國務院新聞辦公室12月4日發(fā)表《中國的民主》白皮書。

雙語全文如下：

中國的民主
China: Democracy That Works

（2021年12月）
中華人民共和國
國務院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the
People's Republic of China

目錄
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、中國共產黨領導人民實現(xiàn)全過程人民民主
I. Whole-Process People's Democracy Under CPC Leadership

二、具有科學有效的制度安排
II. A Sound Institutional Framework

三、具有具體現(xiàn)實的民主實踐
III. Concrete and Pragmatic Practices

四、廣泛真實管用的民主
IV. Democracy That Works

五、豐富人類政治文明形態(tài)
V. A New Model of Democracy

結束語
Conclusion

前言
Preamble

民主是全人類的共同價值，是中國共產黨和中國人民始終不渝堅持的重要理念。
Democracy is a common value of humanity and an ideal that has always been cherished by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese people.

今年是中國共產黨成立100周年。100年前，中國共產黨一經誕生，就把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復興確立為自己的初心和使命，為實現(xiàn)人民當家作主進行了不懈探索和奮斗。100年來，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領導人民在一個有幾千年封建社會歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會的國家實現(xiàn)了人民當家作主，中國人民真正成為國家、社會和自己命運的主人。
This year marks the centenary of the CPC. Since its founding in 1921, the Party has taken wellbeing for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its abiding goals, and has made continuous efforts to ensure the people's status as masters of the country. China is a country with a feudal history dating back several thousand years that descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society after the Opium War of 1840. Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people in realizing people's democracy in China. The Chinese people now truly hold in their hands their own future and that of society and the country.

中國的民主是人民民主，人民當家作主是中國民主的本質和核心。黨的十八大以來，黨深化對中國民主政治發(fā)展規(guī)律的認識，提出全過程人民民主重大理念并大力推進，民主價值和理念進一步轉化為科學有效的制度安排和具體現(xiàn)實的民主實踐。全過程人民民主，實現(xiàn)了過程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實質民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國家意志相統(tǒng)一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實、最管用的社會主義民主。
The people's status as masters of the country is the essence of people's democracy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, with a deeper understanding of China's path to democracy and the political system, the Party has developed whole-process people's democracy as a key concept and striven to translate it and relevant democratic values into effective institutions and concrete actions.

Whole-process people's democracy integrates process-oriented democracy with results-oriented democracy, procedural democracy with substantive democracy, direct democracy with indirect democracy, and people's democracy with the will of the state. It is a model of socialist democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. It is a true democracy that works.

民主是歷史的、具體的、發(fā)展的，各國民主植根于本國的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，成長于本國人民的實踐探索和智慧創(chuàng)造，民主道路不同，民主形態(tài)各異。評價一個國家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的，主要看國家領導層能否依法有序更替，全體人民能否依法管理國家事務和社會事務、管理經濟和文化事業(yè)，人民群眾能否暢通表達利益要求，社會各方面能否有效參與國家政治生活，國家決策能否實現(xiàn)科學化、民主化，各方面人才能否通過公平競爭進入國家領導和管理體系，執(zhí)政黨能否依照憲法法律規(guī)定實現(xiàn)對國家事務的領導，權力運用能否得到有效制約和監(jiān)督。
Democracy is a concrete phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Rooted in history, culture and tradition, it takes diverse forms and develops along the paths chosen by different peoples based on their exploration and innovation.

The best way to evaluate whether a country's political system is democratic and efficient is to observe whether the succession of its leaders is orderly and in line with the law, whether all the people can manage state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings in conformity with legal provisions, whether the public can express their requirements without hindrance, whether all sectors can efficiently participate in the country's political affairs, whether national decision-making can be conducted in a rational and democratic way, whether people of high caliber in all fields can be part of the national leadership and administrative systems through fair competition, whether the governing party is in charge of state affairs in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and whether the exercise of power can be kept under effective restraint and supervision.

民主不是裝飾品，不是用來做擺設的，而是要用來解決人民需要解決的問題的。一個國家民主不民主，關鍵在于是不是真正做到了人民當家作主，要看人民有沒有投票權，更要看人民有沒有廣泛參與權；要看人民在選舉過程中得到了什么口頭許諾，更要看選舉后這些承諾實現(xiàn)了多少；要看制度和法律規(guī)定了什么樣的政治程序和政治規(guī)則，更要看這些制度和法律是不是真正得到了執(zhí)行；要看權力運行規(guī)則和程序是否民主，更要看權力是否真正受到人民監(jiān)督和制約。
Democracy is not a decorative ornament, but an instrument for addressing the issues that concern the people. Whether a country is democratic depends on whether its people are truly the masters of the country; whether the people have the right to vote, and more importantly, the right to participate extensively; whether they have been given verbal promises in elections, and more importantly, how many of these promises are fulfilled after elections; whether there are set political procedures and rules in state systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are truly enforced; whether the rules and procedures for the exercise of power are democratic, and more importantly, whether the exercise of power is genuinely subject to public scrutiny and checks.

