三、中國應對氣候變化發(fā)生歷史性變化
III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change

中國堅持創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，立足國內、胸懷世界，以中國智慧和中國方案推動經濟社會綠色低碳轉型發(fā)展不斷取得新成效，以大國擔當為全球應對氣候變化作出積極貢獻。
China upholds the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Based on domestic realities and taking into consideration the international situation, China continues to employ its wisdom and apply its solutions to the transition to green and low-carbon social and economic development. As a responsible major country, it is making its due contribution to the global response to climate change.

（一）經濟發(fā)展與減污降碳協(xié)同效應凸顯
1. Coordinating Economic Development with Reductions in Pollution and Carbon Emissions

中國堅定不移走綠色、低碳、可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，致力于將綠色發(fā)展理念融匯到經濟建設的各方面和全過程，綠色已成為經濟高質量發(fā)展的亮麗底色，在經濟社會持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的同時，碳排放強度顯著下降。2020年中國碳排放強度比2015年下降18.8%，超額完成“十三五”約束性目標，比2005年下降48.4%，超額完成了中國向國際社會承諾的到2020年下降40%－45%的目標，累計少排放二氧化碳約58億噸，基本扭轉了二氧化碳排放快速增長的局面。與此同時，中國經濟實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展，2020年GDP比2005年增長超4倍，取得了近1億農村貧困人口脫貧的巨大勝利，完成了消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務。中國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護工作也取得歷史性成就，環(huán)境“顏值”普遍提升，美麗中國建設邁出堅實步伐?！笆濉币?guī)劃綱要確定的生態(tài)環(huán)境約束性指標均圓滿超額完成。其中，全國地級及以上城市優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率為87%（目標84.5%）；PM2.5未達標地級及以上城市平均濃度相比2015年下降28.8%（目標18%）；全國地表水優(yōu)良水質斷面比例提高到83.4%（目標70%）；劣Ⅴ類水體比例下降到0.6%（目標5%）；二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化學需氧量、氨氮排放量和單位GDP二氧化碳排放指標，均在2019年提前完成“十三五”目標基礎上繼續(xù)保持下降。污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)階段性目標任務高質量完成。藍天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，七大標志性戰(zhàn)役取得決定性成效。重污染天數(shù)明顯減少。
China follows the path of green, low-carbon and sustainable development, and is committed to integrating green development into the whole process of economic development. Greenness has become an integral component of sustained and high-quality social and economic development, and China’s carbon intensity has decreased significantly.
China’s carbon intensity in 2020 was 18.8 percent lower than that in 2015, a better result than the binding target set in the 13th Five-year Plan (2016-2020). The figure was also 48.4 percent less than that in 2005, which means that China had more than fulfilled its commitment to the international community – to achieve a 40-45 percent reduction in carbon intensity from the 2005 level by 2020. The drop in carbon intensity translates to a total reduction of about 5.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions from 2005 to 2020, and demonstrates that China has largely reversed the rapid growth of its carbon dioxide emissions.
At the same time, China’s economy has achieved leapfrog development. Its GDP in 2020 was more than four times greater than in 2005. It has achieved a great victory in moving nearly 100 million rural poor out of poverty, and succeeded in the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty.
China has also achieved remarkable successes in eco-environmental protection, and the overall environment is becoming more beautiful. It has taken solid steps to build a beautiful China. The binding eco-environmental targets set in the 13th Five-year Plan have all been exceeded. The following results were achieved in 2020:
? The ratio of days with “excellent” air quality in cities at and above prefecture level was 87 percent (against a target of 84.5 percent).
? The average concentration of PM2.5 in cities at and above prefecture level went down by 28.8 percent from the 2015 level (against a target of 18 percent).
? The combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water increased to 83.4 percent (against a target of 70 percent).
? The proportion of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V decreased to 0.6 percent (against a target of 5 percent).
? Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen emissions and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have continued to decline after China completed the 13th Five-year Plan ahead of schedule in 2019. The phased objectives and tasks of pollution prevention and control have been completed to a high standard. The battles to defend blue skies, clear waters and clean land and the seven landmark campaigns for pollution prevention and control have achieved decisive results. The number of days with heavy pollution has decreased significantly.

