲法作用的《中國人民政治協(xié)商會議共同綱領(lǐng)》，規(guī)定人民享有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)以及廣泛的政治權(quán)利和自由；婦女在政治、經(jīng)濟、文化教育、社會生活各方面均有與男子平等的權(quán)利。1954年，第一屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法》，確立了人民民主原則和社會主義原則，確立了人民代表大會制度，在制度上保障了國家一切權(quán)力屬于人民，并設(shè)立專章規(guī)定了公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
The PRC established and consolidated the political system of people’s democracy, which guarantees the people’s rights to be masters of their country. The Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, which was adopted on the eve of the founding of the PRC and served as the provisional Constitution of China, stipulates: people have the right to vote and to stand in election in addition to a wide range of political rights and freedoms; and women have the same rights as men in all respects, including politics, economy, culture, education and social life. The 1954 Constitution of the PRC, which was adopted at the First Session of the First National People’s Congress (NPC), set up the principles of people’s democracy and socialism, established the system of people’s congresses, and provided institutional guarantees for ensuring all power in the PRC belongs to the people. It included a chapter specifying the basic rights and obligations of citizens.

新中國開展各項民主改革和社會事業(yè)建設(shè)，為促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和保障人權(quán)創(chuàng)造了條件。土地改革運動廢除了地主階級封建剝削的土地所有制，中國農(nóng)民真正從經(jīng)濟上翻身做了主人，被束縛的農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)力獲得解放，廣大農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟地位和生活狀況大大改善。從1950年起，對國營廠礦交通企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和管理制度進行民主改革，建立工廠管理委員會和職工代表大會，使工人真正成為企業(yè)的主人。1950年，頒布實施婚姻法，廢除包辦強迫、男尊女卑、漠視子女利益的封建婚姻制度，實行婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女權(quán)利平等、保護婦女和子女合法利益的新婚姻制度。促進教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)發(fā)展，建立勞動保險和社會救濟制度，初步形成以單位為組織形式的社會保障體系。
The various democratic reforms and social programs carried out by the PRC during this period created conditions for economic and social development and protection of human rights. The land reform in the early 1950s abolished the feudal system of land ownership that allowed for exploitation by the landlord class. As a result, Chinese peasants were economically liberated and became masters of their country. Suppressed rural productive forces were unleashed and peasants’ economic status and living standards were greatly improved. The democratic reform of the production and management of state-owned factories, mines, and transportation operators that started in 1950 set up factory management committees and workers’ congresses in these entities, and hence made workers true masters of their enterprises. The Marriage Law promulgated in 1950 abolished the feudal marriage system that sanctioned arranged or forced marriages, enabled men’s superiority over women, and neglected children’s interests. It established a new marriage system featuring monogamy, freedom of marriage, gender equality, and protection of the legitimate interests of women and children. In addition, China promoted education and healthcare, established labor insurance and social relief systems, and created a nascent social security system with public employers being the building blocks.

新中國建設(shè)獨立完整的國民經(jīng)濟體系，推動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，為保障人權(quán)奠定經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)。新中國迅速醫(yī)治戰(zhàn)爭創(chuàng)傷，僅用三年時間，就使國民經(jīng)濟和人民生活恢復(fù)到歷史最高水平。在此基礎(chǔ)上，不失時機地對農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)和資本主義工商業(yè)進行社會主義改造，建立了社會主義的基本經(jīng)濟制度，為人民平等參與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和分享勞動成果提供了基本的社會制度保證。
The PRC established a complete, comprehensive economic system to boost economic growth, which laid the economic foundations for human rights protection. The newborn People’s Republic quickly recovered from the devastation of past wars. In only three years its economy and the people’s standard of living rose to the highest level in history. On this basis China started socialist transformation of agriculture, handcrafts and capitalist industry and commerce, and established a basic economic system of socialism. This provided the basic institutional guarantee for the people to participate in economic development and share the fruits of their work on an equal footing.

