四、中國軍隊(duì)積極推動維和國際合作
IV. Active Efforts for Greater International Cooperation

世界和平需要各國共同維護(hù)，維和行動需要多方加強(qiáng)合作。中國軍隊(duì)先后與90多個國家、10多個國際和地區(qū)組織開展維和交流與合作，通過團(tuán)組互訪、專家交流、聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)、人員培訓(xùn)等形式增進(jìn)相互了解，交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法，加強(qiáng)務(wù)實(shí)合作，密切雙多邊關(guān)系，不斷提升維和能力。
World peace is the responsibility of all countries and peacekeeping calls for expanding multilateral cooperation. China's armed forces have cooperated on peacekeeping with over 90 countries and 10 international and regional organizations. They have enhanced mutual understanding, shared experience, extended practical cooperation, strengthened bilateral and multilateral relations, and promoted peacekeeping capability through exchange of visits, expert discussions, joint exercises and training, and personnel training.

（一）加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略溝通，凝聚維和共識
1. Strengthening Strategic Communication to Build Consensus on Peacekeeping

加強(qiáng)與聯(lián)合國高層的戰(zhàn)略溝通，是聯(lián)合國維和行動向前發(fā)展的重要途徑。2012年以來，習(xí)近平主席11次會見聯(lián)合國秘書長，在多個國際場合就世界和平與發(fā)展提出中國主張、中國方案，表達(dá)支持聯(lián)合國維和行動的立場。2015年，習(xí)近平主席出席聯(lián)合國維和峰會，提出恪守維和基本原則、完善維和行動體系、提高快速反應(yīng)水平、加大對非洲的幫扶等主張。中國軍隊(duì)堅(jiān)決貫徹落實(shí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人達(dá)成的共識，加強(qiáng)與聯(lián)合國相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)密切溝通，多次參加聯(lián)合國維和部長級會議、聯(lián)合國維和出兵國參謀長會議，積極推動維和領(lǐng)域合作。
Better strategic communication with the UN leadership is an important means to move the UNPKOs forward. Since 2012, President Xi Jinping has had 11 meetings with UN Secretary-Generals, proposed Chinese ideas and Chinese solutions for world peace and development on multiple international occasions, and reiterated China's support for the UNPKOs. In 2015, President Xi Jinping attended the Leaders' Summit on Peacekeeping at UNHQ and presented proposals that the basic principles of peacekeeping should be strictly followed, the peacekeeping system needs to be improved, rapid response needs to be enhanced, and greater support and help should be given to Africa. Accordingly, China's armed forces are resolved to implement the consensus reached by the leaders. They have strengthened communication with relevant UN agencies, attended several sessions of the UN Peacekeeping Defense Ministerial and the UN Chiefs of Defense Conference, and actively promoted peacekeeping cooperation.

