二、實(shí)施積極應(yīng)對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略
II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change

中國是擁有14億多人口的最大發(fā)展中國家，面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善民生、污染治理、生態(tài)保護(hù)等一系列艱巨任務(wù)。盡管如此，為實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)對氣候變化目標(biāo)，中國迎難而上，積極制定和實(shí)施了一系列應(yīng)對氣候變化戰(zhàn)略、法規(guī)、政策、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與行動，推動中國應(yīng)對氣候變化實(shí)踐不斷取得新進(jìn)步。
As the largest developing country, with a population of over 1.4 billion, China faces major challenges across a range of important areas including economic development, improving the people’s lives, pollution control, and eco-environmental protection. In order to meet its targets in response to climate change, China has risen to these challenges and formulated and implemented a variety of strategies, regulations, policies, standards, and actions.

（一）不斷提高應(yīng)對氣候變化力度
1. Intensifying Efforts in Response to Climate Change

中國確定的國家自主貢獻(xiàn)新目標(biāo)不是輕而易舉就能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。中國要用30年左右的時(shí)間由碳達(dá)峰實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，完成全球最高碳排放強(qiáng)度降幅，需要付出艱苦努力。中國言行一致，采取積極有效措施，落實(shí)好碳達(dá)峰、碳中和戰(zhàn)略部署。
It will not be easy for China to achieve its new NDC targets; it will take approximately 30 years of painstaking effort to transit from peak carbon emissions to achieving carbon neutrality and the largest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP (“carbon intensity”) in the world. Walking the talk, China has already begun to implement positive and effective moves in its strategy to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.

加強(qiáng)應(yīng)對氣候變化統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)。應(yīng)對氣候變化工作覆蓋面廣、涉及領(lǐng)域眾多。為加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)、形成合力，中國成立由國務(wù)院總理任組長，30個(gè)相關(guān)部委為成員的國家應(yīng)對氣候變化及節(jié)能減排工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，各?。▍^(qū)、市）均成立了省級應(yīng)對氣候變化及節(jié)能減排工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組。2018年4月，中國調(diào)整相關(guān)部門職能，由新組建的生態(tài)環(huán)境部負(fù)責(zé)應(yīng)對氣候變化工作，強(qiáng)化了應(yīng)對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的協(xié)同。2021年，為指導(dǎo)和統(tǒng)籌做好碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作，中國成立碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組。各?。▍^(qū)、市）陸續(xù)成立碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，加強(qiáng)地方碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作統(tǒng)籌。
Improving overall planning and coordination in response to climate change. The response to climate change covers a wide range of areas; therefore, to improve coordination and pool strengths, China has set up a national leading group headed by Premier of the State Council and with officials from 30 ministries and commissions as members. Its remit is responding to climate change, conserving energy, and reducing emissions, and all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government (PARMs) have set up corresponding groups. In April 2018, China adjusted the functions of relevant government departments, and put the newly established Ministry of Ecology and Environment in charge of responding to climate change, thus reinforcing the coordination between responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment. In 2021, China set up a special leading group to guide and coordinate the work related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. All PARMs have established leading groups for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, so as to strengthen the coordination of their efforts.

將應(yīng)對氣候變化納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃。自“十二五”開始，中國將單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放強(qiáng)度）下降幅度作為約束性指標(biāo)納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，并明確應(yīng)對氣候變化的重點(diǎn)任務(wù)、重要領(lǐng)域和重大工程。中國“十四五”規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要將“2025年單位GDP二氧化碳排放較2020年降低18%”作為約束性指標(biāo)。中國各?。▍^(qū)、市）均將應(yīng)對氣候變化作為“十四五”規(guī)劃的重要內(nèi)容，明確具體目標(biāo)和工作任務(wù)。
Incorporating the response to climate change into national economic and social development plans. Starting from the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), China has incorporated reducing carbon intensity into the outline of the plans for national economic and social development as binding targets, and defined key tasks, priority areas, and major projects. China’s Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 sets a binding target of slashing carbon intensity by 18 percent from 2020 to 2025. All PARMs have taken on the response to climate change as an important part of the 14th Five-year Plan, and set themselves specific targets and tasks.

建立應(yīng)對氣候變化目標(biāo)分解落實(shí)機(jī)制。為確保規(guī)劃目標(biāo)落實(shí)，綜合考慮各省（區(qū)、市）發(fā)展階段、資源稟賦、戰(zhàn)略定位、生態(tài)環(huán)保等因素，中國分類確定省級碳排放控制目標(biāo)，并對省級政府開展控制溫室氣體排放目標(biāo)責(zé)任進(jìn)行考核，將其作為各?。▍^(qū)、市）主要負(fù)責(zé)人和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子綜合考核評價(jià)、干部獎(jiǎng)懲任免等重要依據(jù)。省級政府對下一級行政區(qū)域控制溫室氣體排放目標(biāo)責(zé)任也開展相應(yīng)考核，確保應(yīng)對氣候變化與溫室氣體減排工作落地見效。
Establishing a mechanism of breaking down and meeting the targets for responding to climate change. To meet its targets, China has set tiered provincial-level carbon emission caps for its PARMs based on factors such as their development stage, resource endowment, strategic positioning, and eco-environmental protection. It has assessed the performance of the relevant governments in meeting the targets and fulfilling the responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, and uses the results as an important reference for the comprehensive performance assessment and appraisal of officials holding principal posts and leadership teams in the PARMs, as well as for the appointment, reward, sanction, and removal of officials. PARM governments have also assessed the performance of administrative divisions at lower levels in meeting their targets and fulfilling their responsibilities for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring that the effort is coordinated and effective.

不斷強(qiáng)化自主貢獻(xiàn)目標(biāo)。2015年，中國確定了到2030年的自主行動目標(biāo)：二氧化碳排放2030年左右達(dá)到峰值并爭取盡早達(dá)峰。截至2019年底，中國已經(jīng)提前超額完成2020年氣候行動目標(biāo)。2020年，中國宣布國家自主貢獻(xiàn)新目標(biāo)舉措：中國二氧化碳排放力爭于2030年前達(dá)到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和；到2030年，中國單位GDP二氧化碳排放將比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消費(fèi)比重將達(dá)到25%左右，森林蓄積量將比2005年增加60億立方米，風(fēng)電、太陽能發(fā)電總裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到12億千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主貢獻(xiàn)目標(biāo)，時(shí)間更緊迫，碳排放強(qiáng)度削減幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消費(fèi)比重再增加五個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，增加非化石能源裝機(jī)容量目標(biāo)，森林蓄積量再增加15億立方米，明確爭取2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。2021年，中國宣布不再新建境外煤電項(xiàng)目，展現(xiàn)中國應(yīng)對氣候變化的實(shí)際行動。
Continuing to update NDC targets. In 2015, China set its nationally determined action objectives by 2030: to peak carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 at the latest and make every effort to peak early. By the end of 2019, China had delivered on its 2020 climate action target ahead of schedule. In 2020, China announced new NDC targets and measures. China aims to:
? peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.
? lower its carbon intensity by over 65 percent by 2030 from the 2005 level.
? increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25 percent by 2030.
? increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters by 2030 from the 2005 level.
? bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kW by 2030.
Compared with the objectives set in 2015, the new targets are more ambitious in timeframe. They involve a steeper cut in carbon intensity, an increase of another five percentage points in the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption, a new target for installed capacity of non-fossil fuels, an additional forest stock of 1.5 billion cubic meters, and a clear announcement to aim for carbon neutrality before 2060. China has announced in 2021 a decision to stop building new coal-fired power projects overseas, demonstrating its concrete actions in response to climate change.

