三、種族歧視惡化少數(shù)族裔處境
III. Ethnic minorities devastated by racial discrimination

在美國(guó)，種族主義是全面性、系統(tǒng)性、持續(xù)性的存在。美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)奧巴馬對(duì)這一現(xiàn)狀無奈地表示：“因種族而被區(qū)別對(duì)待是數(shù)百萬(wàn)美國(guó)人悲劇性的、痛苦的、憤怒的‘常態(tài)’?！?020年6月，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員米歇爾·巴切萊特連發(fā)兩條媒體聲明，強(qiáng)調(diào)非洲裔男子弗洛伊德死亡引發(fā)的抗議活動(dòng)不僅凸顯了美國(guó)警察對(duì)有色人種的暴力執(zhí)法問題，也凸顯了美國(guó)在衛(wèi)生、教育、就業(yè)等方面的不平等和種族歧視問題。如果美國(guó)想要結(jié)束種族主義和暴力的悲慘歷史，就必須予以傾聽和解決。6月17日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第43次會(huì)議召開種族主義問題緊急辯論，這是人權(quán)理事會(huì)歷史上首次就美國(guó)人權(quán)問題召開緊急會(huì)議。11月9日，美國(guó)在接受聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第三輪國(guó)別人權(quán)審查時(shí)，因種族歧視問題遭致國(guó)際社會(huì)嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)。聯(lián)合國(guó)消除種族歧視委員會(huì)等機(jī)構(gòu)指出，美國(guó)的種族主義令人震驚，白人種族主義者、新納粹分子和三K黨成員公然使用種族主義的標(biāo)語(yǔ)、口號(hào)，宣揚(yáng)白人至上，煽動(dòng)種族歧視和仇恨；政治人物越來越多地使用分裂性語(yǔ)言，試圖將種族、族裔和宗教少數(shù)群體邊緣化，等同于煽動(dòng)和助長(zhǎng)暴力、不容忍和偏執(zhí)。聯(lián)合國(guó)當(dāng)代形式種族主義問題特別報(bào)告員滕達(dá)伊·阿丘梅認(rèn)為，對(duì)于非洲裔美國(guó)人來說，美國(guó)的法律體系已經(jīng)無法解決種族不公與歧視。
In the United States, racism exists in a comprehensive, systematic and continuous manner. Former U.S. President Barack Obama said helplessly that “for millions of Americans, being treated differently on account of race is tragically, painfully, maddeningly ‘normal’.” In June 2020, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet made two consecutive media statements, emphasizing that the protests triggered by the death of George Floyd, an African American, highlighted not only the issue of police brutality against people of color, but also inequality and racial discrimination in health, education, and employment in the United States. The grievances need to be heard and addressed if the country is to move on from its tragic history of racism and violence. On June 17, 2020, the 43rd session of the UN Human Rights Council held an urgent debate on racism. This was the first time in the history of the Human Rights Council that an urgent meeting on the human rights issues of the United States was held. On Nov. 9, 2020, the United States was severely criticized by the international community for racial discrimination when it was in the third cycle of Universal Periodic Review by the United Nations Human Rights Council. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination of the United Nations and other institutions pointed out that racism in the United States is horrific. The white nationalists, neo-Nazis, and the Ku Klux Klan overtly use racist slogans, chants and salutes to promote white supremacy and incite racial discrimination and hatred. Political figures increasingly use divisive language in attempts to marginalize racial, ethnic and religious minorities, which amounts to inciting and fueling violence, intolerance and bigotry. Tendayi Achiume, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, believes that for black people in the United States, the domestic legal system has utterly failed to acknowledge and confront the racial injustice and discrimination that are so deeply entrenched in law enforcement.