（二）能源生產和消費革命取得顯著成效
2. Remarkable Results in Revolutionizing Energy Production and Consumption

中國堅定不移實施能源安全新戰(zhàn)略，能源生產和利用方式發(fā)生重大變革，能源發(fā)展取得歷史性成就，為服務高質量發(fā)展、打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)和全面建成小康社會提供重要支撐，為應對氣候變化、建設清潔美麗世界作出積極貢獻。
China has committed to implementing a new energy security strategy, with major changes made in energy production and utilization, and historic achievements in energy development. These provide vital momentum to achieve high-quality development, win the battle against poverty, and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects. They also contribute to China’s drive to mitigate climate change and build a clean and beautiful world.

非化石能源快速發(fā)展。中國把非化石能源放在能源發(fā)展優(yōu)先位置，大力開發(fā)利用非化石能源，推進能源綠色低碳轉型。初步核算，2020年，中國非化石能源占能源消費總量比重提高到15.9%，比2005年大幅提升了8.5個百分點；中國非化石能源發(fā)電裝機總規(guī)模達到9.8億千瓦，占總裝機的比重達到44.7%，其中，風電、光伏、水電、生物質發(fā)電、核電裝機容量分別達到2.8億千瓦、2.5億千瓦、3.7億千瓦、2952萬千瓦、4989萬千瓦，光伏和風電裝機容量較2005年分別增加了3000多倍和200多倍。非化石能源發(fā)電量達到2.6萬億千瓦時，占全社會用電量的比重達到三分之一以上。
Non-fossil energy is developing rapidly. China gives priority to the development of non-fossil energy. It is vigorously developing and utilizing alternative energy sources, and promoting a green and low-carbon transformation of its energy industry. Preliminary calculations show that in 2020, non-fossil energy contributed 15.9 percent to China’s total energy consumption, a significant increase of 8.5 percentage points compared with 2005. The total installed capacity of non-fossil energy power generation in China reached 980 million kW, accounting for 44.7 percent of total installed capacity. Within this figure, wind represented 280 million kW, PV 250 million kW, hydro 370 million kW, biomass 29.52 million kW, and nuclear power 49.89 million kW. PV power increased by a factor of more than 3,000 compared with 2005, and wind by a factor of more than 200. Electricity generated by non-fossil energy reached 2.6 trillion kWh, representing more than one third of the power consumption of the country.

能耗強度顯著降低。中國是全球能耗強度降低最快的國家之一，初步核算，2011年至2020年中國能耗強度累計下降28.7%。“十三五”期間，中國以年均2.8%的能源消費量增長支撐了年均5.7%的經濟增長，節(jié)約能源占同時期全球節(jié)能量的一半左右。中國煤電機組供電煤耗持續(xù)保持世界先進水平，截至2020年底，中國達到超低排放水平的煤電機組約9.5億千瓦，節(jié)能改造規(guī)模超過8億千瓦，火電廠平均供電煤耗降至305.8克標煤/千瓦時，較2010年下降超過27克標煤/千瓦時。據(jù)測算，供電能耗降低使2020年火電行業(yè)相比2010年減少二氧化碳排放3.7億噸。2016年至2020年，中國發(fā)布強制性能耗限額標準16項，實現(xiàn)年節(jié)能量7700萬噸標準煤，相當于減排二氧化碳1.48億噸；發(fā)布強制性產品設備能效標準26項，實現(xiàn)年節(jié)電量490億千瓦時。
China is rapidly reducing its energy consumption intensity. Preliminary calculations show that the reduction from 2011 to 2020 reached 28.7 percent, one of the fastest in the world. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), China fueled an average annual economic growth of 5.7 percent with an average annual energy consumption growth of 2.8 percent, and the amount of energy it saved accounted for about half of the global energy savings in the same period. China has been ranked among leading countries in the efficiency of coal consumption in its coal-fired power generation units. By the end of 2020, it had approximately 950 million kW of installed capacity in ultra-low emission units, and over 800 million kW of installed capacity in units that had undergone energy-saving transformation. The average coal consumption of thermal power plants had decreased to 305.8 grams of standard coal per kWh, down more than 27 grams compared with 2010. The energy saved represents a reduction of 370 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission by coal-fired power generation units in 2020 compared with 2010.
From 2016 to 2020, China issued 16 mandatory energy consumption quota standards, achieving an annual energy saving of 77 million tonnes of standard coal, equivalent to 148 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions; it issued 26 mandatory product and equipment energy efficiency standards, realizing an annual power saving of 49 billion kWh.

