六、踐踏國際規(guī)則造成人道災(zāi)難
VI. Trampling on International Rules Results in Humanitarian Disasters

在抗疫需要全球團(tuán)結(jié)的時(shí)刻，美國卻執(zhí)意奉行本國優(yōu)先，推行孤立主義、單邊主義，揮舞制裁大棒，霸凌威脅國際機(jī)構(gòu)，殘酷對(duì)待尋求庇護(hù)者，成為全球安全與穩(wěn)定的最大麻煩制造者。
At a time when global unity is needed to fight the pandemic, the United States, however, persists in pursuing an agenda of “America first,” isolationism, and unilateralism, imposing sanctions wantonly, bullying and threatening international organizations, and treating asylum seekers cruelly, thus becoming the biggest troublemaker to global security and stability.

悍然退出世界衛(wèi)生組織。美國特朗普政府為推卸自身抗疫不力的責(zé)任，挖空心思羅織各種不實(shí)指責(zé)，極力將世界衛(wèi)生組織打造成“替罪羊”。2020年4月14日，美國政府宣布暫停向世界衛(wèi)生組織繳納會(huì)費(fèi)，遭到國際社會(huì)一致譴責(zé)。聯(lián)合國秘書長古特雷斯4月14日發(fā)表聲明稱，全球正在抗擊新冠肺炎疫情，削減世衛(wèi)組織或任何其他人道主義組織所需資金不合時(shí)宜。美國醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)主席帕特里斯·哈里斯4月15日發(fā)表聲明說，美國在這一關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻暫停向世衛(wèi)組織提供資金支持，是在錯(cuò)誤方向上邁出的危險(xiǎn)一步。英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站4月15日發(fā)表評(píng)論稱，在世界迫切需要共同戰(zhàn)勝這場全球從未經(jīng)歷過的威脅時(shí)，美國政府停繳世衛(wèi)組織會(huì)費(fèi)是一種缺乏道德和破壞國際秩序的行為，是“對(duì)全球團(tuán)結(jié)的駭人背叛”。2020年7月，美國政府不顧國際社會(huì)反對(duì)，悍然宣布退出世界衛(wèi)生組織。
The United States withdrew from WHO. In order to shirk its responsibility for its disastrous anti-pandemic measures, the Trump administration tried every means to scapegoat the World Health Organization (WHO) by fabricating false charges against the organization. On April 14, 2020, the U.S. government announced its suspension of paying dues to the WHO, which was widely criticized by the international community. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres issued a statement on April 14, 2020, saying that when the world was fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, it was inappropriate to reduce the resources required by the WHO or any other humanitarian organization for operations. President of the American Medical Association, Patrice Harris, stated on April 15, 2020 that combating the pandemic required international cooperation and halting funding to the WHO at this critical moment was a dangerous step in the wrong direction. On April 15, 2020, an online article of the Guardian commented that when the world desperately needed to jointly overcome this threat that the world had never experienced before, the suspension of the WHO dues by the U.S. government was an act that lacked morality and disrupted the international order, and was a horrible betrayal to global solidarity. In July 2020, the U.S. government brazenly announced its withdrawal from the WHO despite the opposition of the international community.

背信棄義退出《巴黎協(xié)定》。美國是全球累積排放溫室氣體最多的國家，按照共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任原則，本應(yīng)承擔(dān)最大的減排責(zé)任，卻肆意妄為大開歷史倒車，于2020年11月4日正式退出《巴黎協(xié)定》，是近200個(gè)締約方中唯一一個(gè)退出該協(xié)定的國家。國際社會(huì)普遍認(rèn)為，美國此舉在政治上是短視的，在科學(xué)上是錯(cuò)誤的，在道德上是不負(fù)責(zé)任的。聯(lián)合國全球變暖科學(xué)報(bào)告的作者之一、康奈爾大學(xué)氣候科學(xué)家娜塔莉·馬霍瓦爾德指出：“美國退出《巴黎協(xié)定》將會(huì)削弱全球減排努力，從而使更多的人因氣候變化陷入生死存亡的險(xiǎn)境?！保ㄗ?1）
The United States walked away from its commitments to and withdrew from the Paris Agreement. The United States, as the largest cumulative emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, should bear the greatest share of emission reduction based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. However, the United States ran counter to the trend of the times and officially withdrew from the Paris Agreement on Nov. 4, 2020, becoming the only country among the nearly 200 contracting parties to quit the treaty. The international community generally believed that the U.S. move was politically short-sighted, unscientific, and morally irresponsible. “Having the U.S. pull out of Paris is likely to reduce efforts to mitigate, and therefore increase the number of people who are put into a life-or-death situation because of the impacts of climate change,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a coauthor of UN science reports on global warming.