新中國徹底否定了民族壓迫和民族歧視，發(fā)展民族平等、互助、團結(jié)關(guān)系。民族區(qū)域自治制度的成功實行，有效保障了少數(shù)民族在祖國大家庭中的平等權(quán)利和少數(shù)民族管理本民族、本地區(qū)事務(wù)的自治權(quán)利。
The PRC soundly rejects ethnic oppression and discrimination, and forges an interethnic relationship characterized by equality, mutual help and unity. The success of the system of regional ethnic autonomy effectively guarantees the equal rights of all ethnic minority groups in China as well as their right of autonomy in handling affairs of their own groups and regions.

第二個時期：1978年實行改革開放，成功開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，極大地解放和發(fā)展了社會生產(chǎn)力，人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)和各項基本權(quán)利不斷得到更好保障，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)得到大發(fā)展。
The second phase: The reform and opening up launched in 1978 opened the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and has emancipated and developed the productive forces to a great extent. As a result the people’s rights to subsistence and development and other basic rights are better protected, and the cause of human rights in China has made huge progress.

改革開放是中國共產(chǎn)黨在新的時代條件下帶領(lǐng)全國各族人民進行的新的偉大革命。中國共產(chǎn)黨帶領(lǐng)人民深刻總結(jié)我國社會主義建設(shè)正反兩方面經(jīng)驗，堅持走社會主義道路，堅持以經(jīng)濟建設(shè)為中心，堅持四項基本原則，堅持改革開放，建設(shè)中國特色社會主義。中國共產(chǎn)黨把發(fā)展作為執(zhí)政興國的第一要務(wù)和解決中國所有問題的關(guān)鍵，大力發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)力，努力以發(fā)展促進人權(quán)保障，極大地調(diào)動了億萬人民的積極性。
Reform and opening up was a great new revolution undertaken by the people of China and led by the CPC under the new conditions of that era. Under the leadership of the CPC, the people review experiences and lessons drawn from socialist construction, adhere to the path of socialism, keep economic development as our central task, uphold the Four Cardinal Principles and reform and opening up, and build socialism with Chinese characteristics. The CPC pursues development as its top priority in governance and rejuvenation of the nation and the key to solving all China’s problems. It vigorously builds up productive forces and strives to better protect human rights through development, and has thereby aroused great enthusiasm among the people.

在改革開放中，中國共產(chǎn)黨將尊重和保障人權(quán)作為執(zhí)政主張，不斷賦予中國人權(quán)發(fā)展新的內(nèi)涵。1997年，中共十五大明確提出，“保證人民依法享有廣泛的權(quán)利和自由，尊重和保障人權(quán)”。2002年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”作為社會主義政治文明建設(shè)的重要目標(biāo)寫入中共十六大報告。2007年，中共十七大報告進一步指出要“尊重和保障人權(quán)，依法保證全體社會成員平等參與、平等發(fā)展的權(quán)利”。同年，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”首次載入《中國共產(chǎn)黨章程》。
In the course of reform and opening up, the CPC has made respecting and protecting human rights a goal of its governance, and added new elements to advancing the cause. In 1997, the 15th CPC National Congress committed to: “…ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights.” In 2002, “Human rights are respected and guaranteed” was written into the report to the 16th CPC National Congress as an important goal of socialist political progress. In 2007, the report to the 17th CPC National Congress further pointed out: “We must respect and guarantee human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law.” And in the same year, this principle was written for the first time into the CPC Constitution.