加快構(gòu)建碳達(dá)峰碳中和“1+N”政策體系。中國制定并發(fā)布碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作頂層設(shè)計(jì)文件，編制2030年前碳達(dá)峰行動方案，制定能源、工業(yè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)、交通運(yùn)輸、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村等分領(lǐng)域分行業(yè)碳達(dá)峰實(shí)施方案，積極謀劃科技、財(cái)政、金融、價(jià)格、碳匯、能源轉(zhuǎn)型、減污降碳協(xié)同等保障方案，進(jìn)一步明確碳達(dá)峰碳中和的時(shí)間表、路線圖、施工圖，加快形成目標(biāo)明確、分工合理、措施有力、銜接有序的政策體系和工作格局，全面推動碳達(dá)峰碳中和各項(xiàng)工作取得積極成效。
Accelerating work on 1+N policies for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The country has formulated and released a top-level design document for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, and is working on an action plan for peaking carbon emissions before 2030, with implementation plans for fields and sectors such as energy, industry, urban and rural construction, transport, and agriculture and rural areas. Support plans are being created in areas such as science and technology, fiscal funding, finance, pricing, carbon sinks, energy transition and coordination of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, with clearer timetables, roadmaps, and working plans. The country is shaping policies and actions with clear objectives, reasonable assignment of labor, effective measures, and sound coordination, ensuring that all efforts deliver positive results.

（二）堅(jiān)定走綠色低碳發(fā)展道路
2. Staying Committed to a Green and Low-Carbon Path to Development

中國一直本著負(fù)責(zé)任的態(tài)度積極應(yīng)對氣候變化，將應(yīng)對氣候變化作為實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變的重大機(jī)遇，積極探索符合中國國情的綠色低碳發(fā)展道路。走綠色低碳發(fā)展的道路，既不會超出資源、能源、環(huán)境的極限，又有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和目標(biāo)，把地球家園呵護(hù)好。
China has been actively responding to climate change in a responsible manner. Considering this to be a major opportunity to transform its growth model, China is actively exploring a green and low-carbon path to development, one that remains within the limits of resources, energy, and the environment, and is protective of our planet.

實(shí)施減污降碳協(xié)同治理。實(shí)現(xiàn)減污降碳協(xié)同增效是中國新發(fā)展階段經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型的必然選擇。中國2015年修訂的大氣污染防治法專門增加條款，為實(shí)施大氣污染物和溫室氣體協(xié)同控制和開展減污降碳協(xié)同增效工作提供法治基礎(chǔ)。為加快推進(jìn)應(yīng)對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)職能協(xié)同、工作協(xié)同和機(jī)制協(xié)同，中國從戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、政策法規(guī)、制度體系、試點(diǎn)示范、國際合作等方面，明確統(tǒng)籌和加強(qiáng)應(yīng)對氣候變化與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的主要領(lǐng)域和重點(diǎn)任務(wù)。中國圍繞打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，重點(diǎn)把藍(lán)天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)、柴油貨車治理、長江保護(hù)修復(fù)、渤海綜合治理、城市黑臭水體治理、水源地保護(hù)、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理七場標(biāo)志性重大戰(zhàn)役作為突破口和“牛鼻子”，制定作戰(zhàn)計(jì)劃和方案，細(xì)化目標(biāo)任務(wù)、重點(diǎn)舉措和保障條件，以重點(diǎn)突破帶動整體推進(jìn)，推動生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量明顯改善。
Making coordinated efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions. It is essential for China to coordinate its efforts to pursue all-round and greener economic and social development in the new development stage. The country amended the Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in 2015 and added specific provisions, providing a legal basis for the coordinated control of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases and reduction of pollution and carbon emissions. To further coordinate the functions, initiatives, and mechanisms for responding to climate change and protecting the eco-environment, China has defined major areas and key tasks covering strategic planning, policies and regulations, institutions, pilots and demonstrations, and international cooperation. China has invested a major effort in seven landmark campaigns to keep the skies blue, control pollution caused by diesel trucks, protect and restore the Yangtze River ecosystem, improve the water environment of the Bohai Sea region, improve black and fetid water bodies in cities, protect water sources, and control pollution in agriculture and rural areas. With action plans and concrete targets and measures, these campaigns serve to drive the overall progress and bring notable improvements to the eco-environment.

加快形成綠色發(fā)展的空間格局。國土是生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的空間載體，必須尊重自然，給自然生態(tài)留下休養(yǎng)生息的時(shí)間和空間。中國主動作為，精準(zhǔn)施策，科學(xué)有序統(tǒng)籌布局農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)、城鎮(zhèn)等功能空間，開展永久基本農(nóng)田、生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線、城鎮(zhèn)開發(fā)邊界“三條控制線”劃定試點(diǎn)工作。將自然保護(hù)地、未納入自然保護(hù)地但生態(tài)功能極重要生態(tài)極脆弱的區(qū)域，以及具有潛在重要生態(tài)價(jià)值的區(qū)域劃入生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，推動生態(tài)系統(tǒng)休養(yǎng)生息，提高固碳能力。
Creating a spatial configuration for green development. Since territorial space is where we pursue eco-environmental progress, we must create time and room for natural ecosystems to rehabilitate themselves. China has created orderly and science-based strategies for agricultural, ecological, urban, and other areas. It has piloted the policy of designating permanent basic cropland areas, drawing redlines for protecting ecosystems, and delineating boundaries for urban development. It has drawn redlines for identified protected areas (PAs), areas that are ecologically vital and vulnerable but not included in PAs, and areas with important potential ecological value, thus increasing their carbon sequestration capacity.

大力發(fā)展綠色低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)。建立健全綠色低碳循環(huán)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型，是解決資源環(huán)境生態(tài)問題的基礎(chǔ)之策。為推動形成綠色發(fā)展方式和生活方式，中國制定國家戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，以綠色低碳技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和應(yīng)用為重點(diǎn)，引導(dǎo)綠色消費(fèi)，推廣綠色產(chǎn)品，提升新能源汽車和新能源的應(yīng)用比例，全面推進(jìn)高效節(jié)能、先進(jìn)環(huán)保和資源循環(huán)利用產(chǎn)業(yè)體系建設(shè)，推動新能源汽車、新能源和節(jié)能環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)快速壯大，積極推進(jìn)統(tǒng)一的綠色產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證與標(biāo)識體系建設(shè)，增加綠色產(chǎn)品供給，積極培育綠色市場。持續(xù)推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，發(fā)布并持續(xù)修訂產(chǎn)業(yè)指導(dǎo)目錄，引導(dǎo)社會投資方向，改造提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，推動制造業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，大力培育發(fā)展新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，更有力支持節(jié)能環(huán)保、清潔生產(chǎn)、清潔能源等綠色低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。
Developing green and low-carbon industries. The basic solutions to resource, environmental, and ecological problems are to establish and improve an economic system featuring green, low-carbon, and circular development, and to pursue greener economic and social development in all respects. To shape green development models and green ways of life, China has formulated a plan for national strategic emerging industries with the aim to:
? guide green consumption, promote green products and increase the proportion of new-energy vehicles and new energy use, with an emphasis on innovation and the application of green and low-carbon technologies.
? promote industry systems for efficient energy conservation, state-of-the-art environmental protection, and resource recycling, boosting the growth of the new-energy vehicle industry, new energy industries and energy-saving and environmental protection industries.
? develop a unified certification and labeling system for green products and foster a green market by increasing the supply of green products.
It has also pressed ahead with industrial restructuring through the following measures:
? issuing and continuously updating the catalog for guiding industry restructuring to steer non-governmental investment.
? transforming and upgrading traditional industries.
? boosting high-quality development of manufacturing.
? cultivating and developing emerging industries.
? providing greater support to green and low-carbon industries such as energy conservation, environmental protection, clean production, and clean energy.