能源消費結構向清潔低碳加速轉化。為應對化石能源燃燒所帶來的環(huán)境污染和氣候變化問題，中國嚴控煤炭消費，煤炭消費占比持續(xù)明顯下降。2020年中國能源消費總量控制在50億噸標準煤以內，煤炭占能源消費總量比重由2005年的72.4%下降至2020年的56.8%。中國超額完成“十三五”煤炭去產能、淘汰煤電落后產能目標任務，累計淘汰煤電落后產能4500萬千瓦以上。截至2020年底，中國北方地區(qū)冬季清潔取暖率已提升到60%以上，京津冀及周邊地區(qū)、汾渭平原累計完成散煤替代2500萬戶左右，削減散煤約5000萬噸，據(jù)測算，相當于少排放二氧化碳約9200萬噸。
China has accelerated the transformation to a clean and low-carbon energy consumption structure. In order to address pollution and climate change caused by fossil fuel combustion, China has strictly controlled coal consumption, and the proportion of coal consumption has continued to decline significantly. In 2020, China’s total energy consumption was kept under 5 billion tonnes of standard coal. The proportion of coal in its total energy consumption dropped from 72.4 percent in 2005 to 56.8 percent in 2020. China exceeded the target for reducing coal production capacity and eliminated more than 45 million kW of outdated coal and electricity production capacity during the 2016-2020 period. By the end of 2020, the clean heating rate in winter in northern China had increased to more than 60 percent. Coal for non-industrial sectors has been replaced with cleaner energy in the power supply to around 25 million households in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding areas and on the Fenwei Plain, representing a reduction of around 50 million tonnes of coal for non-industrial sectors, which is equivalent to cutting about 92 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions.

能源發(fā)展有力支持脫貧攻堅。中國實施能源扶貧工程，通過合理開發(fā)利用貧困地區(qū)能源資源，有效提升了貧困地區(qū)自身“造血”能力，為貧困地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展增添新動能。中國累計建成超過2600萬千瓦光伏扶貧電站，成千上萬座“陽光銀行”遍布貧困農村地區(qū)，惠及約6萬個貧困村、415萬貧困戶，形成了光伏與農業(yè)融合發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新模式，助力打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)。
Energy development significantly contributes to poverty alleviation. China has implemented a project to alleviate poverty through the rational development and utilization of energy resources in poor areas, effectively boosting their economic development capacity. China has built a total of more than 26 million kW of PV poverty-alleviation power stations, and thousands of “sunshine banks” in poor rural areas, benefiting about 60,000 poor villages and 4.15 million poor households. This innovative model for the integrated development of PV energy and agriculture is helping to win the battle against poverty.

（三）產業(yè)低碳化為綠色發(fā)展提供新動能
3. Low-Carbon Industrial Transition Fueling Green Development

中國堅持把生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展的要求落實到產業(yè)升級之中，持續(xù)推動產業(yè)綠色低碳化和綠色低碳產業(yè)化，努力走出了一條產業(yè)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護雙贏的生態(tài)文明發(fā)展新路。
China has incorporated the concepts of putting the environment first and pursuing green development into its industrial upgrading. Through green, low carbon transformation of industries and the application of green, low carbon solutions, it has opened a new path to progress in both industrial development and environmental protection.