在改革開放中，中國堅持依憲治國，為促進人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展提供根本法保障。1982年，第五屆全國人大五次會議通過了現(xiàn)行憲法。憲法明確規(guī)定了中國社會主義民主的主要內(nèi)容和基本形態(tài)，全面系統(tǒng)規(guī)定了全體人民享有廣泛的公民權(quán)利、政治權(quán)利和經(jīng)濟、社會、文化權(quán)利。此后，全國人大五次通過憲法修正案，從基本經(jīng)濟制度、分配制度、保護公民私有財產(chǎn)、建立健全社會保障制度等方面，不斷加強對人權(quán)的保護。特別是2004年3月，第十屆全國人大二次會議將“尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫入憲法，有力保障和推進了中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展。
In the course of reform and opening up, China adheres to governance based on the Constitution, which provides the fundamental legal guarantee for comprehensive progress in human rights. In 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the current Constitution of the PRC, which clearly defines the substance and basic form of socialist democracy. It provides that all citizens are entitled to civil rights, political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. In the following years, the NPC adopted five amendments to the Constitution to better protect human rights. These covered the basic economic system, distribution system, protection of citizens’ private property, and social security system. In particular, the amendment adopted at the Second Session of the 10th NPC added the line “The State respects and preserves human rights” into the Constitution, a move that has strongly guaranteed and advanced human rights in China.

在改革開放中，中國努力將促進人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展納入國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃。1991年，中國發(fā)布第一部人權(quán)白皮書——《中國的人權(quán)狀況》。制定并實施國家人權(quán)行動計劃，確定尊重和保障人權(quán)的階段性目標(biāo)、任務(wù)。國家還制定了經(jīng)濟、文化、社會和環(huán)境等方面的專項行動計劃，以及保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人等特定群體權(quán)利的專項規(guī)劃，努力促進全體人民共同享有充分權(quán)利。
In the course of reform and opening up, China has incorporated the protection of human rights into national development strategies and plans. In 1991, the Chinese government published its first white paper on human rights – Human Rights in China. It formulated and implemented the National Human Rights Action Plan, which set phased goals and tasks for respecting and safeguarding human rights. China has also made targeted action plans relating to the economy, culture, society, the environment and other fields, as well as plans to protect the rights of specific groups, such as ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, to ensure that all the people of China can fully enjoy their rights.

在改革開放中，中國進一步建立并完善了適合本國國情的人權(quán)保障制度，初步形成了中國特色人權(quán)保障體系。國家建立了最低生活保障制度、最低工資保障制度、勞動保障監(jiān)察制度和勞動人事爭議處理制度、就業(yè)救助制度、中小學(xué)義務(wù)教育制度等；通過民法通則和侵權(quán)責(zé)任法等建立了人格權(quán)保護體系，推進戶籍制度改革，并不斷完善選舉制度、基層群眾自治制度、政務(wù)信息公開制度、訴訟制度、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護制度等。
In the course of reform and opening up, China has established and improved institutions for protecting human rights that are suited to its national conditions. A human rights protection system with Chinese characteristics has taken shape. The Chinese government has put into place a number of systems and mechanisms, including those dealing with subsistence allowances, the minimum wage, labor security supervision, labor dispute settlement, employment assistance, and compulsory education (primary and middle schools). With the promulgation of the General Principles of the Civil Law and Tort Liability Law, China has established a system of protection for the right to dignity. In addition, it has advanced household registration reform, and made consistent improvements to the election system, the community-level self-governance system, the system for transparency of government affairs, the litigation system and the system for intellectual property protection.

第三個時期：2012年中共十八大召開，中國特色社會主義進入新時代，在習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，大力保障和改善民生，加強人權(quán)法治保障，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)得到全面發(fā)展。
The third phase: The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 marks the advent of a new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China espouses the people-centered development philosophy, works hard to ensure and improve people’s wellbeing, and continues to strengthen legal protection for human rights. As a result, the cause of human rights in China has made headway on all fronts.