堅(jiān)決遏制高耗能高排放項(xiàng)目盲目發(fā)展。中國持續(xù)嚴(yán)格控制高耗能、高排放（以下簡稱“兩高”）項(xiàng)目盲目擴(kuò)張，依法依規(guī)淘汰落后產(chǎn)能，加快化解過剩產(chǎn)能。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行鋼鐵、鐵合金、焦化等13個(gè)行業(yè)準(zhǔn)入條件，提高在土地、環(huán)保、節(jié)能、技術(shù)、安全等方面的準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，落實(shí)國家差別電價(jià)政策，提高高耗能產(chǎn)品差別電價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，擴(kuò)大差別電價(jià)實(shí)施范圍。公布12批重點(diǎn)工業(yè)行業(yè)淘汰落后產(chǎn)能企業(yè)名單，2018年至2020年連續(xù)開展淘汰落后產(chǎn)能督查檢查，持續(xù)推動落后產(chǎn)能依法依規(guī)退出。中國把堅(jiān)決遏制“兩高”項(xiàng)目盲目發(fā)展作為抓好碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作的當(dāng)務(wù)之急和重中之重，組織各地區(qū)全面梳理摸排“兩高”項(xiàng)目，分類提出處置意見，開展“兩高”項(xiàng)目專項(xiàng)檢查，嚴(yán)肅查處違規(guī)建設(shè)運(yùn)行的“兩高”項(xiàng)目，對“兩高”項(xiàng)目實(shí)行清單管理、分類處置、動態(tài)監(jiān)控。建立通報(bào)批評、用能預(yù)警、約談問責(zé)等工作機(jī)制，逐步形成一套完善的制度體系和監(jiān)管體系。
Resolutely curbing the haphazard development of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. China has strictly controlled the haphazard expansion of energy-intensive and high-emission projects, shutting down outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations, and scaling down overcapacity at a faster pace. To achieve this, it has:
? implemented strict market access standards for 13 industries including iron & steel, ferroalloy, and coking, tightening requirements on land, environmental protection, energy conservation, technology, and safety.
? put in place the national policy on differential electricity prices, raising standards for the differential electricity prices for energy-intensive products and expanding the scope of differential electricity prices.
? released, 12 times, lists of enterprises in key industrial fields that were required to shut down outdated production facilities, and conducted annual supervision and inspection from 2018 to 2020 to ensure the elimination of outdated production facilities in accordance with laws and regulations.
? made the expansion control a top priority in the effort to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. It required local governments to clearly identify all energy-intensive and high-emission projects, produce category-based management proposals, carry out special inspections, strictly punish any such projects constructed or operated in contravention of regulations, and implement list management, category-based handling, and dynamic monitoring of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. It has established working mechanisms on openly criticizing entities for wrong-doing, early warnings on energy use, regulatory talks, and accountability, gradually forming sound working and regulatory systems.

優(yōu)化調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)。能源領(lǐng)域是溫室氣體排放的主要來源，中國不斷加大節(jié)能減排力度，加快能源結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，構(gòu)建清潔低碳安全高效的能源體系。確立能源安全新戰(zhàn)略，推動能源消費(fèi)革命、供給革命、技術(shù)革命、體制革命，全方位加強(qiáng)國際合作，優(yōu)先發(fā)展非化石能源，推進(jìn)水電綠色發(fā)展，全面協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)風(fēng)電和太陽能發(fā)電開發(fā)，在確保安全的前提下有序發(fā)展核電，因地制宜發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能、地?zé)崮芎秃Ｑ竽?，全面提升可再生能源利用率。積極推動煤炭供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，化解煤炭過剩產(chǎn)能，加強(qiáng)煤炭安全智能綠色開發(fā)和清潔高效開發(fā)利用，推動煤電行業(yè)清潔高效高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，大力推動煤炭消費(fèi)減量替代和散煤綜合治理，推進(jìn)終端用能領(lǐng)域以電代煤、以電代油。深化能源體制改革，促進(jìn)能源資源高效配置。
Improving and adjusting the energy mix. The energy sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. China has continuously intensified its efforts in energy conservation and emissions reduction and accelerated energy mix readjustment to build a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system. To achieve this, it has:
? defined a new strategy for energy security that promotes a green revolution in energy consumption, supply, technology, and systems, strengthens international cooperation in an all-round way, prioritizes the development of non-fossil fuels, promotes the green development of hydropower, makes comprehensive and coordinated progress in wind and solar power development, pursues the orderly development of nuclear power under the precondition of guaranteed safety, develops biomass energy, geothermal energy, and marine energy based on local conditions, comprehensively increasing the rate of renewable energy use.
? driven the supply-side structural reform of coal by cutting overcapacity in coal, strengthening safe, intelligent, green, and efficient exploitation and clean and efficient use of coal, promoting clean, efficient, and high-quality development of coal-fired power industries, reducing the consumption of coal and replacing it with other fuels, taking comprehensive measures to manage the use of coal in non-industrial sectors, and promoting the substitution of coal and petroleum by electricity as end-use energy.
? expanded reform of the energy system, promoting efficient allocation of energy and resources.

強(qiáng)化能源節(jié)約與能效提升。為進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化節(jié)約能源和提升能效目標(biāo)責(zé)任落實(shí)，中國實(shí)施能源消費(fèi)強(qiáng)度和總量雙控制度，設(shè)定省級能源消費(fèi)強(qiáng)度和總量控制目標(biāo)并進(jìn)行監(jiān)督考核。把節(jié)能指標(biāo)納入生態(tài)文明、綠色發(fā)展等績效評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展理念。強(qiáng)化重點(diǎn)用能單位節(jié)能管理，組織實(shí)施節(jié)能重點(diǎn)工程，加強(qiáng)先進(jìn)節(jié)能技術(shù)推廣，發(fā)布煤炭、電力、鋼鐵、有色、石化、化工、建材等13個(gè)行業(yè)共260項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)節(jié)能技術(shù)。建立能效“領(lǐng)跑者”制度，健全能效標(biāo)識制度，發(fā)布15批實(shí)行能源效率標(biāo)識的產(chǎn)品目錄及相關(guān)實(shí)施細(xì)則。加快推行合同能源管理，強(qiáng)化節(jié)能法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)約束，發(fā)布實(shí)施340多項(xiàng)國家節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，積極推動節(jié)能產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證，已頒發(fā)節(jié)能產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證證書近5萬張，助力節(jié)能行業(yè)發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)公共機(jī)構(gòu)節(jié)能增效示范引領(lǐng)，35%左右的縣級及以上黨政機(jī)關(guān)建成節(jié)約型機(jī)關(guān)，中央國家機(jī)關(guān)本級全部建成節(jié)約型機(jī)關(guān)，累計(jì)創(chuàng)建5114家節(jié)約型公共機(jī)構(gòu)示范單位。加強(qiáng)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域節(jié)能，實(shí)施國家工業(yè)專項(xiàng)節(jié)能監(jiān)察、工業(yè)節(jié)能診斷行動、通用設(shè)備能效提升行動及工業(yè)節(jié)能與綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化行動等。加強(qiáng)需求側(cè)管理，大力開展工業(yè)領(lǐng)域電力需求側(cè)管理示范企業(yè)（園區(qū)）創(chuàng)建及參考產(chǎn)品（技術(shù)）遴選工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)用電管理可視化、自動化、智能化。
Reinforcing efforts in energy conservation and greater energy efficiency. To further guarantee the fulfillment of responsibilities in meeting energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement targets, China has:
? implemented a system for controlling energy intensity and energy consumption, and set targets for both at the provincial level with supervision and performance evaluation.
? incorporated energy conservation indexes into the index system for evaluating the performance in environmental progress and green development to facilitate the transformation in development philosophy.
? strengthened energy conservation management of major energy-using entities, organized the implementation of key energy conservation projects, and popularized advanced energy conservation technologies by releasing 260 key energy conservation technologies in 13 industries, including coal, electricity, iron & steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, chemicals, and building materials.
? established a “Frontrunner” system for energy efficiency, and improved the energy efficiency labeling system by issuing 15 batches of catalogs for products with energy efficiency labels and related implementation rules.
? implemented Energy Performance Contracting and strengthened regulations and standards on energy conservation. It has issued and implemented over 340 national standards on energy conservation and promoted the certification of energy-saving products accordingly. To date, almost 50,000 energy-saving product certificates have been issued, thus boosting the energy conservation industry.
? required public institutions to play an exemplary role in energy conservation and energy efficiency enhancement. Approximately 35 percent of Party and government offices at and above county level, and all central CPC and government departments have shifted onto an energy-saving trajectory. In all, 5,114 public institutions have become demonstrative units for energy conservation.
? strengthened energy conservation in the industrial sector by carrying out special national inspections on energy conservation alongside campaigns on energy-saving diagnosis, on increasing the energy efficiency of general equipment, and on promoting energy conservation and establishing standards for green development.
? strengthened demand-side management by setting up demonstrative enterprises/industrial parks and selecting reference products/technologies in the demand-side management of electricity in industrial fields, which would have achieved the visualized, automated, and intelligent management of electricity consumption.