霸凌行徑威脅國際機(jī)構(gòu)。2020年6月11日，美國政府對(duì)國際刑事法院的工作人員及其家屬實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁和入境限制，只因他們堅(jiān)持調(diào)查美國軍隊(duì)和情報(bào)官員在阿富汗和其他地方可能犯下的戰(zhàn)爭罪。聯(lián)合國新聞網(wǎng)站2020年6月25日刊文稱，美國此舉是對(duì)國際法和國際道義的“直接攻擊”。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會(huì)2020年6月19日通過決議，強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)美國非洲裔男子喬治·弗洛伊德遭警察暴力執(zhí)法致死事件。法新社援引人權(quán)組織的話稱，因美國“強(qiáng)力游說”施壓，決議最終版刪除了點(diǎn)名美國種族問題和警察暴力的內(nèi)容，未啟動(dòng)對(duì)美國進(jìn)行更深入的調(diào)查。美國公民自由聯(lián)盟批評(píng)稱，美國通過霸凌其他國家，使決議內(nèi)容大打折扣，并且再次逃脫國際調(diào)查，又一次站在了非洲裔和警察暴力受害者的對(duì)立面。
Bullying actions threatened international organizations. On June 11, 2020, the U.S. government authorized economic sanctions and travel restrictions against workers of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and their family members for investigating American troops and intelligence officials for possible war crimes in Afghanistan and elsewhere. The U.S. sanctions targeting ICC staff were “a direct attack on the institution’s judicial independence,” according to an article on the website of UN NEWS on June 25, 2020. On June 19, 2020, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted a resolution strongly condemning police brutality that led to the death of African American George Floyd. Citing remarks from human rights groups, the AFP said that the final version of the resolution removed the call for further investigations and stripped away any mention of the racism and police brutality in the United States due to “hard lobbying.” By bullying other countries, the United States watered down the text of the resolution, escaped from international probes for another time, and ran counter to the African descent in the United States and victims of police violence, said the American Civil Liberties Union.

單邊制裁加重人道危機(jī)。在疫情全球蔓延、關(guān)乎人類生命與健康福祉的重要時(shí)刻，各國應(yīng)團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作以應(yīng)對(duì)疫情，維護(hù)全球公共衛(wèi)生安全。美國政府卻在疫情期間依然對(duì)伊朗、古巴、委內(nèi)瑞拉、敘利亞等國實(shí)施單邊制裁，導(dǎo)致被制裁國家難以及時(shí)獲得抗擊疫情需要的醫(yī)療物資。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員米歇爾·巴切萊特2020年3月24日表示，制裁會(huì)阻礙抗疫醫(yī)療合作，給所有人增加風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；無論是出于維護(hù)全球公共衛(wèi)生安全，還是為了維護(hù)被制裁國家數(shù)百萬人的權(quán)利和生活，都應(yīng)放松或暫停特殊領(lǐng)域的制裁。英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年4月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，來自多個(gè)國家的24名高級(jí)外交官聯(lián)合敦促美國政府放寬對(duì)伊朗的醫(yī)療和人道主義制裁，稱此舉“有可能挽救數(shù)十萬普通伊朗人的生命”。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)專家2020年4月30日稱，美國對(duì)古巴的封鎖和對(duì)其他國家的制裁嚴(yán)重破壞了遏制疫情和拯救生命的國際合作，呼吁美國執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國決議，解除對(duì)古巴的經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融封鎖，不再阻礙古巴融資購買藥品、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、食品和其他必需品。（注22）聯(lián)合國極端貧困與人權(quán)問題特別報(bào)告員、安全飲用水和衛(wèi)生問題特別報(bào)告員、教育權(quán)問題特別報(bào)告員2020年5月6日發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，指出美國對(duì)委內(nèi)瑞拉的制裁正對(duì)該國民眾的人權(quán)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響，敦促美國在疫情肆虐情形下立即解除加劇該國民眾苦難的制裁。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)問題特別報(bào)告員阿萊娜·多漢2020年12月29日呼吁美國取消對(duì)敘利亞的單方面制裁，稱在新冠肺炎疫情肆虐的背景下，制裁將加劇敘利亞本已嚴(yán)峻的人道主義危機(jī)，威脅到敘利亞全體民眾的生命權(quán)、健康權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)。
Unilateral sanctions aggravated humanitarian crisis. At a critical time when COVID-19 spread globally and endangered human life, health, and wellbeing, all countries should work together to respond to the pandemic and maintain global public health security. However, during this pandemic, the U.S. government still imposed unilateral sanctions on countries such as Iran, Cuba, Venezuela, and Syria, which made it difficult for the sanctioned countries to obtain needed anti-pandemic medical supplies in a timely manner. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said on March 24, 2020, that in the case of a global pandemic, sanctions would hinder medical work and increase risks for everyone. She argued that to maintain global public health security and protect the rights and lives of millions of people in sanctioned countries, sanctions should be relaxed or suspended in certain sectors. A group of 24 senior diplomats from various countries urged the U.S. government to ease medical and humanitarian sanctions on Iran, noting that such move “could potentially save the lives of hundreds of thousands of ordinary Iranians,” according to a report on the website of the Guardian on April 6, 2020. On April 30, 2020, UN human rights experts said that the U.S. embargo on Cuba and sanctions on other countries seriously undermined international cooperation to curb the pandemic and save lives. The experts called on the United States to implement UN resolutions, lift its economic and financial embargo on Cuba and withdraw measures that prevent Cuba from financing the purchase of medicine, medical equipment, food and other essential goods. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, the Special Rapporteur on human rights for safe drinking water and sanitation, and the Special Rapporteur on the right to education issued a joint statement on May 6, 2020, saying that the U.S. sanctions on Venezuela were seriously harming the human rights of the people in the country. They urged the United States to immediately lift sanctions that exacerbated the suffering of the people when the pandemic raged in the country. On Dec. 29, 2020, Alena Douhan, United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights, called on the United States to remove unilateral sanctions against Syria, noting that the sanctions would exacerbate the already dire humanitarian crisis in Syria and run roughshod over the Syrian people’s rights to live, health, and development.