新時代中國特色社會主義將“人權(quán)得到切實尊重和保障”作為全面建成小康社會的重要目標(biāo)，從戰(zhàn)略層面確立了人權(quán)事業(yè)的重要地位。中共十八大修改通過的《中國共產(chǎn)黨章程》再次重申尊重和保障人權(quán)。2014年，中共十八屆四中全會通過《中共中央關(guān)于全面推進依法治國若干重大問題的決定》，強調(diào)“加強人權(quán)司法保障”“增強全社會尊重和保障人權(quán)意識”。2017年，中共十九大確立習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為中國共產(chǎn)黨的指導(dǎo)思想，明確提出“加強人權(quán)法治保障，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由”，為全面推進中國人權(quán)事業(yè)提供了根本遵循。
In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, full respect for and protection of human rights is an important goal of China’s endeavors to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This establishes the importance of human rights from a strategic perspective. The CPC Constitution amended and adopted at the 18th National Congress reaffirms the principle of respecting and protecting human rights. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law”, which emphasizes the need to “provide stronger judicial protection of human rights” and to “strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights.” In 2017, the 19th CPC National Congress established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding ideology of the CPC, and categorically stated that we should “strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law.” This provides fundamental basis for us to advance the cause of human rights in China.

新時代中國特色社會主義將人民對美好生活的向往作為奮斗目標(biāo)，切實增強人民獲得感、幸福感、安全感。堅持以解決社會主要矛盾為人權(quán)發(fā)展立足點，聚焦人民日益增長的美好生活需要，促進各項人權(quán)的充分平衡發(fā)展。堅持以人的全面發(fā)展為人權(quán)價值取向，落實新發(fā)展理念，逐步實現(xiàn)全體人民共同富裕，建設(shè)富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國。
In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, the people’s aspiration to live a better life is the focus of all the country’s work, and China strives to give the people a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. It bases the cause of human rights on the endeavors to solve the principal contradiction in Chinese society, focuses on people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, and promotes full and balanced progress in all human rights. China promotes well-rounded development of the people as a principle of human rights, applies the new development philosophy, presses ahead toward common prosperity for all, and strives to build a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful.

新時代中國特色社會主義著眼于實現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢，提出經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)“五位一體”總體布局，使每個人的經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會、環(huán)境權(quán)利能夠得到充分保障；提出全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴(yán)治黨“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，為全面推進中國人權(quán)事業(yè)提供了有力保障。中國將尊重和保障人權(quán)貫穿于推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的全過程，加強人權(quán)法治保障，積極改革完善各項人權(quán)保障制度，以制度現(xiàn)代化與法治精神的高度統(tǒng)一維護公民的各項權(quán)利。
In building socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, China focuses on achieving the Two Centenary Goals and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. For this purpose it put forward the Five-point Strategy (promoting economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental progress in a coordinated way), so every citizen’s rights can be fully protected in each of these spheres. For this new era it has also introduced the Four-pronged Strategy: to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline, which provides a strong guarantee for advancing the cause of human rights in China on all fronts. China respects and guarantees human rights throughout the process of modernizing its national governance system and capacity. It has strengthened legal protection for human rights and reformed and refined the systems to protect human rights, and it safeguards citizens’ rights through the combination of modern institutions and the rule of law.

二、以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念
II. People-centered Approach in Human Rights Protection

經(jīng)過新中國70年的人權(quán)發(fā)展實踐，中國把人權(quán)的普遍性原則與本國具體實際相結(jié)合，已經(jīng)形成了較為系統(tǒng)的以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，其基本點包括：
In developing human rights over the past 70 years, China has combined universal principles with the prevailing realities of the country, forming a system of human rights with a people-centered approach. The basic elements are:

——人權(quán)是歷史的、發(fā)展的。人權(quán)是一定歷史條件下的產(chǎn)物，也會隨著歷史條件的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。各國發(fā)展階段、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平、文化傳統(tǒng)、社會結(jié)構(gòu)不同，所面臨的人權(quán)發(fā)展任務(wù)和應(yīng)采取的人權(quán)保障方式也會有所不同。應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重人權(quán)發(fā)展道路的多樣性。只有將人權(quán)的普遍性原則同各國實際相結(jié)合，才能有效地促進人權(quán)的實現(xiàn)。世界各國在人權(quán)保障上沒有最好，只有更好；世界上沒有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路和保障模式，人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展必須也只能按照本國國情和人民需要加以推進。
Human rights are a historical and developmental concept. Born under certain historical circumstances, the concept evolves as times change. Different nations have different tasks and take different approaches to ensure human rights, because they differ in terms of stage of development, economy, culture and society. Diversity in developing human rights should be respected. They can only be effectively ensured by combining universal principles with the prevailing realities of different countries. Every country has room for improvement in protecting human rights. There is no universally applicable model, and human rights can only advance in the context of national conditions and people’s needs.