推動自然資源節(jié)約集約利用。為推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，中國把堅(jiān)持節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境作為一項(xiàng)基本國策。大力節(jié)約集約利用資源，推動資源利用方式根本轉(zhuǎn)變，深化增量安排與消化存量掛鉤機(jī)制，改革土地計(jì)劃管理方式，倒逼各?。▍^(qū)、市）下大力氣盤活存量。嚴(yán)格土地使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制，先后組織開展了公路、工業(yè)、光伏、機(jī)場等用地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制修訂工作，嚴(yán)格依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)審核建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土地使用情況。開展節(jié)約集約用地考核評價(jià)，大力推廣節(jié)地技術(shù)和節(jié)地模式。積極推動礦業(yè)綠色發(fā)展。加大綠色礦山建設(shè)力度，全面建立和實(shí)施礦產(chǎn)資源開采利用最低指標(biāo)和“領(lǐng)跑者”指標(biāo)管理制度，發(fā)布360項(xiàng)礦產(chǎn)資源節(jié)約和綜合利用先進(jìn)適用技術(shù)。加強(qiáng)海洋資源用途管制，除國家重大項(xiàng)目外，全面禁止圍填海。積極推進(jìn)圍填海歷史遺留問題區(qū)域生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)，嚴(yán)格保護(hù)自然岸線。
Pushing for the economical and intensive use of natural resources. To further ecological progress, China has designated conserving resources and protecting the environment as a fundamental national policy. To achieve the economical and intensive use of natural resources, it has:
? pursued fundamental changes in the way of using resources and pressured all PARMs to put their existing resources to good use by improving the mechanism for coordinating the consumption of existing resources and the arrangements for additional resources, and by reforming the way of managing land use plans.
? imposed strict controls on land use through standards, having organized the formulation and revision of land use standards for highways, industries, photovoltaic (PV) projects, and airports and strictly reviewed the land use of construction projects in accordance with the standards.
? carried out assessment and evaluation on economical and intensive land use and worked hard to popularize land-saving technologies and models.
? driven the green development of the mining industry and intensified efforts to develop eco-friendly mines by establishing and implementing index management systems for the minimum exploitation and use of mineral resources and for the evaluation of “Frontrunners”. It has released 360 advanced and applicable technologies for the conservation and comprehensive use of mineral resources.
? strengthened regulation and control over the use of marine resources and prohibited all coastal reclamation activities except those for major national projects.
? promoted the protection and restoration of ecosystems in areas with problems carried over from reclamation activities of the past and strictly protected natural shorelines.

積極探索低碳發(fā)展新模式。中國積極探索低碳發(fā)展模式，鼓勵(lì)地方、行業(yè)、企業(yè)因地制宜探索低碳發(fā)展路徑，在能源、工業(yè)、建筑、交通等領(lǐng)域開展綠色低碳相關(guān)試點(diǎn)示范，初步形成了全方位、多層次的低碳試點(diǎn)體系。中國先后在10個(gè)?。ㄊ校┖?7個(gè)城市開展低碳試點(diǎn)工作，在組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、配套政策、市場機(jī)制、統(tǒng)計(jì)體系、評價(jià)考核、協(xié)同示范和合作交流等方面探索低碳發(fā)展模式和制度創(chuàng)新。試點(diǎn)地區(qū)碳排放強(qiáng)度下降幅度總體快于全國平均水平，形成了一批各具特色的低碳發(fā)展模式。
Actively exploring new, low-carbon models of development. China has actively explored low-carbon models of development. It has encouraged local governments, industries, and enterprises to explore low-carbon paths to development based on their individual conditions, and launched pilots and demonstrations on green and low-carbon development in fields such as energy, industry, construction, and transport, thus shaping a basic comprehensive and multi-tiered system for low-carbon piloting. It has launched low-carbon pilots in 10 provincial-level units and 77 cities, and explored low-carbon models of development and institutional innovations in respects including organizational leadership, support policies, market mechanisms, statistical systems, evaluation and assessment, coordination and demonstration, and cooperation and exchanges. The carbon intensity of these pilot areas has fallen faster than the national average, and a number of low-carbon models of development with distinctive features have emerged.

（三）加大溫室氣體排放控制力度
3. Tightening Control over Greenhouse Gas Emissions

中國將應(yīng)對氣候變化全面融入國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的總戰(zhàn)略，采取積極措施，有效控制重點(diǎn)工業(yè)行業(yè)溫室氣體排放，推動城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和建筑領(lǐng)域綠色低碳發(fā)展，構(gòu)建綠色低碳交通體系，推動非二氧化碳溫室氣體減排，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙系統(tǒng)治理，嚴(yán)格落實(shí)相關(guān)舉措，持續(xù)提升生態(tài)碳匯能力。
China has incorporated climate action into every aspect of its overall strategy for economic and social development. It has taken active steps to control greenhouse gas emissions in key industries, and promote green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction and the building sector. It has worked to develop a green and low-carbon transport system and reduce non-carbon dioxide emissions. It has taken a coordinated approach to the governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and strictly implemented relevant measures to enhance its biological carbon sink capacity.

有效控制重點(diǎn)工業(yè)行業(yè)溫室氣體排放。強(qiáng)化鋼鐵、建材、化工、有色金屬等重點(diǎn)行業(yè)能源消費(fèi)及碳排放目標(biāo)管理，實(shí)施低碳標(biāo)桿引領(lǐng)計(jì)劃，推動重點(diǎn)行業(yè)企業(yè)開展碳排放對標(biāo)活動，推行綠色制造，推進(jìn)工業(yè)綠色化改造。加強(qiáng)工業(yè)過程溫室氣體排放控制，通過原料替代、改善生產(chǎn)工藝、改進(jìn)設(shè)備使用等措施積極控制工業(yè)過程溫室氣體排放。加強(qiáng)再生資源回收利用，提高資源利用效率，減少資源全生命周期二氧化碳排放。
Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in key industries. China has:
? strengthened the management of targets for energy consumption and carbon emissions in key industries, including the iron & steel, building material, chemical, and non-ferrous metal sectors.
? carried out low-carbon demonstration projects and benchmarking campaigns to reduce carbon emissions in those industries.
? advanced green manufacturing and the transformation of industries towards green development.
? tightened control over greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes through substituting raw materials, improving production techniques, and updating equipment utilization.
? increased the recycling and utilization of renewable resources for higher resource utilization efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions in the whole life cycle of resources.

推動城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)領(lǐng)域綠色低碳發(fā)展。建設(shè)節(jié)能低碳城市和相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以綠色發(fā)展引領(lǐng)鄉(xiāng)村振興。推廣綠色建筑，逐步完善綠色建筑評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。開展超低能耗、近零能耗建筑示范。推動既有居住建筑節(jié)能改造，提升公共建筑能效水平，加強(qiáng)可再生能源建筑應(yīng)用。大力開展綠色低碳宜居村鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)，結(jié)合農(nóng)村危房改造開展建筑節(jié)能示范，引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶建設(shè)節(jié)能農(nóng)房，加快推進(jìn)中國北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖。
Promoting green and low-carbon development in urban and rural construction. China is building energy-saving and low-carbon cities and infrastructure and boosting rural revitalization through green development. It has:
? encouraged the construction of eco-friendly buildings and improved relevant assessment standard systems.
? carried out demonstration programs for cities with ultra-low and nearly zero energy consumption.
? promoted energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and improved the energy efficiency of public buildings.
? facilitated the application of renewable energy in the building sector.
? taken measures to build green and low-carbon villages and towns, encouraging farmers to build energy-saving houses through energy efficiency demonstration projects during the process of renovating dilapidated rural housing, and accelerating the use of clean energy for winter heating in northern China.