殘酷對(duì)待尋求庇護(hù)者。美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2020年9月30日?qǐng)?bào)道，2020財(cái)年共有21人在美國移民拘留所中死亡，是2019財(cái)年死亡人數(shù)的2倍多，創(chuàng)2005年以來死亡人數(shù)最高值?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年10月30日?qǐng)?bào)道，大量移民兒童長期被羈押。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，近幾年被美國政府拘留的266000名移民兒童中，有25000多人被拘留超過100天，近1000人在難民收容所中度過了一年多時(shí)間，多人被拘留超過5年。根據(jù)多家美國媒體報(bào)道，數(shù)十名來自拉美和加勒比海國家的女性移民向美國佐治亞州法院提起集體訴訟，指控美國移民和海關(guān)執(zhí)法局拘留中心的醫(yī)生在沒有征得她們同意的情況下，為她們進(jìn)行了不必要的婦科手術(shù)，甚至強(qiáng)行摘除子宮，對(duì)其身心健康造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害。英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年10月22日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國移民官員對(duì)來美尋求庇護(hù)的喀麥隆公民實(shí)施威脅，迫使他們在驅(qū)逐令上簽字，拒絕簽字者遭受鎖喉、毆打、噴胡椒水等暴力，被戴上手銬強(qiáng)行在驅(qū)逐令上按下指紋，從而失去了獲得移民聽證的權(quán)利遭驅(qū)逐出境。
Asylum seekers were treated cruelly. According to a report of CNN on Sept. 30, 2020, in the 2020 fiscal year, 21 people died in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) custody, which was more than double the number of deaths in the fiscal year 2019 and marked the highest annual death toll since 2005. A report published on the website of the Los Angeles Times on Oct. 30, 2020 noted that a huge number of migrant children were stranded in custody for the long haul. Data showed that of the 266,000 migrant children held in government custody in recent years, over 25,000 had been detained for longer than 100 days, close to 1,000 migrant children had spent more than a year in refugee shelters, and some of them had spent more than five years in custody. As reported by multiple U.S. media outlets, dozens of women from Latin American and Caribbean states have filed a class action lawsuit in federal court in Georgia, claiming that they were subjected to unnecessary gynecological surgeries without their consent while in ICE custody, including uterus removal in some cases. They said these unwanted surgeries caused severe harm to their physical and mental health. The Guardian website reported on Oct. 22, 2020 that Cameroonian asylum seekers were threatened and forced to sign their own deportation orders. Those who refused to sign were choked, beaten, and pepper-sprayed, with some put in handcuffs to have their fingerprints forcibly taken in place of a signature on orders of removal, by which the asylum seekers waive their rights to further immigration hearings and accept deportation.