——生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)。貧窮是實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。沒有物質(zhì)資料的生產(chǎn)和供給，人類其他一切權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)都是非常困難或不可能的。生存權(quán)利的有效保障、生活質(zhì)量的不斷提高，是享有和發(fā)展其他人權(quán)的前提和基礎(chǔ)。近代中國長期遭受外來侵略，國家貧窮落后，人民困苦不堪，毫無權(quán)利可言。中國人民深知免于貧困、免于饑餓為生存之本。多年來，中國始終把解決人民的生存權(quán)、實現(xiàn)人民的發(fā)展權(quán)作為第一要務(wù)，不斷解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，致力于消除貧困，提高發(fā)展水平，為保障人民各項權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造了基礎(chǔ)條件。
The rights to subsistence and development are the primary rights. Poverty is the greatest obstacle to providing human rights. It would be well-nigh impossible for humanity to ensure any right without the production and supply of goods and materials. The effective guarantee of the right to subsistence and the steady improvement of living standards are the preconditions and foundations for fulfilling and developing all other human rights. From the mid-19th century, China suffered repeated foreign aggressions and fell into poverty and backwardness. Living in misery, the people enjoyed utterly no right of any kind. The Chinese know very well what survival requires – no poverty and no hunger. Prioritizing people’s rights to subsistence and development, China has committed to liberating and developing productive forces, eliminating poverty, and enhancing its level of development. All this has laid the foundation for fulfilling the various rights of the people.

——人權(quán)是個人人權(quán)與集體人權(quán)的有機統(tǒng)一。沒有個人的發(fā)展，就沒有集體的發(fā)展；同時，也只有在集體中，個人才能獲得全面發(fā)展。在當(dāng)代中國的人權(quán)實踐中，既重視集體人權(quán)的發(fā)展，又重視個人人權(quán)的保障，努力使二者相互統(tǒng)一、相互協(xié)調(diào)、相互促進。個人權(quán)利只有與集體權(quán)利統(tǒng)一起來，才能實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大化。中國在國家富強、民族振興和人民幸福融為一體的發(fā)展中，努力保障每一個人和全體人民的各項權(quán)利。
Human rights mean the integration of individual and collective rights. There is no collective development without individual development; individuals can only enjoy well-rounded development in a collective environment. In China, equal attention has been paid to developing collective rights and ensuring individual rights, so that the two are integrated, coordinated, and mutually-enhancing. Individual rights can only be maximized in the context of collective rights. The Chinese government strives to ensure the rights of every individual and all its citizens by seeking prosperity for the country, rejuvenation for the nation, and wellbeing for the people.

——整體推進各項權(quán)利是人權(quán)實現(xiàn)的重要原則。各項人權(quán)相互依賴、不可分割。中國堅持對各項權(quán)利的發(fā)展進行統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)、統(tǒng)一部署、均衡促進，切實推動經(jīng)濟、社會、文化權(quán)利和公民權(quán)利、政治權(quán)利的平衡發(fā)展。中共十八大以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府統(tǒng)籌推進經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)“五位一體”總體布局，協(xié)調(diào)推進全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴(yán)治黨“四個全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，推進了中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的全面發(fā)展，體現(xiàn)了人權(quán)的整體性發(fā)展思想。
Overall progress in all rights is a major principle of realization of human rights. All human rights are interdependent and inalienable. China coordinates the planning and promotion of all rights and endeavors to achieve a balanced development of economic, social, and cultural rights and civil and political rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC and the Chinese government has sought to make overall economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental progress, known as the Five-point Strategy, and made comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline, known as the Four-pronged Strategy. In this way, China has made comprehensive progress in human rights through an integrated approach.