民主是各國人民的權利，而不是少數(shù)國家的專利。一個國家是不是民主，應該由這個國家的人民來評判，而不應該由外部少數(shù)人指手畫腳來評判。國際社會哪個國家是不是民主的，應該由國際社會共同來評判，而不應該由自以為是的少數(shù)國家來評判。實現(xiàn)民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調的眼光審視人類五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。
Democracy is the right of the people in every country, rather than the prerogative of a few nations. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by its people, not dictated by a handful of outsiders. Whether a country is democratic should be acknowledged by the international community, not arbitrarily decided by a few self-appointed judges. There is no fixed model of democracy; it manifests itself in many forms. Assessing the myriad political systems in the world against a single yardstick and examining diverse political structures in monochrome are in themselves undemocratic.

民主是多樣的，世界是多彩的。在世界文明的百花園里，中國的民主之花絢麗綻放。中國愿與各國交流互鑒、攜手合作，為人類政治文明發(fā)展進步貢獻智慧和力量。
In the richly diverse world, democracy comes in many forms. China's democracy is thriving alongside those of other countries in the garden of civilizations. China stands ready to contribute its experience and strength to global political progress through cooperation and mutual learning.

一、中國共產黨領導人民實現(xiàn)全過程人民民主
I. Whole-Process People's Democracy Under CPC Leadership

中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創(chuàng)造了輝煌燦爛的政治文明。在5000多年歷史長河中，中國人民探索形成的民本思想，蘊含著豐富的民主因素，體現(xiàn)了中國人民對民主的樸素認知和不懈追求。但是，在封建專制之下，廣大勞動人民始終處于受壓迫受剝削的最底層。近代以后，中國逐步成為半殖民地半封建社會，國家將傾，民族將亡，人民毫無民主可言。為救亡圖存，中國人民奮起抗爭，各種革命變革接連而起，各種救國方案輪番出臺，但都未能取得成功。辛亥革命后，中國模仿議會制、多黨制、總統(tǒng)制等西方政治制度模式的各種嘗試都以失敗告終。以“民主”“科學”為基本口號的新文化運動的興起，俄國十月革命的勝利，五四運動的爆發(fā)，馬克思主義在中國的傳播，促進了中國人民的偉大覺醒，中國先進分子對民主有了更加深刻的思考和新的認知。
China is a diligent and wise nation with a long history. It has created a brilliant political civilization. All of five thousand years ago, ancient Chinese began to explore the concept that people are the foundation of a state. Their ideas contained the seeds of what we know today as democracy. However, over the centuries of feudal autocracy, the people were always the oppressed and exploited underclass.

After the 1840s, China gradually descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. There was no popular democracy at all and the country was on the verge of collapse. The people stood up and fought to salvage their country. Revolution and reform were attempted, and many plans for saving the country were introduced, none of which succeeded.

Following the Revolution of 1911, the Chinese people made numerous attempts to introduce the Western political systems, including the parliamentary system, multiparty system, and presidential system, all of which ended in failure.

The rise of the New Culture Movement championing democracy and science, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, and the spread of Marxism in China, began to awaken the Chinese people, and progressive individuals gained a deeper understanding of democracy and came up with new ideas.

1921年，中國共產黨成立，點亮了中國的民主之光。新民主主義革命時期，黨領導人民為爭取民主、反抗壓迫和剝削進行了艱苦卓絕斗爭，取得新民主主義革命勝利，成立新中國，實現(xiàn)了中國從幾千年封建專制政治向人民民主的偉大飛躍，中國人民從此站起來了，中國民主發(fā)展進入新紀元，人民當家作主從夢想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。社會主義革命和建設時期，黨領導人民建立和鞏固國家政權，對生產資料進行社會主義改造，制定頒布新中國第一部憲法，確立人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度，人民當家作主的政治架構、經濟基礎、法律原則、制度框架基本確立并不斷發(fā)展，中國的民主大廈巍然聳立起來。改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設新時期，黨領導人民堅定不移推進社會主義民主法治建設，堅持中國特色社會主義政治發(fā)展道路，堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統(tǒng)一，積極穩(wěn)妥推進政治體制改革，鞏固和發(fā)展人民代表大會制度，進一步完善中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度等基本政治制度，民主發(fā)展的政治制度保障和社會物質基礎更加堅實。
The founding of the CPC in 1921 was like a beacon, illuminating the way towards democracy in China.

During the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949), the Party led the people in their tenacious fight for democracy, resisting oppression and exploitation in the course of their struggle. Ultimately, victory was secured in the revolution.