印第安人權(quán)利遭受侵犯。美國(guó)政府在歷史上對(duì)印第安人進(jìn)行過系統(tǒng)性種族清洗和大屠殺，犯下罄竹難書的反人類罪和種族滅絕罪行，美國(guó)印第安人今天仍然過著二等公民般的生活，權(quán)利飽受踐踏。美國(guó)許多低收入社區(qū)中的印第安人等土著人遭受核廢料等有毒環(huán)境影響，罹患癌癥、心臟病的比率非常高。很多土著人生活在危險(xiǎn)廢物處置場(chǎng)附近，出生缺陷率畸高。2020年8月5日，聯(lián)合國(guó)危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)及廢料的無害環(huán)境管理和處置對(duì)人權(quán)的影響問題特別報(bào)告員根據(jù)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第36/15號(hào)決議發(fā)布的報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)土著人面臨采掘業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)和制造業(yè)釋放或產(chǎn)生的有毒污染物，包括遭受核廢料放射性影響，并且采礦廢物造成的土壤和鉛塵污染對(duì)其健康造成的影響遠(yuǎn)超其他群體。聯(lián)合國(guó)宗教或信仰自由問題特別報(bào)告員根據(jù)聯(lián)大74/145號(hào)決議編寫的報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)政府未經(jīng)土著群體同意，或違反其傳統(tǒng)土地所有權(quán)和集體土地所有權(quán)，將印第安“立巖”蘇族部落等的土地開放接受投資。聯(lián)合國(guó)適當(dāng)生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)問題特別報(bào)告員根據(jù)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第43/14號(hào)決議編寫的報(bào)告指出，少數(shù)群體和土著人受新冠肺炎疫情的影響最具破壞性，美國(guó)土著人的住院率是非拉美裔白人的5倍，死亡率也遠(yuǎn)超白人。
Rights of the American Indians were violated. The United States has carried out systematic ethnic cleansing and massacres of Indians in history, and committed countless crimes against humanity and genocides. American Indians still live a life like a second-class citizen and their rights have been trampled over. Many indigenous peoples, such as the American Indians, who live in low-income communities in the United States, suffer from higher rates of cancer and heart diseases from toxic radioactive environments. Many indigenous people live near hazardous waste disposal sites and have an abnormally high rate of birth defects. On Aug. 5, 2020, the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 36/15, decried the situation of indigenous peoples in the United States. They are exposed to toxic pollutants, including nuclear waste, released or produced by extractive industries, agriculture and manufacturing. The soil and lead dust pollution from mining waste poses a more significant health threat for indigenous peoples in the United States than other groups. The report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief in accordance with General Assembly resolution 74/145 found out that the United States had opened up the lands of indigenous communities, including the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, to investment without the communities’ consent or in contravention of their customary and collective land ownership. The report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, released in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 43/14, said that some of the most devastating effects of COVID-19 had been felt by racial and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples. The hospitalization rate of Native Americans was five times that of non-Hispanic white Americans. The death rate of Native Americans also far exceeded that of white Americans.

對(duì)亞裔群體的欺凌加劇。疫情暴發(fā)以來，亞裔美國(guó)人在公共場(chǎng)合遭受羞辱甚至攻擊的事件比比皆是，一些美國(guó)政客對(duì)此更是有意誤導(dǎo)?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年4月16日指出，“新冠病毒肆虐期間，在美國(guó)身為亞裔是一種非常孤獨(dú)的感覺”。全國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站2020年9月17日?qǐng)?bào)道，一項(xiàng)針對(duì)美國(guó)亞裔年輕人的調(diào)查顯示，在過去一年中，四分之一的美國(guó)亞裔年輕人成為種族欺凌目標(biāo)；在時(shí)任美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人種族主義言論的推波助瀾下，近一半受訪者對(duì)自身所處境遇表示悲觀，四分之一的受訪者對(duì)自己及家人所處的境遇表示恐懼。聯(lián)合國(guó)當(dāng)代形式種族主義問題特別報(bào)告員滕達(dá)伊·阿丘梅2020年3月23日和4月21日先后指出，有關(guān)國(guó)家政客主動(dòng)發(fā)表公開或暗示性的仇外言論，使用別有用心的名稱來替代新冠肺炎病毒，這種把特定疾病與某個(gè)具體國(guó)家或民族相聯(lián)系的仇外表達(dá)不負(fù)責(zé)任、令人不安。美國(guó)政府官員公然煽動(dòng)、引導(dǎo)和縱容種族歧視，無異于對(duì)現(xiàn)代人權(quán)觀念的悍然羞辱。
Bullying against Asian Americans escalated. Since the pandemic began, the incidents of Asian Americans being humiliated and even assaulted in public have been found everywhere, and some American politicians have misled the public on purpose. “It’s very lonely to be Asians in the United States during the raging pandemic,” said a report published on the website of the New York Times on April 16, 2020. A survey of young Asian Americans showed that in the past year, a quarter of young Asian Americans became targets of racial bullying; fueled by the racist remarks of the then American leader, nearly half of the respondents expressed pessimism about their situation, and a quarter of the respondents expressed fear about the situation of themselves and their families, according to a report published on the website of the National Broadcasting Corporation on Sept. 17, 2020. Tendayi Achiume, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, said on March 23 and April 21, 2020, that politicians of relevant countries took the initiative to make open or suggestive xenophobic remarks, adopting alternative names with ulterior motives for the novel coronavirus. Their remarks that associated a specific disease with a specific country or ethnicity were irresponsible and disturbing, according to the Special Rapporteur. U.S. government officials openly incited, induced, and condoned racial discrimination, which was tantamount to humiliating modern human rights concepts.