——人民的獲得感、幸福感、安全感是檢驗人權(quán)實現(xiàn)的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。把人民對美好生活的向往落實到實現(xiàn)好、維護好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民根本利益上，不斷提高人民群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感，是中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政的核心精神所在。堅持人民在人權(quán)事業(yè)中的主體地位，把人民利益擺在至高無上的位置，讓人民過上好日子，使發(fā)展成果更多更公平地惠及全體人民，讓每個人更好地發(fā)展自我、幸福生活，讓每個人都能夠免于恐懼、不受威脅，是實現(xiàn)人人享有更加充分人權(quán)的真諦所在。
People’s sense of gain, happiness and security is an important criterion for evaluating human rights. The core spirit of CPC governance lies in fulfilling the people’s aspiration for a better life by realizing, safeguarding and developing their fundamental interests, and in enhancing their sense of gain, happiness and security. For everyone to fully enjoy human rights, we must uphold the people-centered approach, prioritize the people’s interests before anything else, and ensure a good life for the people. We must ensure that the fruits of development offer greater benefits to all the people in a fair way, enable every person to enjoy opportunities for self-development and a good life, and prevent them from fear and threat.

——公正合理包容是國際人權(quán)治理的基本原則。國際社會應(yīng)秉持和平、發(fā)展、公平、正義、民主、自由的人類共同價值，維護人的尊嚴(yán)和權(quán)利，推動形成更加公正合理包容的全球人權(quán)治理。中國一直是國際人權(quán)事業(yè)健康發(fā)展的倡導(dǎo)者、踐行者和推動者，反對將人權(quán)政治化或搞人權(quán)“雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，推動國際社會以公正客觀非選擇的方式處理人權(quán)問題。中國全面深入?yún)⑴c國際人權(quán)交流、對話與合作，與各國一道推動共同構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，開創(chuàng)世界美好未來。
Fairness, being reasonable and inclusiveness are the basic principles of international human rights governance. The international community should uphold the shared values of humanity – peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom. It must safeguard human dignity and rights, and strive for fairer, more reasonable and inclusive global human rights governance. China is a supporter, practitioner and promoter of international human rights. It opposes politicizing human rights or applying double standards in matters related to human rights, and encourages the international community to address human rights issues in a fair, objective and non-selective manner. China is engaged in extensive, in-depth international exchanges, dialogue and cooperation concerning human rights, and works with the rest of the world to build a global community of shared future and a beautiful world.

——促進人的自由全面發(fā)展是人權(quán)的最高價值追求。每個人的自由發(fā)展是一切人的自由發(fā)展的條件。人權(quán)的主體是人，人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展從根本上說是人的發(fā)展，要為人實現(xiàn)自身潛能創(chuàng)造條件。中國全面建成小康社會和實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢，就是讓人民有更好的教育、更穩(wěn)定的工作、更滿意的收入、更可靠的社會保障、更高水平的醫(yī)療服務(wù)、更舒適的居住條件、更優(yōu)美的環(huán)境，讓每個人都能更有尊嚴(yán)地發(fā)展自我和奉獻社會，共同享有人生出彩的機會，共同享有夢想成真的機會，增進人民福祉，促進人的全面發(fā)展。
The free and well-rounded development of every person is the ultimate goal of human rights. The free development of each individual is the precondition for the free development of all people. Human rights are people’s rights; human rights development means people’s development. We must create the conditions for people’s self-actualization. By building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, China aims to fulfill the people’s aspirations for a better education, more stable jobs, higher incomes, more reliable social security, better medical and health care, improved housing conditions, and a beautiful environment. It aims to enable every person to enjoy self-development and serve society with dignity, to ensure equal opportunities for all to live a rewarding life and realize their dreams, to improve their wellbeing, and to promote their well-rounded development.