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. This marked the ultimate transformation of the country from the rule of feudal autocracy, which had been in existence for several thousand years, to a people's democracy. It proclaimed that the Chinese people had stood upright. It ushered in a new era for democracy in China. It turned a dream into reality – the people running their own country.

During socialist revolution and reconstruction (1949-1978), the CPC united and led the people in:

?building and consolidating state power;

?completing the socialist transformation of the means of production;

?promulgating the first Constitution of the PRC;

?establishing the system of people's congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

The political structure, economic foundation, legal principles, and institutional framework for the people to run their country were all put in place and have since developed steadily. China's tower of democracy was built on strong foundations and stands tall.

In the years of reform, opening up and socialist modernization after 1978, the Party led the people in advancing socialist democracy and the rule of law, sticking to the path of socialist political progress with Chinese characteristics.

It ensured the Party's leadership, the people's status as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and advanced reform of the political structure in an active and steady manner. The system of people's congresses was consolidated and developed. The system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of community-level self-governance, and other basic political systems were improved.

The political and institutional guarantees and material conditions for developing democracy were reinforced.

黨的十八大以來，中國特色社會主義進入新時代。以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，立足新的歷史方位，深刻把握中國社會主要矛盾發(fā)生的新變化，積極回應人民對民主的新要求新期盼，深刻吸取古今中外治亂興衰的經驗教訓，全面總結中國民主發(fā)展取得的顯著成就，團結帶領人民發(fā)展全過程人民民主，中國的民主發(fā)展進入歷史新時期。堅持和加強黨的全面領導，深化黨和國家機構改革，黨對發(fā)展全過程人民民主的領導進一步加強。推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，確立和堅持中國特色社會主義根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，人民當家作主制度體系更加健全。全面推進民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，協(xié)同推進選舉民主與協(xié)商民主，人民依法有序政治參與不斷擴大，人民的民主生活豐富多彩。全過程人民民主，使人民當家作主更好體現(xiàn)在國家政治生活和社會生活之中，中國特色社會主義政治制度優(yōu)越性得到更好發(fā)揮，生動活潑、安定團結的政治局面得到鞏固發(fā)展，激發(fā)和凝聚了中國人民奮斗新時代的磅礴力量。黨團結帶領人民，取得抗擊新冠肺炎疫情重大戰(zhàn)略成果，歷史性地解決絕對貧困問題，全面建成小康社會，化解一系列重大風險，開啟全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程，向著全體人民共同富裕邁進，全過程人民民主在中華大地展示出勃勃生機和強大生命力，中國人民的民主自信更加堅定，中國的民主之路越走越寬廣。
Since the Party's 18th National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core has built a keen understanding of how the principal challenge facing Chinese society has changed. It has worked hard to respond to the people's new requirements and expectations for democracy. After drawing on past experience in maintaining order and stability across the world, and reviewing China's progress in democracy, the CPC decided to develop whole-process people's democracy, beginning a new stage of democracy. Some of the most important achievements are:

?strengthening the CPC's overall leadership, reforming Party and government institutions, and reinforcing the Party's leadership over the development of whole-process people's democracy;

?modernizing China's governance system and capacity;

?establishing and upholding the fundamental, basic, and important systems of Chinese socialism, with a more complete institutional framework to ensure the people's status as masters of the country;

?advancing democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight, progressing electoral democracy and consultative democracy side by side, and expanding the people's orderly political participation and the scope of democracy;

?consolidating the people's principal position in the country's political and social life;

?leveraging the institutional strengths of Chinese socialism;

?promoting political stability, unity and vitality;

?building a nationwide force towards the country's goals in the new era;

?achieving a strategic success in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic;

?ending absolute poverty, and completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

China has addressed major risks and set out on a new journey towards a modern socialist country and common prosperity, demonstrating the viability and strength of whole-process people's democracy. The Chinese people have greater confidence in China's democracy, and can now look forward to a bright future.

