三、具有具體現(xiàn)實(shí)的民主實(shí)踐
III. Concrete and Pragmatic Practices

中國發(fā)展全過程人民民主，既有完整的制度程序，也有完整的參與實(shí)踐。全過程人民民主，把選舉民主與協(xié)商民主結(jié)合起來，把民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督貫通起來，涵蓋經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會(huì)、生態(tài)文明等各個(gè)方面，關(guān)注國家發(fā)展大事、社會(huì)治理難事、百姓日?，嵤?，具有時(shí)間上的連續(xù)性、內(nèi)容上的整體性、運(yùn)行上的協(xié)同性、人民參與上的廣泛性和持續(xù)性，使國家政治生活和社會(huì)生活各環(huán)節(jié)、各方面都體現(xiàn)人民意愿、聽到人民聲音，有效防止了選舉時(shí)漫天許諾、選舉后無人過問的現(xiàn)象。
Whole-process people's democracy in China is a complete system with supporting mechanisms and procedures, and has been fully tested through wide participation. China's whole-process people's democracy is a combination of electoral democracy and consultative democracy, and is applied through a combination of elections, consultations, decision-making, management and oversight. It covers the economic, political, cultural, social, eco-environmental and other fields, with a focus on national development, social governance and people's lives.

Whole-process people's democracy is a comprehensive and coordinated system involving extensive and regular participation, ensuring that the people's voices are heard and their wishes are represented in every aspect of China's political and social life. Whole-process people's democracy prevents individuals from manipulating the political process to win elections, and leaves no room for politicians to shower promises while campaigning and break them all once elected.

（一）民主選舉
1. Democratic Election

人民通過選舉、投票行使權(quán)利，選出代表自己意愿的人來掌握并行使權(quán)力，是中國民主的一種重要形式，是人民實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)家作主的重要體現(xiàn)。
By exercising their right to vote in elections, the people elect those who represent their will to hold and exercise power. This is an important form of democracy in China, and a clear demonstration of the people's status as masters of the country.

中國的選舉是廣泛的，有國家機(jī)構(gòu)選舉、村（居）委會(huì)選舉、企事業(yè)單位職工代表大會(huì)選舉等，涵蓋了國家政治生活和社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面；中國的選舉是平等的，人民的選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)得到充分保障，一人一票、票票等值；中國的選舉是真實(shí)的，不受金錢操控，選民按照自己的意愿選出自己信任的人；中國的選舉是發(fā)展的，選舉形式手段隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展不斷創(chuàng)新和豐富。
Elections in China are extensive and cover all aspects of the country's political and social life. They include elections to government institutions, villagers and urban residents committees, and employees congresses in enterprises and public institutions.

Elections in China are based on equality, and the people's right to vote and stand for election is fully guaranteed. Each person can cast one vote, and all votes are of equal value.

Elections in China are genuine and not manipulated by financial interests. Voters are free to vote for the candidates they trust.

Elections in China are progressing in a positive direction with the progress of the economy and society.

國家機(jī)構(gòu)選舉。國家機(jī)構(gòu)選舉是指，選舉產(chǎn)生全國人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)，由各級(jí)人大選舉產(chǎn)生同級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員。在中國，年滿18周歲、具有中華人民共和國國籍、未被依法剝奪政治權(quán)利的公民，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。從全國人大到鄉(xiāng)級(jí)人大，五級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表均由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，每屆任期5年。按照普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉、無記名投票的原則，選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人大代表，縣級(jí)以上人大代表由下一級(jí)人大選舉產(chǎn)生。各級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員均由同級(jí)人大選舉產(chǎn)生或者決定任命。
Elections to state organs. These include elections to the NPC and the local people's congresses at all levels, and those in which deputies to people's congresses elect leading officials of state organs at the corresponding levels. All citizens of the PRC who have reached the age of 18 – with the exception of those persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law – have the right to vote and stand for election.