構(gòu)建綠色低碳交通體系。調(diào)整運(yùn)輸結(jié)構(gòu)，減少大宗貨物公路運(yùn)輸量，增加鐵路和水路運(yùn)輸量。以“綠色貨運(yùn)配送示范城市”建設(shè)為契機(jī)，加快建立“集約、高效、綠色、智能”的城市貨運(yùn)配送服務(wù)體系。提升鐵路電氣化水平，推廣天然氣車船，完善充換電和加氫基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，加大新能源汽車推廣應(yīng)用力度，鼓勵(lì)靠港船舶和民航飛機(jī)?？科陂g使用岸電。完善綠色交通制度和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，發(fā)布相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系、行動計(jì)劃和方案，在節(jié)能減碳等方面發(fā)布了221項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，積極推動綠色出行，已有100多個(gè)城市開展了綠色出行創(chuàng)建行動，每年在全國組織開展綠色出行宣傳月和公交出行宣傳周活動。加快交通燃料替代和優(yōu)化，推動交通排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與油品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)升級，通過信息化手段提升交通運(yùn)輸效率。
Developing a green and low-carbon transportation system. China has taken the following measures:
? adjusted the mix of transport by increasing the proportion of rail and water transport for bulk goods and decreasing that of highway transport.
? launched a project to build “model cities of green freight distribution”, as part of the efforts to accelerate the establishment of an intensive, efficient, green, and smart urban freight distribution system.
? expanded the electrification of railways and promoted the use of natural gas vehicles and vessels, with improved electric charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to facilitate the use of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and encourage anchored ships and parked civil aircraft to use shore power.
? improved institutions and standards for green transportation by launching relevant standards, action plans and solutions. It has published 221 standards on energy-saving and carbon reduction.
? encouraged green travel, with more than 100 cities joining the campaign to advocate green travel, and annual nation-wide publicity month for green travel and publicity week for public transit.
? accelerated the substitution and optimization of transport fuels and upgraded the standards on transport emissions and oil products.
? improved transport efficiency through the application of information technology.

推動非二氧化碳溫室氣體減排。中國歷來重視非二氧化碳溫室氣體排放，在《國家應(yīng)對氣候變化規(guī)劃（2014－2020年）》及控制溫室氣體排放工作方案中都明確了控制非二氧化碳溫室氣體排放的具體政策措施。自2014年起對三氟甲烷（HFC-23）的處置給予財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼。截至2019年，共支付補(bǔ)貼約14.17億元，累計(jì)削減6.53萬噸HFC-23，相當(dāng)于減排9.66億噸二氧化碳當(dāng)量。嚴(yán)格落實(shí)《消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)管理?xiàng)l例》和《關(guān)于消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)的蒙特利爾議定書》，加大環(huán)保制冷劑的研發(fā)，積極推動制冷劑再利用和無害化處理。引導(dǎo)企業(yè)加快轉(zhuǎn)換為采用低全球增溫潛勢（GWP）制冷劑的空調(diào)生產(chǎn)線，加速淘汰氫氯氟碳化物（HCFCs）制冷劑，限控氫氟碳化物（HFCs）的使用。成立“中國油氣企業(yè)甲烷控排聯(lián)盟”，推進(jìn)全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈甲烷控排行動。中國接受《〈關(guān)于消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)的蒙特利爾議定書〉基加利修正案》，保護(hù)臭氧層和應(yīng)對氣候變化進(jìn)入新階段。
Reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions. China attaches importance to the reduction of non-carbon dioxide emissions, and has introduced specific policies and measures in the National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020) and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Chinese government has:
? offered subsidies for the handling of HFC-23 since 2014. As of 2019, subsidies worth RMB1.4 billion yuan had been paid, reducing 65,300 tonnes of HFC-23, equivalent to 966 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.
? stepped up the development of environmentally friendly refrigerants and actively promoted the reuse and harmless treatment of refrigerants, in strict accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Ozone-Depleting Substances and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.
? supported enterprises to employ air-conditioner production lines using low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, and limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
? set up an alliance of Chinese oil and gas enterprises to advance methane emission control across the industry chain.
? accepted the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, representing a new stage in protecting the ozone layer and addressing climate change in the country.

持續(xù)提升生態(tài)碳匯能力。統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙系統(tǒng)治理，深入開展大規(guī)模國土綠化行動，持續(xù)實(shí)施三北、長江等防護(hù)林和天然林保護(hù)，東北黑土地保護(hù)，高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè)，濕地保護(hù)修復(fù)，退耕還林還草，草原生態(tài)修復(fù)，京津風(fēng)沙源治理，荒漠化、石漠化綜合治理等重點(diǎn)工程。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)綠化，科學(xué)開展森林撫育經(jīng)營，精準(zhǔn)提升森林質(zhì)量，積極發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能源，加強(qiáng)林草資源保護(hù)，持續(xù)增加林草資源總量，鞏固提升森林、草原、濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力。構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系，正式設(shè)立第一批5個(gè)國家公園，開展自然保護(hù)地整合優(yōu)化。建立健全生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)制度體系，統(tǒng)籌編制生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)規(guī)劃，實(shí)施藍(lán)色海灣整治行動、海岸帶保護(hù)修復(fù)工程、渤海綜合治理攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)行動、紅樹林保護(hù)修復(fù)專項(xiàng)行動。開展長江干流和主要支流兩側(cè)、京津冀周邊和汾渭平原重點(diǎn)城市、黃河流域重點(diǎn)地區(qū)等重點(diǎn)區(qū)域歷史遺留礦山生態(tài)修復(fù)，在青藏高原、黃河、長江等7大重點(diǎn)區(qū)域布局生態(tài)保護(hù)和修復(fù)重大工程，支持25個(gè)山水林田湖草生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程試點(diǎn)。出臺社會資本參與整治修復(fù)的系列文件，努力建立市場化、多元化生態(tài)修復(fù)投入機(jī)制。中國提出的“劃定生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，減緩和適應(yīng)氣候變化案例”成功入選聯(lián)合國“基于自然的解決方案”全球15個(gè)精品案例，得到了國際社會的充分肯定和高度認(rèn)可。
Enhancing biological carbon sink capacity. China has done the following:
? taken a coordinated approach to conserving the mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and carried out large-scale land afforestation. Efforts have continued on key projects, including protecting shelterbelts and natural forests, especially those in northwest, northeast and northern China and along the Yangtze River, conserving chernozem soils in northeast China, building high-quality farmland, protecting and restoring wetlands, returning cropland back to forests and grasslands, restoring grasslands, controlling the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, and comprehensively addressing desertification and stony desertification.
? achieved steady progress in urban and rural greening and improved the carbon sink capacity of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other ecosystems by tending and managing forests in a science-based approach, taking targeted measures to improve the quality of forests, developing biomass energy, strengthening the protection of forest and grassland resources, and increasing their total volume.
? developed a PA system composed mainly of national parks and established its first five national parks as part of the efforts to integrate and optimize nature reserves.
? introduced an ecological protection and restoration system, formulated relevant plans, and carried out the Blue Bay environmental improvement initiative, the coastal belts protection and restoration project, the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea region’s water environment, and a special action for mangrove conservation and restoration.
? carried out ecological restoration of abandoned mines in key areas, such as both sides of the main stream and major tributaries of the Yangtze River, key cities around the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and in the Fenwei Plains, and key regions in the Yellow River basin.
? implemented major projects for ecological conservation and restoration in seven key areas, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Yellow River, and the Yangtze River.
? supported 25 trials to conserve and restore the ecosystems of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, and grasslands.
? issued a series of documents to encourage private capital to participate in ecological conservation and restoration, in an effort to establish a market-based and diversified investment mechanism.
China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe.