仇恨犯罪居高不下凸顯種族關(guān)系惡化。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2020年發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，在2019年執(zhí)法部門報(bào)告的8302起單一偏見引起的仇恨犯罪案件中，57.6%涉及種族族裔身份，其中高達(dá)48.4%是針對(duì)非洲裔，15.8%是針對(duì)白人，14.1%是針對(duì)拉美裔，4.3%是針對(duì)亞裔。在種族仇恨犯罪案件的4930名受害者中，非洲裔多達(dá)2391人?！督袢彰绹?guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年5月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，一些美國(guó)人將疫情的暴發(fā)歸咎于亞裔，對(duì)亞裔的歧視、騷擾和仇恨犯罪事件越來越多。民權(quán)組織“停止仇恨亞裔美國(guó)人與太平洋島居民”的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2020年前7個(gè)月，美國(guó)共發(fā)生2300余起針對(duì)亞裔的仇恨犯罪。
The high level of hate crimes highlighted the deterioration of race relations. An FBI report released in 2020 showed that 57.6 percent of the 8,302 single-bias hate crime offenses reported by law enforcement agencies in 2019 were motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry. Of these offenses, 48.4 percent were motivated by anti-black or African American bias; 15.8 percent stemmed from anti-white bias; 14.1 percent were classified as anti-Hispanic or Latino bias; 4.3 percent resulted from anti-Asian bias. Among the 4,930 victims of racial hate crimes, as many as 2,391 were of African descent. Some Americans blamed the outbreak of the pandemic on Asian Americans, and there had been an increase in the number of hate crimes and incidents of harassment and discrimination against Asian Americans, according to a report published on the website of USA Today on May 20. Statistics from the civil rights organization Stop AAPI Hate showed there were over 2,300 anti-Asian hate crimes in the U.S. during the first seven months of 2020.

警察暴力執(zhí)法導(dǎo)致非洲裔死亡案件頻發(fā)。2020年3月13日，26歲的非洲裔女子布倫娜·泰勒在自己家中被警察射中8槍致死。2020年5月25日，46歲的非洲裔男子喬治·弗洛伊德被白人警察當(dāng)街殘忍“跪殺”。2020年8月23日，29歲的非洲裔男子雅各布·布萊克在打開車門要上車時(shí)被警察從背后連開7槍導(dǎo)致重傷，事發(fā)時(shí)布萊克3個(gè)年幼的孩子就在車上目睹了這一恐怖經(jīng)過。“警察暴力地圖”網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2020年美國(guó)警察共槍殺1127人，其中只有18天沒有殺人。非洲裔只占美國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?3%，卻占被警察槍殺人數(shù)的28%，非洲裔被警察殺死的概率是白人的3倍。2013年至2020年，約98%的涉案警察未被指控犯罪，被定罪的警察更是少之又少。
Unchecked police violence led to frequent deaths of African Americans. On March 13, 2020, Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American woman, was shot eight times and killed by police in her own home. On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American was killed after a white policeman kneeled on his neck in the street. On Aug. 23, 2020, Jacob Blake, a 29-year-old African American, was severely injured after police officers shot him seven times in the back when Blake was getting into a car. At the time, Blake’s three kids were in the car, witnessing the horrible act. American police shot and killed a total of 1,127 people in 2020, with no killing reported in just 18 days, according to Mapping Police Violence. African Americans made up 13 percent of the U.S. population, but accounted for 28 percent of the people killed by the police. African Americans were approximately three times more likely than white people to be killed by police. From 2013 to 2020, about 98 percent of the police involved in shooting cases were not charged with a crime, and the number of convicted was even smaller.