產業(yè)結構進一步優(yōu)化。應對氣候變化為中國產業(yè)綠色低碳發(fā)展賦予新使命，帶來新機遇。2020年中國第三產業(yè)增加值占GDP比重達到54.5%，比2015年提高3.7個百分點，高于第二產業(yè)16.7個百分點。節(jié)能環(huán)保等戰(zhàn)略性新興產業(yè)快速壯大并逐步成為支柱產業(yè)，高技術制造業(yè)增加值占規(guī)模以上工業(yè)增加值比重為15.1%。“十三五”期間，中國高耗能項目產能擴張得到有效控制，石化、化工、鋼鐵等重點行業(yè)轉型升級加速，提前兩年完成“十三五”化解鋼鐵過剩產能1.5億噸上限目標任務，全面取締“地條鋼”產能1億多噸。據(jù)測算，截至2020年，中國單位工業(yè)增加值二氧化碳排放量比2015年下降約22%。2020年主要資源產出率比2015年提高約26%，廢鋼、廢紙累計利用量分別達到約2.6億噸、5490萬噸，再生有色金屬產量達到1450萬噸。
China is improving its industrial structure. Responding to climate change is a new mission for Chinese industry in its pursuit of green, low-carbon development, which also opens up new opportunities. The added value of tertiary industry made up 54.5 percent of China’s GDP in 2020, 3.7 percentage points above that of 2015 and 16.7 percentage points higher than the figure for secondary industry. Strategic emerging industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection are growing rapidly and becoming pillars of the economy. Hi-tech manufacturing now accounts for 15.1 percent of the added value of industrial firms of designated size – with a revenue of RMB20 million and above per annum.
During the 2016-2020 period, China effectively reined in the expansion of energy-intensive industries, and accelerated the upgrading and transformation of key industries, including petrochemicals, chemicals, and iron & steel. Having set the goal of reducing the overcapacity of iron & steel production by up to 150 million tonnes during this period, it met the goal two years ahead of schedule, and decommissioned facilities producing substandard steel products to a total volume exceeding 100 million tonnes. It is estimated that from 2015 to 2020 carbon dioxide emissions per unit of added value of Chinese industries fell by about 22 percent.
In 2020, major resource productivity rose by approximately 26 percent from the 2015 level. About 260 million tonnes of scrap steel and 54.9 million tonnes of waste paper were reused, and the output of recycled non-ferrous metals reached 14.5 million tonnes.

新能源產業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。隨著新一輪科技革命和產業(yè)變革孕育興起，新能源汽車產業(yè)正進入加速發(fā)展的新階段。中國新能源汽車生產和銷售規(guī)模連續(xù)6年位居全球第一，截至2021年6月，新能源汽車保有量已達603萬輛。中國風電、光伏發(fā)電設備制造形成了全球最完整的產業(yè)鏈，技術水平和制造規(guī)模居世界前列，新型儲能產業(yè)鏈日趨完善，技術路線多元化發(fā)展，為全球能源清潔低碳轉型提供了重要保障。截至2020年底，中國多晶硅、光伏電池、光伏組件等產品產量占全球總產量份額均位居全球第一，連續(xù)8年成為全球最大新增光伏市場；光伏產品出口到200多個國家及地區(qū)，降低了全球清潔能源使用成本；新型儲能裝機規(guī)模約330萬千瓦，位居全球第一。
The new energy industry is witnessing strong growth. The latest revolution in science and technology and industrial transformation has accelerated the growth of the NEV industry. China has topped the world in NEV output and sales for the last six years. In June 2021 the country’s NEV fleet reached 6.03 million.
In the manufacture of wind power and PV power generation equipment, China has established the most complete industrial chain in the world, and is the global leader in terms of technology and output. The steady maturing of China’s industrial chain for new energy storage and the diversity of its technology lend strength to the clean, low-carbon transition of the global energy sector. As of the end of 2020, China had secured the largest share in the global output of polycrystalline silicon, PV cells, and PV modules, and led the world in PV capacity additions for eight consecutive years; it had exported PV products to more than 200 countries and regions worldwide, helping to bring down the cost of clean energy globally; its installed capacity for new energy storage stood at 3.3 million kW, the largest in the world.