In accordance with the principles of universal suffrage, equal rights, multiple candidates, and secret ballot, deputies to people's congresses at the township and county levels are elected directly by the public. Deputies to people's congresses at the city, provincial and national levels are elected by people's congresses at the next level below. All deputies are elected for a term of five years. Leading officials of state organs at various levels are appointed or elected by people's congresses at the corresponding levels.

基層選舉?；鶎舆x舉是中國最廣泛、最生動(dòng)的民主實(shí)踐，包括村（居）民委員會(huì)選舉和企事業(yè)單位職工代表大會(huì)選舉。村（居）民委員會(huì)由主任、副主任和委員組成，村（居）民委員會(huì)選舉與縣鄉(xiāng)人大選舉同步進(jìn)行。村（居）民依法定期選舉產(chǎn)生村（居）民委員會(huì)成員。在企事業(yè)單位中，職工代表大會(huì)是職工當(dāng)家作主、行使民主管理權(quán)力的機(jī)構(gòu)，職工代表由全體職工通過民主選舉產(chǎn)生。
Community-level elections. Elections at the grassroots level are the most extensive and dynamic form of democracy in China. They include elections of villagers committees, urban residents committees, and employees congresses in enterprises and public institutions.

Villagers and urban residents committees are composed of chairpersons, vice chairpersons and members, and the elections are held simultaneously with those at the township and county levels.

Employees congresses – elected by all employees – are the bodies through which employees exercise their democratic management rights and make their own decisions in enterprises and public institutions.

中國的民主選舉是符合中國國情的，是與中國的發(fā)展階段相適應(yīng)的，是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的。幾十年來，中國適時(shí)修改選舉法，選舉全國人大代表時(shí)，農(nóng)村和城市每位代表所代表的人口比例從新中國成立初期的8∶1，到1995年的4∶1，再到2010年的1∶1，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了城鄉(xiāng)人口的平等選舉。人們的民主意識(shí)不斷增強(qiáng)，參選率不斷提高。改革開放以來，中國先后進(jìn)行12次鄉(xiāng)級(jí)人大代表直接選舉、11次縣級(jí)人大代表直接選舉，選民參選率均保持在90%左右。
China's democratic elections are adapted to the country's national conditions and stage of socio-economic development. Over recent decades, theElectoral Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresseshas been amended progressively. The ratio of deputy representation in people's congresses has been optimized – in 1953 there was an imbalance between urban areas and rural areas that gave urban residents eight times more representation than rural residents. By 1995 this ratio had fallen to 4:1, and by 2010 there was parity – urban and rural residents had equal levels of representation.

As the understanding of democracy has grown, so has the number of people participating in elections. Since the initiation of reform and opening up, China has held 12 direct elections to people's congresses at the township level and 11 direct elections to those at the county level, with a current participation rate of about 90 percent.

（二）民主協(xié)商
2. Democratic Consultation

有事好商量，眾人的事情由眾人商量，找到全社會(huì)意愿和要求的最大公約數(shù)，是人民民主的真諦。人民在通過選舉、投票行使權(quán)利的同時(shí)，在重大決策前和決策過程中進(jìn)行充分協(xié)商，盡可能就共同性問題取得一致意見。協(xié)商民主是中國民主獨(dú)特的、獨(dú)有的、獨(dú)到的民主形式。
Whenever a problem occurs, those concerned should always hold deliberations in good faith. Matters involving many people are discussed by all those involved; to reach the greatest common ground based on the wishes and needs of the whole of society is the essence of people's democracy. The Chinese people widely exercise their right to vote in elections and undertake extensive deliberations before major decisions are made. Democratic consultation is a special feature of democracy in China.