有色人種受疫情危害更大。2020年8月21日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)非洲人后裔問題專家工作組向人權(quán)理事會(huì)第45次會(huì)議提交報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)新冠肺炎病毒的感染率和死亡率體現(xiàn)了明顯的種族差異，非洲裔的感染率、住院率和死亡率分別是白人的3倍、5倍和2倍。英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年5月15日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，“沒有什么比這場(chǎng)疫情下的生與死更能體現(xiàn)美國(guó)的膚色差異了”。美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心2020年8月7日發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，疫情中的種族差異擴(kuò)大到了兒童。拉美裔兒童因新冠肺炎住院的比率是白人兒童的9倍，非洲裔兒童住院的比率是白人兒童的6倍。（注10）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年7月10日?qǐng)?bào)道，洛杉磯公共衛(wèi)生總監(jiān)芭芭拉·費(fèi)雷爾指出，病毒對(duì)非洲裔和拉美裔居民造成的嚴(yán)重影響，根源在于“種族主義和歧視對(duì)獲得健康所需資源和機(jī)會(huì)的影響”?！督袢彰绹?guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年10月22日評(píng)論指出，有色人種死于疫情的人數(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于白人，可歸因于不平等的教育與經(jīng)濟(jì)體系導(dǎo)致有色人種得不到高薪工作，住房歧視導(dǎo)致有色人種居住密集，以及以犧牲窮人為代價(jià)的環(huán)境政策等。在新冠肺炎死亡率最高的10個(gè)縣中，有7個(gè)縣是有色人種人口占大多數(shù)；在死亡率最高的前50個(gè)縣中，有31個(gè)縣的居住者主要是有色人種。
People of color were more harmed by the epidemic. The infection rate and death rate of COVID-19 in the United States showed significant racial differences, with the infection rate, hospitalization rate and death rate of African Americans being three times, five times and twice that of white people respectively, according to a report delivered by the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent to the UN Human Rights Council on Aug. 21, 2020. “Nothing brings into sharper relief America’s color disparities than life and death in the Great Lockdown,” said a report published on the website of the Financial Times on May 15, 2020. Racial disparities in the epidemic extend to children, according to a report released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Aug. 7, 2020. Latino and black children were hospitalized with COVID-19 at a rate nine times and six times that of white kids, respectively. Barbara Ferrer, director of public health for Los Angeles County, said the disproportionate impact of the coronavirus on black and Latino residents is rooted in the impact of racism and discrimination on the access to the resources and opportunities that are needed to good health, according to the website of the Los Angeles Times on July 10, 2020. COVID-19 kills far more people of color than white Americans, which could be attributed to America’s unequal education and economic systems that disproportionately leave people of color out of higher-wage jobs, discrimination in housing that corralled people of color into tightly packed neighborhoods, and environmental policies designed by white power brokers at the expense of the poor, an article by USA Today said. Of the 10 U.S. counties with the highest death rates from COVID-19, seven have populations where people of color make up the majority, according to data compiled by USA Today. Of the top 50 counties with the highest death rates, 31 are populated mostly by people of color.

有色人種面臨更嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)威脅。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年4月28日評(píng)論稱，“最后被雇傭，最先被解雇”是非洲裔美國(guó)人最無奈的現(xiàn)實(shí)。美國(guó)勞工部2020年5月8日發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，4月份非洲裔和拉美裔的失業(yè)率分別飆升至16.7%和18.9%，創(chuàng)歷史最高紀(jì)錄。（注11）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年6月4日?qǐng)?bào)道，經(jīng)過嚴(yán)重疫情后，只有不到一半的非洲裔美國(guó)成年人還擁有工作。美國(guó)勞工部2020年9月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，非洲裔的失業(yè)率比白人高出近一倍。（注12）《基督教科學(xué)箴言報(bào)》2020年7月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者呼吁美國(guó)勞工在20多個(gè)城市罷工，以抗議在疫情期間加劇的系統(tǒng)性種族主義和經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等。
People of color faced an even greater threat of unemployment. The Guardian commented in an article on April 28, 2020 that the “l(fā)ast hired, first fired” phenomenon was the most frustrating reality for African Americans. A report released by the U.S. Department of Labor on May 8, 2020 revealed the unemployment rate of African Americans and Latinos soared to 16.7 percent and 18.9 percent respectively in April, both the highest on record. The Washington Post reported on June 4, 2020 that after the Great Lockdown in spring, fewer than half of all black adults had a job. Figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor in September showed the jobless rate for the black people almost doubled that for the white. The Christian Science Monitor reported on July 20, 2020 that trade union leaders called for a national workers strike in more than two dozen U.S. cities to protest systemic racism and economic inequality that had only worsened during the novel coronavirus pandemic.