加強(qiáng)雙多邊溝通交流，增進(jìn)理解互信。中國軍隊(duì)與俄羅斯、巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、印尼、越南、法國、德國、英國、美國等國軍隊(duì)在維和領(lǐng)域積極開展互訪，加強(qiáng)政策溝通，規(guī)劃維和合作，助推兩國兩軍友好關(guān)系發(fā)展。2010年5月，首次中美維和事務(wù)磋商在北京舉行。2015年4月，中國與越南兩國國防部長在北京簽署兩國國防部維和領(lǐng)域合作備忘錄；同年，中國同巴西、俄羅斯、印度、南非首次舉行金磚國家維和事務(wù)磋商。2017年2月，首次中英維和事務(wù)磋商在英國舉行。2018年4月，聯(lián)合國軍事參謀團(tuán)的俄、法、英、美軍事代表訪華，同中方就維和行動進(jìn)行廣泛交流；5月，中國與巴基斯坦簽署維和行動政策合作議定書；10月，德國國防部長參訪中國國防部維和事務(wù)中心培訓(xùn)基地，中國國防部維和代表團(tuán)參訪德國國防軍聯(lián)合國中心。
China's armed forces are committed to strengthening bilateral and multilateral communication for better understanding and mutual trust. They have carried out active peacekeeping cooperation with the militaries of countries including Russia, Pakistan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, France, Germany, the UK, and the US. Through reciprocal visits, China's armed forces and their foreign counterparts have strengthened communication on policies, made cooperation plans, and advanced friendly state-to-state and military-to-military relations. In May 2010, the first China-US consultation on the UNPKOs was held in Beijing. In April 2015, the defense ministers of China and Vietnam signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) on peacekeeping cooperation between the two ministries in Beijing. That same year, China conducted the first BRICS consultation on the UNPKOs with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. In February 2017, the first China-UK dialogue on peacekeeping operations was held in the UK. In April 2018, military advisers of Russia, France, the UK and the US to the UN Military Staff Committee visited China and exchanged extensive views on the UNPKOs with the Chinese side. In May, the defense ministries of China and Pakistan signed a protocol on policy collaboration with regard to the UNPKOs. In October, the German defense minister visited the Training Base of the Peacekeeping Affairs Center of the Chinese Ministry of National Defense (MND), and a peacekeeping delegation from the Chinese MND visited the German Armed Forces United Nations Training Centre.

（二）分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法，貢獻(xiàn)中國智慧
2. Contributing Chinese Wisdom and Sharing Experience

相互學(xué)習(xí)借鑒，開展經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流，是改進(jìn)聯(lián)合國維和行動的有效方式。中國軍隊(duì)積極開展維和領(lǐng)域國際交流，派出維和專業(yè)團(tuán)組訪問阿根廷、芬蘭、德國等國軍隊(duì)維和培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。180余次接待各國和聯(lián)合國、非盟等國際組織代表團(tuán)參觀訪問。舉辦“中英維和研討會”“21世紀(jì)和平行動面臨的挑戰(zhàn)國際研討會”“中國－東盟維和研討會”“2009北京國際維和研討會”等10多項(xiàng)大型維和國際研討活動。在馬里、蘇丹、南蘇丹、剛果（金）、利比里亞、黎巴嫩的中國維和部隊(duì)與法國、塞內(nèi)加爾、西班牙等國維和部隊(duì)交流分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法。
Sharing experience and learning from each other is an effective approach to improving the UNPKOs. China's armed forces have actively conducted international exchanges on peacekeeping. The PLA sent delegations to visit the peacekeeping training facilities of countries including Argentina, Finland and Germany, and received more than 180 visits from other countries and international organizations including the UN and the AU. China has hosted over ten international events on peacekeeping, including the Sino-UK Seminar on Peacekeeping Operations, the International Seminar on Challenges of Peace Operations -- Into the 21st Century, the China-ASEAN Seminar on Peacekeeping Operations, and the 2009 Beijing International Symposium on UN Peacekeeping Operations. Meanwhile, Chinese peacekeeping troops in Mali, Sudan, South Sudan, the DRC, Liberia, and Lebanon have exchanged experience with their counterparts from France, Senegal and Spain.

中國軍隊(duì)廣泛參與聯(lián)合國維和專題審議和政策制定，為維和行動發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)智慧。積極參加聯(lián)大維和特委會、出兵國自攜裝備會議，邀請聯(lián)合國維和行動高級別評審專家組、安理會代表團(tuán)訪華，就聯(lián)合國維和行動改革、提高維和行動效能、保障維和人員安全等建言獻(xiàn)策；組織《聯(lián)合國維和工兵分隊(duì)手冊》《聯(lián)合國維和軍事情報手冊》等專家編審國際會議，派專家參加聯(lián)合國維和步兵、警衛(wèi)、航空、運(yùn)輸、衛(wèi)勤、軍民合作等指導(dǎo)手冊編寫修訂。
China's armed forces have participated extensively in UN peacekeeping consultations and policy-making, and provided input on the UNPKOs. They have played a dynamic role in the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations of the UN General Assembly and the TCC Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE) Working Group, invited officials from the UN High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations and the UN Security Council to China, and offered suggestions on reforming UN peacekeeping, raising its effectiveness, and ensuring the safety and security of peacekeepers. Expert meetings have been hosted by China to draft and review documents including the United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Military Engineer Unit Manual and the Military Peacekeeping-Intelligence Handbook, and Chinese experts have been sent to participate in updating the manuals of UN peacekeeping infantry, force protection, aviation, transport, medical support units and civil-military cooperation.