綠色節(jié)能建筑跨越式增長。以綠色發(fā)展理念為牽引，中國全面深入推進綠色建筑和建筑節(jié)能，充分釋放建筑領域巨大的碳減排潛力。截至2020年底，城鎮(zhèn)新建綠色建筑占當年新建建筑比例高達77%，累計建成綠色建筑面積超過66億平方米。累計建成節(jié)能建筑面積超過238億平方米，節(jié)能建筑占城鎮(zhèn)民用建筑面積比例超過63%?！笆濉逼陂g，城鎮(zhèn)新建建筑節(jié)能標準進一步提高，完成既有居住建筑節(jié)能改造面積5.14億平方米，公共建筑節(jié)能改造面積1.85億平方米?？稍偕茉刺娲裼媒ㄖＲ?guī)能源消耗比重達到6%。
Green, energy-efficient buildings are growing rapidly. Under its green development philosophy, China has made sweeping efforts to promote eco-friendly and energy-efficient buildings, in a bid to harness the full potential for carbon emissions reduction in the architectural sector. By the end of 2020 the floorage of China’s green buildings had exceeded 6.6 billion square meters, with as many as 77 percent of urban buildings completed in the year meeting the green standard. The floorage of energy-efficient buildings had surpassed 23.8 billion square meters, accounting for more than 63 percent of the total floor space of urban civic buildings.
During the 2016-2020 period China further raised its energy conservation standard for newly built urban buildings. It improved energy efficiency over 514 million square meters of floor space in existing civic buildings and 185 million square meters in public buildings, and increased the share of renewable energy in energy use by civic buildings to six percent.

綠色交通體系日益完善。中國堅定不移推進交通領域節(jié)能減排，走出了一條能耗排放做“減法”、經濟發(fā)展做“加法”的新路子。綜合運輸網(wǎng)絡不斷完善，大宗貨物運輸“公轉鐵”、“公轉水”、江海直達運輸、多式聯(lián)運發(fā)展持續(xù)推進；鐵路貨運量占全社會貨運量比例較2017年增長近兩個百分點，水路貨運量較2010年增加了38.27億噸，集裝箱鐵水聯(lián)運量“十三五”期間年均增長超過23%。城市低碳交通系統(tǒng)建設成效顯著，截至2020年底，31個?。▍^(qū)、市）中有87個城市開展了國家公交都市建設，43個城市開通運營城市軌道交通?！笆濉逼陂g城市公共交通累計完成客運量超4270億人次，城市公共交通機動化出行分擔率穩(wěn)步提高。
Steady progress is being made in green transport. China is firmly committed to energy conservation and emissions reduction in the transport industry. It has therefore devised a means of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions while maintaining economic growth. With steady improvements to the integrated transport system, more bulk cargos are carried by train and ship instead of truck, and river-sea shipping and multimodal transport continue to expand. By 2020 the share of railways in China’s total freight volume had increased by nearly two percentage points over 2017, and the volume of river and sea freight had grown by 3.83 billion tonnes compared to 2010. Between 2016 and 2020 the volume of intermodal rail-water freight grew by an average of 23 percent year on year.
Notable progress has also been made in building low-carbon urban transport systems. As of the end of 2020, 87 cities on China’s mainland had joined the national program to improve public transport, and 43 cities had launched urban rail transit networks. During the 2016-2020 period, trips by urban public transport exceeded 427 billion, signifying a steady increase in the proportion of city dwellers using public transport.

（四）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力明顯提高
4. Marked Increase in the Carbon Sink Capacity of Ecosystems