（四）充分發(fā)揮市場機(jī)制作用
4. Giving Full Play to the Role of the Market

碳市場為處理好經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與碳減排關(guān)系提供了有效途徑。全國碳排放權(quán)交易市場（以下簡稱全國碳市場）是利用市場機(jī)制控制和減少溫室氣體排放、推動綠色低碳發(fā)展的重大制度創(chuàng)新，也是落實(shí)中國二氧化碳排放達(dá)峰目標(biāo)與碳中和愿景的重要政策工具。
The carbon market provides an effective approach to managing the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions reduction. The national carbon emissions trading market (national carbon market) is a major institutional innovation that uses market mechanisms to control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote green and low-carbon development. It is also an important policy tool for China to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.

開展碳排放權(quán)交易試點(diǎn)工作。碳市場可將溫室氣體控排責(zé)任壓實(shí)到企業(yè)，利用市場機(jī)制發(fā)現(xiàn)合理碳價(jià)，引導(dǎo)碳排放資源的優(yōu)化配置。2011年10月，碳排放權(quán)交易地方試點(diǎn)工作在北京、天津、上海、重慶、廣東、湖北、深圳7個(gè)省、市啟動。2013年起，7個(gè)試點(diǎn)碳市場陸續(xù)開始上線交易，覆蓋了電力、鋼鐵、水泥20多個(gè)行業(yè)近3000家重點(diǎn)排放單位。截至2021年9月30日，7個(gè)試點(diǎn)碳市場累計(jì)配額成交量4.95億噸二氧化碳當(dāng)量，成交額約119.78億元。試點(diǎn)碳市場重點(diǎn)排放單位履約率保持較高水平，市場覆蓋范圍內(nèi)碳排放總量和強(qiáng)度保持雙降趨勢，有效促進(jìn)了企業(yè)溫室氣體減排，強(qiáng)化了社會各界低碳發(fā)展的意識。碳市場地方試點(diǎn)為全國碳市場建設(shè)摸索了制度，鍛煉了人才，積累了經(jīng)驗(yàn)，奠定了基礎(chǔ)，為全國碳市場建設(shè)積累了寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
Carrying out pilot programs on carbon emissions trading. The carbon market institutions motivate companies to commit to curbing their emissions and use market-based instruments to price carbon reasonably, thus better allocating carbon emission resources. Starting from October 2011, seven provinces and municipalities – Beijing, Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin – were selected to pilot projects for carbon emissions trading. Since 2013, seven local-level pilot carbon markets have been launched, covering nearly 3,000 key emissions companies in more than 20 industries, including power, steel, and cement. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of the seven pilot carbon markets had reached 495 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, representing a value of approximately RMB12 billion. Major emitters in the pilot carbon markets have maintained a relatively high level of compliance rate, with both volume and intensity of carbon emissions within the market coverage maintaining a downward trend. This has given a significant boost to enterprises’ contribution to emissions reduction, and raised the awareness of low-carbon development in all sectors of society. The local-level pilot projects have accumulated valuable experience for the launch of the national carbon market in terms of providing institutional references and training personnel.

持續(xù)推進(jìn)全國碳市場制度體系建設(shè)。制度體系是推進(jìn)碳市場建設(shè)的重要保障，為更好地推進(jìn)完善碳交易市場，先后印發(fā)《全國碳排放權(quán)交易市場建設(shè)方案（發(fā)電行業(yè)）》，出臺《碳排放權(quán)交易管理辦法（試行）》，印發(fā)全國碳市場第一個(gè)履約周期配額分配方案。2021年以來，陸續(xù)發(fā)布了企業(yè)溫室氣體排放報(bào)告、核查技術(shù)規(guī)范和碳排放權(quán)登記、交易、結(jié)算三項(xiàng)管理規(guī)則，初步構(gòu)建起全國碳市場制度體系。積極推動《碳排放權(quán)交易管理暫行條例》立法進(jìn)程，夯實(shí)碳排放權(quán)交易的法律基礎(chǔ)，規(guī)范全國碳市場運(yùn)行和管理的各重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)。
Building a national carbon market system. Systems are key in advancing carbon market development. To better regulate the carbon market, the Chinese government promulgated the National Carbon Emissions Trading Market Construction Plan (Power Generation Industry), Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading (for Trial Implementation), and a quota allocation plan for the national carbon market in the first compliance period. In 2021, with the release of guidelines for accounting and reporting corporate greenhouse gas emissions and three sets of management rules for carbon emission rights regarding registration, trading, and settlement, a basic national carbon market system was established. The legislative process has moved forward on the Interim Rules on the Administration of Carbon Emissions Trading, which consolidated the legal basis for carbon emissions trading, and ensured standardized operation and management in the key links of the national carbon market.

啟動全國碳市場上線交易。2021年7月16日，全國碳市場上線交易正式啟動。納入發(fā)電行業(yè)重點(diǎn)排放單位2162家，覆蓋約45億噸二氧化碳排放量，是全球規(guī)模最大的碳市場。全國碳市場上線交易得到國內(nèi)國際高度關(guān)注和積極評價(jià)。截至2021年9月30日，全國碳市場碳排放配額累計(jì)成交量約1765萬噸，累計(jì)成交金額約8.01億元，市場運(yùn)行總體平穩(wěn)有序。
Launching the national carbon market. On July 16, 2021, the national carbon market started online trading. A total of 2,162 power generation companies were involved, representing 4.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, making this the world’s largest emissions trading system. The launch attracted great attention and positive comments in China and elsewhere. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume in the market had reached 17.65 million tonnes, with turnover of RMB801 million. In general, the operation of the market has been stable and orderly.

建立溫室氣體自愿減排交易機(jī)制。為調(diào)動全社會自覺參與碳減排活動的積極性，體現(xiàn)交易主體的社會責(zé)任和低碳發(fā)展需求，促進(jìn)能源消費(fèi)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)低碳化，2012年，中國建立溫室氣體自愿減排交易機(jī)制。截至2021年9月30日，自愿減排交易累計(jì)成交量超過3.34億噸二氧化碳當(dāng)量，成交額逾29.51億元，國家核證自愿減排量（CCER）已被用于碳排放權(quán)交易試點(diǎn)市場配額清繳抵銷或公益性注銷，有效促進(jìn)了能源結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化和生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償。
Establishing a greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction program. The China Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emission Reduction Program was established in 2012. Its goals are to encourage the whole of society to participate in emissions reduction activities, ensure that the transaction entities fulfill their social responsibilities, pursue a low-carbon development path, and promote a low-carbon industrial structure and low-carbon energy consumption. As of September 30, 2021, the total trading volume of greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction had exceeded 334 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, with turnover approaching RMB3 billion. China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) has been introduced to pilot markets in offsetting carbon emissions, or writing off emissions occurred for public welfare purposes, effectively optimizing China’s national energy mix and its compensation mechanism for eco-environmental conservation.

（五）增強(qiáng)適應(yīng)氣候變化能力
5. Reinforcing Ability to Adapt to Climate Change

廣大發(fā)展中國家由于生態(tài)環(huán)境、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平等方面的原因，適應(yīng)氣候變化的能力普遍較弱，比發(fā)達(dá)國家更易受到氣候變化的不利影響。中國是全球氣候變化的敏感區(qū)和影響顯著區(qū)，中國把主動適應(yīng)氣候變化作為實(shí)施積極應(yīng)對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略的重要內(nèi)容，推進(jìn)和實(shí)施適應(yīng)氣候變化重大戰(zhàn)略，開展重點(diǎn)區(qū)域、重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域適應(yīng)氣候變化行動，強(qiáng)化監(jiān)測預(yù)警和防災(zāi)減災(zāi)能力，努力提高適應(yīng)氣候變化能力和水平。
Due to ecological and environmental constraints, limitations imposed by the industrial structure, and the level of social and economic development, developing countries are generally weaker in terms of their ability to adapt to climate change, and are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change than developed countries. China is a climate sensitive region, and has witnessed a profound impact. Regarding adaptation as a major component in executing the national strategy for actively responding to climate change, the Chinese government has promoted and implemented major adaptation strategies, launching adaptation actions in key areas and sectors, and strengthening monitoring, early warning, and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities.