全過程人民民主，是中國共產黨團結帶領人民追求民主、發(fā)展民主、實現(xiàn)民主的偉大創(chuàng)造，是黨不斷推進中國民主理論創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新、實踐創(chuàng)新的經驗結晶。中國共產黨的奮斗史，是團結帶領人民探索、形成、發(fā)展全過程人民民主的奮斗史。全過程人民民主，是近代以來黨團結帶領人民長期奮斗歷史邏輯、理論邏輯、實踐邏輯的必然結果，是堅持黨的本質屬性、踐行黨的根本宗旨的必然要求。全過程人民民主，充分彰顯社會主義國家性質，充分彰顯人民主體地位，使人民意志得到更好體現(xiàn)、人民權益得到更好保障、人民創(chuàng)造活力進一步激發(fā)。全過程人民民主，形成和發(fā)展于黨領導人民爭取民族獨立、人民解放和實現(xiàn)國家富強、人民幸福的不懈奮斗，扎根在廣袤的中華大地，吸吮著中華民族漫長奮斗積累的文化養(yǎng)分，學習借鑒人類文明優(yōu)秀成果，符合中國國情，得到人民衷心擁護，具有深厚現(xiàn)實基礎和廣闊發(fā)展前景。全過程人民民主，具有完整的制度程序和完整的參與實踐，使選舉民主和協(xié)商民主這兩種重要民主形式更好結合起來，構建起覆蓋960多萬平方公里土地、14億多人民、56個民族的民主體系，實現(xiàn)了最廣大人民的廣泛持續(xù)參與。全過程人民民主，既有鮮明的中國特色，也體現(xiàn)全人類共同價值，為豐富和發(fā)展人類政治文明貢獻了中國智慧、中國方案。
Whole-process people's democracy is a creation of the CPC in leading the people to pursue, develop and realize democracy, embodying the Party's innovation in advancing China's democratic theories, systems and practices. The Party's history of struggle is a course of rallying the people and leading them to explore, establish and develop whole-process people's democracy. It is a logical outcome of history, theory and practice based on the strenuous efforts of the people under the leadership of the Party. It is a requisite for maintaining the very nature of the Party and fulfilling its fundamental purpose.

Whole-process people's democracy, giving full expression to the socialist nature of the state and the people's principal position, serves to better represent the people's will, protect their rights and fully unleash their potential to create. Whole-process people's democracy has formed and developed in a nationwide effort, led by the CPC, to strive for national independence, the country's prosperity, and the people's liberation and wellbeing. It is rooted in this vast land, nourished by the culture and traditions of the Chinese civilization, and draws on the achievements of human civilization. Suited to the conditions in China and embraced by the people, it has solid foundations and a bright future.

Whole-process people's democracy is a complete system with supporting mechanisms and procedures, and has been fully tested through wide participation. It integrates two major democratic models – electoral democracy and consultative democracy. It operates a democratic system covering a population of more than 1.4 billion from 56 ethnic groups of a vast country, making possible the wide and sustained participation of all its people. Whole-process people's democracy has distinctive Chinese characteristics; it also exemplifies common values and contributes China's ideas and solutions to the political progress of humanity.

中國共產黨的領導，是中國發(fā)展全過程人民民主的根本保證。在中國這樣一個大國，真正把14億多人民的意愿表達好、實現(xiàn)好并不容易，必須有堅強有力的統(tǒng)一領導。中國共產黨始終堅持以人民為中心、堅持人民主體地位，真正為人民執(zhí)政、靠人民執(zhí)政；充分發(fā)揮總攬全局、協(xié)調各方的領導核心作用，保證黨領導人民有效治理國家，保證人民民主的理念、方針、政策貫徹到國家政治生活和社會生活的方方面面；堅持一切為了群眾，一切依靠群眾，從群眾中來，到群眾中去的群眾路線，密切同人民群眾的聯(lián)系，凝聚起最廣大人民的智慧和力量；堅持黨內民主，實行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，帶動和促進人民民主的發(fā)展；健全選人用人制度機制，使各方面優(yōu)秀人才進入黨的領導體系和國家治理體系，確保黨和國家的領導權掌握在忠于馬克思主義、忠于黨、忠于人民的人手中；堅持依法執(zhí)政、依法治國，領導立法、保證執(zhí)法、支持司法、帶頭守法，通過法治保障黨的政策有效實施、保障人民當家作主。
CPC leadership is the fundamental guarantee for whole-process people's democracy. It is no easy job for a country as big as China to fully represent and address the concerns of its 1.4 billion people. It must have a robust and centralized leadership.

Committed to people-centered development and ensuring their principal status to run the country, the CPC governs for the people and by relying on the people. The CPC plays to the full its role as overall leader and coordinator in all areas of endeavor in every part of the country, to ensure that the people run the country effectively and that the people's democracy is an overarching philosophy, principle and policy in the country's political and social life.

The CPC follows the mass line – it is committed to doing everything for the people and relying on them, and follows the principle of "from the people, to the people". It maintains close ties with the people and pools their wisdom and strength.

The CPC upholds democracy within the Party and practices democratic elections, decision-making, management and oversight, to better serve the development of people's democracy. The CPC has improved its mechanism for selecting and appointing officials, enabling outstanding individuals in all sectors to enter the Party leadership teams and the government, and ensuring that the leadership of the Party and the state rests in the hands of those loyal to Marxism, the Party, and the people.

The CPC upholds law-based governance of the country. It exercises leadership over legislation, guarantees law enforcement, supports judicial justice, and plays an exemplary role in abiding by the law. Through advancing the rule of law, the Party ensures that its policies are effectively implemented and that the people run the country as its masters.