疫情期間繼續(xù)強(qiáng)制遣返移民。根據(jù)美國移民及海關(guān)執(zhí)法局的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，截至2021年1月14日，美國移民拘留機(jī)構(gòu)中共有8848人確診感染新冠肺炎病毒。（注23）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年11月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，2020年3月以來，美國政府不顧疫情傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，將至少8800名無人陪伴的非法移民兒童強(qiáng)制驅(qū)逐出境。聯(lián)合國兒童基金會(huì)稱，被美國強(qiáng)制遣返的墨西哥和中美洲的移民兒童正面臨危險(xiǎn)和歧視。
Forced deportation of immigrant children continued during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to data tallied by the ICE, as of Jan. 14, 2021, a total of 8,848 detainees had been confirmed as COVID-19 cases. According to a report on the website of the Los Angeles Times on Nov. 18, 2020, the U.S. government had expelled at least 8,800 unaccompanied immigrant children despite serious protection risks during the COVID-19 outbreak. According to UNICEF, migrant children who returned from the United States to Mexico and Central America were facing danger and discrimination.

赦免屠殺他國平民的戰(zhàn)爭罪犯。2020年12月30日，聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會(huì)雇傭軍問題工作組發(fā)表聲明，表示時(shí)任美國總統(tǒng)赦免在伊拉克犯下戰(zhàn)爭罪的4名黑水公司雇員違反了美國承擔(dān)的國際法義務(wù)，呼吁《日內(nèi)瓦公約》所有締約國共同譴責(zé)美國這一行徑。聲明表示，這4名黑水公司雇員2007年在伊拉克巴格達(dá)尼蘇爾廣場實(shí)施屠殺，造成14名手無寸鐵的平民死亡，至少17人受傷。工作組主席指出，美國赦免黑水公司雇員的行為對(duì)國際人道主義法和人權(quán)造成沖擊，是對(duì)正義和受害者及其家人的侮辱。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)高專辦發(fā)言人烏爾塔多表示，美國此舉會(huì)“加劇有罪不罰”，助長他人犯罪。
The United States pardoned criminals slaughtering civilians in other countries. On Dec. 30, 2020, the Working Group on the use of mercenaries, a mechanism of the United Nations Human Rights Council, issued a statement, saying that the then U.S. President’s pardon of four Blackwater contractors convicted of war crimes in Iraq violated U.S. obligations under international law. The statement called on all states to the Geneva Conventions to condemn the U.S. action. The four Blackwater contractors were found to have committed a massacre at Nisour Square in Baghdad in 2007, which left 14 unarmed civilians dead and at least 17 people wounded, according to the statement. Pardoning the Blackwater contractors was an affront to justice and the victims of the Nisour Square massacre and their families, said the Chair of the Working Group. Pardoning them “contributes to impunity and has the effect of emboldening others to commit such crimes in the future,” said Marta Hurtado, a spokesperson with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

（注1）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2020年10月23日。

（注2）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2020年12月18日。

（注3）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2020年5月20日。

（注4）沃克斯新聞網(wǎng)（https://www.vox.com），2020年8月11日。

（注5）美國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（https://abcnews.go.com），2020年6月28日。

（注6）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年11月28日。

（注7）美國全國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（https://www.nbcnews.com），2020年10月21日。

（注8）《華盛頓時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtontimes.com），2020年10月12日。

（注9）紐約大學(xué)布倫南司法中心網(wǎng)站（https://www.brennancenter.org），2020年11月20日。

（注10）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.latimes.com），2020年8月7日。

（注11）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年5月8日。

（注12）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年10月22日。

（注13）美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（https://edition.cnn.com），2020年12月18日。

（注14）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2020年10月27日。

（注15）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年5月31日。

（注16）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年7月16日。

（注17）美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（https://edition.cnn.com），2020年12月18日。

（注18）《今日美國報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2020年10月21日。

（注19）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2020年7月13日。

（注20）《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.chicagotribune.com），2020年7月2日。

（注21）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.latimes.com），2020年11月4日。

（注22）聯(lián)合國人權(quán)高專辦網(wǎng)站（https://www.ohchr.org），2020年4月30日。

（注23）美國移民及海關(guān)執(zhí)法局網(wǎng)站（https://www.ice.gov），2021年1月14日。