中國堅持多措并舉，有效發(fā)揮森林、草原、濕地、海洋、土壤、凍土等的固碳作用，持續(xù)鞏固提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯能力。中國是全球森林資源增長最多和人工造林面積最大的國家，成為全球“增綠”的主力軍。2010年至2020年，中國實施退耕還林還草約1.08億畝?！笆濉逼陂g，累計完成造林5.45億畝、森林撫育6.37億畝。2020年底，全國森林面積2.2億公頃，全國森林覆蓋率達到23.04%，草原綜合植被覆蓋度達到56.1%，濕地保護率達到50%以上，森林植被碳儲備量91.86億噸，“地球之肺”發(fā)揮了重要的碳匯價值?！笆濉逼陂g，中國累計完成防沙治沙任務1097.8萬公頃，完成石漠化治理面積165萬公頃，新增水土流失綜合治理面積31萬平方公里，塞罕壩、庫布齊等創(chuàng)造了一個個“荒漠變綠洲”的綠色傳奇；修復退化濕地46.74萬公頃，新增濕地面積20.26萬公頃。截至2020年底，中國建立了國家級自然保護區(qū)474處，面積超過國土面積的十分之一，累計建成高標準農田8億畝，整治修復岸線1200公里，濱海濕地2.3萬公頃，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳匯功能得到有效保護。
China has taken various measures to build up the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems and ensure that forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, soil and frigid zones play their role in carbon sequestration. With the highest growth in forest coverage and the largest area of man-made forests, China leads the world in greening the planet. In the decade between 2010 and 2020, 7.2 million ha of marginal farmland were turned into forest and grassland. By 2020, vegetation coverage of its grasslands was 56.1 percent, and more than half of its wetland areas were under protection.
In the 2016-2020 period, 36.3 million ha of forests were planted, and 42.5 million ha of forests were tended. At the end of 2020, China’s forest area stood at 220 million ha, its forest coverage reached 23 percent, and forest carbon storage approached 9.19 billion tonnes. Forests, the lungs of the earth, are playing their due role as an important carbon sink.
During the five years from 2016 to 2020, China conducted desertification control on almost 11 million ha, addressed stony desertification on 1.65 million ha, and applied comprehensive treatment of soil erosion to an additional 310,000 square kilometers of land. Saihanba and Kubuqi are two shining examples of this “desert to oasis” miracle China has created. China also restored 467,400 ha of degraded wetlands, and added 202,600 ha of new wetlands.
By the end of 2020 China had established 474 national nature reserves, which accounted for more than one tenth of its land mass. It had cultivated 53.3 million ha of high-quality farmland, and restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands. As a result, ecosystems are better conserved and geared to play their role as carbon sinks.

（五）綠色低碳生活成為新風尚
5. Green and Low Carbon Lifestyles Gaining Popularity

踐行綠色生活已成為建設美麗中國的必要前提，也正在成為全社會共建美麗中國的自覺行動。中國長期開展“全國節(jié)能宣傳周”“全國低碳日”“世界環(huán)境日”等活動，向社會公眾普及氣候變化知識，積極在國民教育體系中突出包括氣候變化和綠色發(fā)展在內的生態(tài)文明教育，組織開展面向社會的應對氣候變化培訓?！懊利愔袊沂切袆诱摺被顒釉谥袊蟮厣先缁鹑巛闭归_。以公交、地鐵為主的城市公共交通日出行量超過2億人次，騎行、步行等城市慢行系統(tǒng)建設穩(wěn)步推進，綠色、低碳出行理念深入人心。從“光盤行動”、反對餐飲浪費、節(jié)水節(jié)紙、節(jié)電節(jié)能，到環(huán)保裝修、拒絕過度包裝、告別一次性用品，“綠色低碳節(jié)儉風”吹進千家萬戶，簡約適度、綠色低碳、文明健康的生活方式成為社會新風尚。
Green living is a prerequisite for building a beautiful China, and every member of society has become conscious of the need and is ready to act. Through regular activities, including those for National Energy Conservation Week, National Low Carbon Day and World Environment Day, China educates the public about climate change. It also promotes the concept of eco-civilization, including climate change and green development, in the national education system, and organizes training courses for the public on responding to climate change.
The “Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor” campaign is sweeping the nation, attracting large numbers of participants. Urban public vehicles, mainly buses and subways, carry over 200 million passengers every day, roads and facilities friendly to cycling and walking are expanding in urban areas, and more people are favoring green, low-carbon modes of transport.
In addition, tens of thousands of households are practicing thrift through actions such as saving food, water, paper, and energy, choosing eco-friendly materials for home decoration, and saying no to over-packaging and disposable products. The nation is turning towards a thrifty, healthy, green and low-carbon lifestyle.