執(zhí)法司法領(lǐng)域存在系統(tǒng)性種族歧視。《信使》雜志網(wǎng)2020年12月17日?qǐng)?bào)道，在路易斯維爾市，盡管非洲裔美國(guó)人僅占當(dāng)?shù)伛{齡人口的20%，且在搜查中發(fā)現(xiàn)違禁品的比率遠(yuǎn)低于白人，但警察對(duì)于非洲裔的搜查卻占搜查總次數(shù)的57%，近3年內(nèi)被逮捕者中有43.5%是非洲裔。英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站2020年6月1日?qǐng)?bào)道，盡管非洲裔僅占美國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?3%，卻占監(jiān)獄囚犯總數(shù)的三分之一，這意味著每10萬(wàn)名非洲裔中就有1000多人被監(jiān)禁。美國(guó)全國(guó)州議會(huì)會(huì)議網(wǎng)站2020年7月15日發(fā)布的研究顯示，有色人種在美國(guó)18歲以下未成年人中的比例約為三分之一，卻占被監(jiān)禁未成年人總數(shù)的三分之二。艾奧瓦公共廣播新聞網(wǎng)2020年12月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，在艾奧瓦州的監(jiān)獄中，非洲裔的監(jiān)禁率是白人的11倍。即使犯同一罪行，非洲裔也更可能被判更長(zhǎng)的刑期?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》2020年9月15日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦司法系統(tǒng)死刑適用中也存在著種族偏見，殺害非洲裔比殺害白人面臨死刑的可能性更低。當(dāng)受害者是白人時(shí)，重罰有色人種犯罪嫌疑人的傾向更為明顯?！洞骶S斯先鋒報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年12月4日?qǐng)?bào)道，自1976年以來，有色人種在美國(guó)的死刑執(zhí)行中占比高達(dá)43%，目前等待執(zhí)行的被告人中55%是有色人種。《邁阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年12月18日發(fā)表評(píng)論認(rèn)為：“在我們的國(guó)家，刑事司法制度是由你的錢包和膚色來決定的?！?br>Systemic racial discrimination existed in law enforcement and justice. The Courier Journal reported on its website on Dec. 17, 2020 that although black people make up about 20 percent of Louisville’s driving-age population, they accounted for 57 percent of police searches, even though the police were far more likely to find contraband in searches of white people than black people. In the past three years, black people made up 43.5 percent of arrests by the Louisville Metro Police Department. African Americans made up around 13 percent of the U.S. population, but represented almost a third of the country’s prison population, which meant that there were more than 1,000 African-American prisoners for every 100,000 African American population. People of color constitute approximately one-third of the U.S. population under 18, but two-thirds of incarcerated minors, according to a report by the National Conference of State Legislatures on July 15, 2020. Iowa Public Radio News reported on Dec. 18, 2020 that in Iowa’s prisons, black Iowans were imprisoned at a rate 11 times that of white Iowans. Black people were probably sentenced to a longer jail term for the same offense. The Los Angeles Times reported on Sept. 15, 2020 that black people have been over-represented on death rows across the United States and killers of black people are less likely to face the death penalty than people who kill white people. Davis Vanguard reported on Dec. 4, 2020 that people of color account for a disproportionate 43 percent of executions in the U.S. since 1976, and 55 percent of defendants currently awaiting execution are people of color. “We live in a country where our criminal justice system is defined by the size of your wallet and the color of your skin,” said an article published by the Miami Herald on Dec. 18, 2020.

職場(chǎng)中的種族歧視根深蒂固。哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)2020年10月7日?qǐng)?bào)道，對(duì)20多名現(xiàn)任和前任非洲裔美國(guó)特工的采訪中，受訪者都稱聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的職場(chǎng)文化對(duì)少數(shù)族裔缺乏包容性。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的10個(gè)最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位目前全部由白人擔(dān)任。全球13000名聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局特工中，非洲裔僅占4%，非洲裔婦女僅占1%，這一比例幾十年來幾乎沒有變化。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局在業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)中不成比例地淘汰非洲裔申請(qǐng)者。該機(jī)構(gòu)非洲裔事務(wù)多元化委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)人杰克遜表示，這是一種系統(tǒng)性的種族主義?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年7月2日?qǐng)?bào)道，臉書公司被指控在雇用、補(bǔ)償和晉升方面存在對(duì)非洲裔的系統(tǒng)性歧視。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2019年在美國(guó)擔(dān)任該公司技術(shù)職務(wù)的員工中只有1.5%是非洲裔，高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層中只有3.1%是非洲裔。過去5年，該公司的雇員增長(zhǎng)了400%，但上述比例卻幾乎沒有任何改變。
Workplace racial discrimination was deeply rooted. According to a CBS News report on Oct. 7, 2020, over 20 current and former black agents interviewed all described some sort of racial discrimination while in the FBI. Of the top 10 leadership positions in the FBI, all are currently held by white men. Currently, only 4 percent of the 13,000 FBI agents around the world are black, and black women only account for 1 percent, a number that has stayed virtually the same for decades. There were long-standing problems at the FBI such as the disproportionate weeding out of black applicants during the training process. As head of the FBI’s Black Affairs Diversity Committee, Eric Jackson called it “institutionalized racism.” According to a report by the Los Angeles Times on July 2, 2020, Facebook Inc. was accused of systemic discrimination in hiring, compensation and promotion of black people. Facebook’s own figures showed just 1.5 percent of employees in technical roles in the U.S. were black in 2019, and 3.1 percent were black among senior leadership. Those percentages have barely budged even as the company’s employees grew by 400 percent over the past five years.