（三）深化聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)，共同提升能力
3. Extending Cooperation on Joint Exercises and Training to Build Capability

開展維和領(lǐng)域聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)，是提升遂行聯(lián)合國維和行動任務(wù)能力，培養(yǎng)儲備維和人才的重要舉措。中國軍隊(duì)通過多種形式，與聯(lián)合國、有關(guān)國家和地區(qū)組織開展維和演訓(xùn)活動，相互借鑒，共同提高。2009年6月至7月，中國與蒙古國在北京舉辦“維和使命－2009”聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練；2014年2月，派員赴菲律賓參加?xùn)|盟10+8多國維和桌面推演；2015年至2019年，每年派實(shí)兵赴蒙古國參加“可汗探索”多國維和演習(xí)；2016年3月、2019年9月，分別派實(shí)兵赴印度、印尼參加?xùn)|盟10+8維和與人道主義掃雷行動聯(lián)合演習(xí)；2016年5月、2018年5月，兩次派員赴泰國參加多國維和桌面推演；2018年4月派員赴巴西參加“維京”多國模擬指揮所推演。
Joint exercises and training are important as a means of improving the UN's peacekeeping capability and its talent pool. To learn from each other and improve skills, China's armed forces have conducted various peacekeeping exercises and training with the UN, and with relevant countries and regional organizations. In June and July 2009, China and Mongolia held a joint exercise codenamed Peacekeeping Mission-2009 in Beijing. In addition, China's armed forces have sent military personnel to participate in multilateral engagements including the ADMM-Plus Experts' Working Group Table-Top Exercise on Peacekeeping Operations in the Philippines in February 2014, the Khan Quest multinational peacekeeping exercises in Mongolia from 2015 to 2019, the ADMM-Plus Experts' Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations and Humanitarian Mine Action field training exercises in India in March 2016 and in Indonesia in September 2019, peacekeeping table-top exercises in Thailand in May 2016 and May 2018, and the multinational computer-assisted command-post exercise Viking 18 in Brazil in April 2018.

2009年6月中國軍隊(duì)組建維和專業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)以來，舉辦聯(lián)合國軍事觀察員、聯(lián)合國維和參謀軍官、聯(lián)合國非洲法語區(qū)維和教官、聯(lián)合國維和行動規(guī)劃管理等各類國際培訓(xùn)班20余期。積極邀請聯(lián)合國專家和有關(guān)國家資深教官來華授課交流，強(qiáng)化維和部隊(duì)和維和軍事專業(yè)人員部署前培訓(xùn)。先后派維和教官赴澳大利亞、德國、荷蘭、瑞士、泰國、越南等國維和培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)施訓(xùn)，派出100多名軍官參加聯(lián)合國及各出兵國舉辦的維和培訓(xùn)或觀摩。
China's armed forces established a specialized peacekeeping training institution in June 2009. Since then, the PLA has run over 20 international training programs for UN peacekeepers, including the UN Military Observers Course, the UN Staff Officers Course, the UN Peacekeeping Training of Trainers Course for Francophone Countries, and the UN Senior National Planners Course. The PLA has also invited UN experts and senior instructors from other countries for pre-deployment training of Chinese peacekeeping troops and military professionals, and sent instructors to assist peacekeeping training in countries including Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Thailand, and Vietnam. More than 100 PLA officers have attended courses or observed exercises hosted by the UN or other TCCs.