推進(jìn)和實(shí)施適應(yīng)氣候變化重大戰(zhàn)略。為統(tǒng)籌開展適應(yīng)氣候變化工作，2013年，中國制定了國家適應(yīng)氣候變化戰(zhàn)略，明確了2014年至2020年國家適應(yīng)氣候變化工作的指導(dǎo)思想和原則、主要目標(biāo)，制定實(shí)施基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、農(nóng)業(yè)、水資源、海岸帶和相關(guān)海域、森林和其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、人體健康、旅游業(yè)和其他產(chǎn)業(yè)七大重點(diǎn)任務(wù)等。2020年，中國啟動編制《國家適應(yīng)氣候變化戰(zhàn)略2035》，著力加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)籌指導(dǎo)和溝通協(xié)調(diào)，強(qiáng)化氣候變化影響觀測評估，提升重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵脆弱區(qū)域適應(yīng)氣候變化能力。
Pressing ahead with major national strategies to improve climate resilience. In order to carry out the climate adaptation related work in a coordinated way, China formulated the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation in 2013, identifying guidelines, principles, and main targets of this undertaking from 2014 to 2020, and supervised the formulation and implementation of seven major tasks involving infrastructure, agriculture, water resources, coastal zone and related sea areas, forests and other ecosystems, human health, tourism and other industries. In 2020, China started the preparation of the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2035, which focused on overall guidance, communication, coordination, strengthening observation and assessment of climate change impacts, and improving the ability of major sectors and key vulnerable regions to adapt to climate change.

開展重點(diǎn)區(qū)域適應(yīng)氣候變化行動。在城市地區(qū)，制定城市適應(yīng)氣候變化行動方案，開展海綿城市以及氣候適應(yīng)型城市試點(diǎn)，提升城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的氣候韌性，通過城市組團(tuán)式布局和綠廊、綠道、公園等城市綠化環(huán)境建設(shè)，有效緩解城市熱島效應(yīng)和相關(guān)氣候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提升國家交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)對低溫冰雪、洪澇、臺風(fēng)等極端天氣適應(yīng)能力。在沿海地區(qū)，組織開展年度全國海平面變化監(jiān)測、影響調(diào)查與評估，嚴(yán)格管控圍填海，加強(qiáng)濱海濕地保護(hù)，提高沿海重點(diǎn)地區(qū)抵御氣候變化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力。在其他重點(diǎn)生態(tài)地區(qū)，開展青藏高原、西北農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶、西南石漠化地區(qū)、長江與黃河流域等生態(tài)脆弱地區(qū)氣候適應(yīng)與生態(tài)修復(fù)工作，協(xié)同提高適應(yīng)氣候變化能力。
Launching climate change adaptation actions in key regions. In urban areas, action plan for cities to adapt to climate change has been formulated, and pilot projects for “sponge cities” and climate-adaptive cities have been carried out to improve the resilience of urban infrastructure. The urban cluster configuration and urban afforestation efforts such as corridors, greenways, and parks have effectively alleviated the urban heat island (UHI) effect and other climate risks, and improved the national transport network’s ability to adapt to extreme weather conditions such as unusually high or low levels of rain or snow, temperature fluctuations, typhoons, and other phenomena. In coastal areas, nationwide sea level change monitoring and surveys and assessments have been carried out annually, and land reclamation from the sea has been strictly regulated. The government has strengthened protection of coastal wetland, and improved the ability of key coastal areas to deal with climate change risks. In other key eco-environmental areas including ecologically fragile areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, transition areas between cropland and grassland in the northwest, stony deserts in the southwest, and the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins, China has carried out climate adaption and ecological restoration efforts to improve the overall ability to adapt to climate change.

推進(jìn)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域適應(yīng)氣候變化行動。在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域，加快轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方式，推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，啟動實(shí)施東北地區(qū)秸稈處理等農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展五大行動，提升農(nóng)業(yè)減排固碳能力。大力研發(fā)推廣防災(zāi)減災(zāi)增產(chǎn)、氣候資源利用等農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害防御和適應(yīng)新技術(shù)，完成農(nóng)業(yè)氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃5000多項(xiàng)。在林業(yè)和草原領(lǐng)域，因地制宜、適地適樹科學(xué)造林綠化，優(yōu)化造林模式，培育健康森林，全面提升林業(yè)適應(yīng)氣候變化能力。加強(qiáng)各類林地的保護(hù)管理，構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系，實(shí)施草原保護(hù)修復(fù)重大工程，恢復(fù)和增強(qiáng)草原生態(tài)功能。在水資源領(lǐng)域，完善防洪減災(zāi)體系，加強(qiáng)水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，提升水資源優(yōu)化配置和水旱災(zāi)害防御能力。實(shí)施國家節(jié)水行動，建立水資源剛性約束制度，推進(jìn)水資源消耗總量和強(qiáng)度雙控，提高水資源集約節(jié)約利用水平。在公眾健康領(lǐng)域，組織開展氣候變化健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估，提升中國適應(yīng)氣候變化保護(hù)人群健康能力。啟動實(shí)施“健康環(huán)境促進(jìn)行動”，開展氣候敏感性疾病防控工作，加強(qiáng)應(yīng)對氣候變化衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急保障。
Promoting climate change adaptation actions in key sectors. In the agricultural sector, China has promoted sustainable agricultural development by transforming agricultural growth models. Capacity for agricultural emissions reduction and carbon sequestration has been strengthened thanks to the implementation of five major agricultural green development actions in Northeast China, including straw processing. The government has made every effort to develop and promote new technologies for the prevention and adaptation of agrometeorological disasters, such as those related to preventing and mitigating disaster, increasing production, and utilizing climate resources. It has completed more than 5,000 exercises in agrometeorological disaster risk zoning. In forestry and grassland, afforestation and greening efforts have been carried out scientifically in line with local conditions and suitable tree types. The optimized afforestation models guarantee forest health, thus comprehensively increasing the ability of forestry to adapt to climate change. The government has strengthened the protection and management of various types of forest lands, built a nature reserve system with a focus on national parks, implemented major grassland protection and restoration projects, and restored and reinforced grassland ecological functions. In the water resources sector, China has improved the flood prevention and disaster reduction system, strengthened the construction of water conservancy infrastructure, and optimized the allocation of water resources to prevent floods and droughts. In order to control the total amount and intensity of water consumption and ensure its intensive and economical use, nationwide water-saving campaigns have been launched and a rigid restraint system has been established. In the public health sector, the government has organized and carried out climate change related health risk assessment, and worked to improve the country’s ability to protect public health in the context of climate change. China has launched Healthy Environment Promotion Action, carried out prevention and control of climate-sensitive diseases, and reinforced safeguards in response to the climate change health emergency.