對(duì)少數(shù)族裔的社會(huì)歧視廣泛存在?！度A爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》和美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司2020年7月9日進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)聯(lián)合民意調(diào)查顯示，56%的美國(guó)選民認(rèn)為美國(guó)社會(huì)是種族主義社會(huì)，非洲裔和拉美裔受到歧視?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年7月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，弗洛伊德事件發(fā)生后，更多的白人也認(rèn)為美國(guó)種族歧視問題嚴(yán)重。調(diào)查顯示，白人受訪者認(rèn)為非洲裔經(jīng)常受到歧視的可能性從2月的22%上升到7月的40%，認(rèn)為拉美裔經(jīng)常受到歧視的可能性從22%上升到32%，認(rèn)為亞裔經(jīng)常受到歧視的可能性從7%上升到20%。
Social discrimination against ethnic minorities was widespread. A poll conducted by the Wall Street Journal and NBC News on July 9, 2020 found that 56 percent of the U.S. voters believe American society is racist and blacks and Hispanics are discriminated against. The Los Angeles Times reported on July 14, 2020 that after the death of George Floyd, more white Americans recognized the serious racial discrimination in the United States. A July 2020 survey showed that compared with February, white respondents are 18 percentage points more likely to believe black Americans are discriminated against frequently (from 22 percent to 40 percent), 10 percentage points more likely to believe Latinos are discriminated against frequently (from 22 percent to 32 percent), and 13 percentage points more likely to believe Asians are discriminated against frequently (from 7 percent to 20 percent).

種族間的不平等進(jìn)一步加劇。芝加哥大學(xué)和圣母大學(xué)的研究顯示，2020年6月至11月，美國(guó)的貧困率上升了2.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，而非洲裔的貧困率上升了3.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。（注13）數(shù)據(jù)顯示，白人家庭的財(cái)富中位數(shù)是非洲裔的42倍，是拉美裔的23倍。美聯(lián)社2020年10月13日?qǐng)?bào)道，美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2019年只有33.5%的非洲裔家庭持有股票，遠(yuǎn)低于61%的白人家庭股票持有率?！督袢彰绹?guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年10月23日?qǐng)?bào)道，2020年第一季度，美國(guó)白人家庭的住房擁有率為73.7%，而非洲裔家庭的住房擁有率卻只有44%?！度A盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年6月4日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，非洲裔美國(guó)人的生活處境極為艱難，超過五分之一的非洲裔家庭面臨食物匱乏，這一比例超過白人家庭3倍之多。美國(guó)廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站2020年10月11日?qǐng)?bào)道，2019年有15.7%的拉美裔生活在貧困之中，是白人的2倍多。
Inequality between races worsened. According to researchers from the University of Chicago and University of Notre Dame, the U.S. poverty rate jumped by 2.4 percentage points from June to November 2020, while the poverty rate among black Americans went up by 3.1 percentage points. Statistics showed the median white household has 41 times more wealth (measured as the sum of assets held by a family minus total household debt) than the median black family and 22 times more than the median Latino family. Citing data released by the Federal Reserve, the Associated Press reported on Oct. 13, 2020 that only 33.5 percent of black households owned stocks in 2019, compared with 61 percent for white households. USA Today reported on Oct. 23, 2020 that in the first quarter of 2020, the national homeownership rate for white households was 73.7 percent, but only 44 percent of black households owned a home. The Washington Post reported on June 4, 2020 that more than one in five black families now report they often or sometimes do not have enough food -- more than three times the rate for white families. ABC News reported on Oct. 11, 2020 that 15.7 percent of Latinos lived in poverty in 2019, a percentage more than double that of the white people.