強(qiáng)化監(jiān)測預(yù)警和防災(zāi)減災(zāi)能力。強(qiáng)化自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測、調(diào)查和評估，完善自然災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)警預(yù)報(bào)和綜合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范體系。建立了全國范圍內(nèi)多種氣象災(zāi)害長時(shí)間序列災(zāi)情數(shù)據(jù)庫，完成國家級精細(xì)化氣象災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警業(yè)務(wù)平臺建設(shè)。建立空天地一體化的自然災(zāi)害綜合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)測預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，定期發(fā)布全國自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)形勢報(bào)告。發(fā)布綜合防災(zāi)減災(zāi)規(guī)劃，指導(dǎo)氣候變化背景下防災(zāi)減災(zāi)救災(zāi)工作。實(shí)施自然災(zāi)害防治九項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)工程建設(shè)，推動自然災(zāi)害防治能力持續(xù)提升，重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)強(qiáng)對流天氣、冰川災(zāi)害、堰塞湖等監(jiān)測預(yù)警和會商研判。發(fā)揮國土空間規(guī)劃對提升自然災(zāi)害防治能力的基礎(chǔ)性作用。實(shí)現(xiàn)基層氣象防災(zāi)減災(zāi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化全國縣（區(qū)）全覆蓋。
Strengthening monitoring, early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. Systems for natural disaster risk monitoring, investigation and assessment, early warning and forecasting, and comprehensive risk prevention have been optimized. China has established a nationwide long-term sequences disaster database for various meteorological disasters, and completed a national-level refined meteorological disaster risk early warning service platform. With the establishment of a comprehensive system that integrates air, space and land, China now publishes regular reports on national natural disaster risks. The government has promulgated national disaster prevention and mitigation plans to guide disaster prevention, mitigation and relief work in the context of climate change, carried out nine key projects for strengthening natural disaster prevention and control, monitoring, early warning, consultation and evaluation of severe convective weather, melting glaciers, and dammed lakes. Territorial space planning plays a key role in preventing and controlling natural disasters, and ensures that local-level meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation standards apply to all counties (districts) across the country.

（六）持續(xù)提升應(yīng)對氣候變化支撐水平
6. Increasing Support for Addressing Climate Change

中國高度重視應(yīng)對氣候變化支撐保障能力建設(shè)，不斷完善溫室氣體排放統(tǒng)計(jì)核算體系，發(fā)揮綠色金融重要作用，提升科技創(chuàng)新支撐能力，積極推動應(yīng)對氣候變化技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)化。
China attaches great importance to developing support capacity to address climate change. It has continuously improved the statistical and accounting system for greenhouse gas emissions, given a key role to green finance, and leveraged the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation to promote the transfer and application of climate change technologies.

完善溫室氣體排放統(tǒng)計(jì)核算體系。建立健全溫室氣體排放基礎(chǔ)統(tǒng)計(jì)制度，提出涵蓋氣候變化及影響等5大類36個(gè)指標(biāo)的應(yīng)對氣候變化統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)體系，在此基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建應(yīng)對氣候變化統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表制度，持續(xù)對統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表進(jìn)行整體更新與修訂。編制國家溫室氣體清單，在已提交中華人民共和國氣候變化初始國家信息通報(bào)的基礎(chǔ)上，提交兩次國家信息通報(bào)和兩次兩年更新報(bào)告。推動企業(yè)溫室氣體排放核算和報(bào)告，印發(fā)24個(gè)行業(yè)企業(yè)溫室氣體排放核算方法與報(bào)告指南，組織開展企業(yè)溫室氣體排放報(bào)告工作。碳達(dá)峰碳中和工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室設(shè)立碳排放統(tǒng)計(jì)核算工作組，加快完善碳排放統(tǒng)計(jì)核算體系。
Improving the statistical and accounting systems of greenhouse gas emissions. China has established and improved a basic statistical system for measuring greenhouse gas emissions. It has proposed a statistical indicator system on climate change response involving 36 indicators grouped into 5 categories, including climate change and impact. It has launched a statistical report on climate change response on this basis, and continued to update and revise the report. It has compiled a greenhouse gas inventory, and submitted two national reports and two two-year update reports based on the Initial National Report on Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. The government has urged enterprises to improve their accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, issued appropriate guidelines for 24 industries, and organized companies to prepare greenhouse gas emission reports. The Office of the Leading Group on Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality has formed a taskforce to speed up efforts to upgrade the carbon emission statistical and accounting system.

加強(qiáng)綠色金融支持。中國不斷加大資金投入，支持應(yīng)對氣候變化工作。加強(qiáng)綠色金融頂層設(shè)計(jì)，先后在浙江、江西、廣東、貴州、甘肅、新疆等六?。▍^(qū)）九地設(shè)立了綠色金融改革創(chuàng)新試驗(yàn)區(qū)，強(qiáng)化金融支持綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型功能，引導(dǎo)試驗(yàn)區(qū)加快經(jīng)驗(yàn)復(fù)制推廣。出臺氣候投融資綜合配套政策，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)氣候投融資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系建設(shè)，強(qiáng)化市場資金引導(dǎo)機(jī)制，推動氣候投融資試點(diǎn)工作。大力發(fā)展綠色信貸，完善綠色債券配套政策，發(fā)布相關(guān)支持項(xiàng)目目錄，有效引導(dǎo)社會資本支持應(yīng)對氣候變化。截至2020年末，中國綠色貸款余額11.95萬億元，其中清潔能源貸款余額為3.2萬億元，綠色債券市場累計(jì)發(fā)行約1.2萬億元，存量規(guī)模達(dá)8000億元，位于世界第二。
Increasing green finance support. China continues to increase investment to support efforts to tackle climate change. It has improved the top-level design of green finance, and set up nine pilot zones for reform and innovation of green finance in six provincial-level administrative units, namely, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Xinjiang, and Zhejiang. It has strengthened financial support for green and low-carbon transformation, and encouraged pilot zones to introduce successful practices to more regions. It has introduced comprehensive support policies for climate investment and financing, and pressed for building a standard system accordingly. It has also strengthened market funding guidance and promoted pilot work in climate investment and financing. It has encouraged the development of green credit mechanisms, improved supporting policies for green bonds, and published a catalog of related supporting projects, effectively guiding private capital in addressing climate change. As of the end of 2020, China’s balance of green loans amounted to RMB11.95 trillion, of which the clean energy loan balance was RMB3.2 trillion. China has issued a total of about RMB1.2 trillion of green bonds, with roughly RMB800 billion outstanding, making it the world’s second-biggest green bond market.

強(qiáng)化科技創(chuàng)新支撐?？萍紕?chuàng)新在發(fā)現(xiàn)、揭示和應(yīng)對氣候變化問題中發(fā)揮著基礎(chǔ)性作用，在推動綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型中將發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性作用。中國先后發(fā)布應(yīng)對氣候變化相關(guān)科技創(chuàng)新專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃、技術(shù)推廣清單、綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄，全面部署了應(yīng)對氣候變化科技工作，持續(xù)開展應(yīng)對氣候變化基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究，強(qiáng)化智庫咨詢支撐，加強(qiáng)低碳技術(shù)研發(fā)應(yīng)用。國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃開展10余個(gè)應(yīng)對氣候變化科技研發(fā)重大專項(xiàng)，積極推廣溫室氣體削減和利用領(lǐng)域143項(xiàng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)牽頭綠色技術(shù)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目，支持綠色技術(shù)成果轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)化，建立綜合性國家級綠色技術(shù)交易市場，引導(dǎo)企業(yè)采用先進(jìn)適用的節(jié)能低碳新工藝和技術(shù)。成立二氧化碳捕集、利用與封存（以下簡稱CCUS）創(chuàng)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟、CCUS專委會等專門機(jī)構(gòu)，持續(xù)推動CCUS領(lǐng)域技術(shù)進(jìn)步、成果轉(zhuǎn)化。
Strengthening the role of scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation plays a fundamental role in identifying, analyzing, and responding to issues related to climate change, and is set to play a crucial role in promoting the green and low-carbon transition. China has issued a series of climate change-related special plans for technological innovation, technology promotion lists, and green industry catalogs. The government has committed to basic scientific research on climate change, emphasized the consulting function of think tanks, and promoted the research, development, and application of low-carbon technologies. More than 10 major climate change-related research and development projects have been carried out, and the application of 143 technologies in the field of greenhouse gas reduction and utilization has been promoted under the national key research and development plan. The government has encouraged enterprises to take the lead in green technology research and development, supported the transfer and application of green technology achievements, established a comprehensive national-level green technology trading market, and guided enterprises to adopt advanced and applicable energy-saving and low-carbon new technologies. China has established a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) entrepreneurial technology innovation strategic alliance, along with a special committee and other institutions, to promote technical progress and the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field.