具有深厚基礎(chǔ)。協(xié)商民主源自中華民族長期形成的天下為公、兼容并蓄、求同存異等優(yōu)秀政治文化，源自近代以后中國政治發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)進(jìn)程，源自中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民進(jìn)行不懈奮斗的長期實(shí)踐，源自新中國成立后各黨派、各團(tuán)體、各民族、各階層、各界人士在政治制度上共同實(shí)現(xiàn)的偉大創(chuàng)造，源自改革開放以來中國在政治體制上的不斷創(chuàng)新，具有深厚的文化基礎(chǔ)、理論基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)、制度基礎(chǔ)。
Democratic consultation has been established on the basis of solid cultural, theoretical, practical and institutional foundations. It derives from the best of traditional Chinese culture, including such ideas as aspiring for the common good, mutual understanding and inclusiveness, and seeking common ground while setting aside differences.

It comes from years of tenacious struggle by the Chinese people led by the CPC.

It originates from the political system created by all parties, organizations, ethnic groups, social groups and people from all walks of life since the founding of the PRC.

It also stems from China's continuous innovation in its state institutions since reform and opening up.

形式廣泛多樣。在各領(lǐng)域各層級(jí)，人民群眾就改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的重大問題以及事關(guān)自身利益的問題，通過提案、會(huì)議、座談、論證、聽證、評(píng)估、咨詢、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、民意調(diào)查等多種途徑和方式，在決策之前和決策實(shí)施之中開展廣泛協(xié)商。涉及全國各族人民利益的事情，在全體人民和全社會(huì)中廣泛商量；涉及一個(gè)地方人民群眾利益的事情，在這個(gè)地方的人民群眾中廣泛商量；涉及一部分群眾利益、特定群眾利益的事情，在這部分群眾中廣泛商量；涉及基層群眾利益的事情，在基層群眾中廣泛商量。
Democratic consultation takes many forms. In making and implementing decisions on major issues concerning reform, development and stability, and on matters bearing on the vital interests of the people, China conducts extensive consultations in all fields and at levels through various channels, including proposals, conferences, discussions, seminars, hearings, assessments, consultations, the internet, and opinion polls.

On matters that have a bearing on the interests of everyone, extensive consultations will be held throughout the whole of society; on matters that concern the interests of people in one specific region, consultations will be held locally; on matters that affect the interests of certain groups of people, consultations will be held among those groups; and on matters that concern the interests of a community, consultations will be held within the community.

體系不斷健全。中國不斷完善協(xié)商民主的發(fā)展路徑，探索形成了政黨協(xié)商、人大協(xié)商、政府協(xié)商、政協(xié)協(xié)商、人民團(tuán)體協(xié)商、基層協(xié)商、社會(huì)組織協(xié)商等協(xié)商渠道，推動(dòng)協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展。政黨協(xié)商，是中國共產(chǎn)黨就中共全國代表大會(huì)和中共中央委員會(huì)的有關(guān)重要文件、憲法修改、有關(guān)重要法律的制定和修改、國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人建議人選、國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的中長期規(guī)劃以及年度經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展情況、關(guān)系改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定等重要問題、統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線和多黨合作的重大問題等，同民主黨派開展協(xié)商；人大協(xié)商，是各級(jí)人大在依法行使職權(quán)中與有關(guān)國家機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)組織、專家學(xué)者、人民群眾開展協(xié)商；政府協(xié)商，是各級(jí)政府在履職盡責(zé)中與人大代表、政協(xié)委員以及民主黨派、無黨派人士、相關(guān)人民團(tuán)體、社會(huì)組織以及群眾代表等加強(qiáng)溝通協(xié)商；政協(xié)協(xié)商，是在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，參加人民政協(xié)的各黨派團(tuán)體、各族各界人士履行職能，圍繞改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定重大問題等，在決策之前和決策實(shí)施之中廣泛協(xié)商、凝聚共識(shí)；人民團(tuán)體協(xié)商，是人民團(tuán)體就涉及群眾切身利益的實(shí)際問題，特別是事關(guān)特定群體權(quán)益保障的，加強(qiáng)與政府相關(guān)部門的協(xié)商，積極參與政協(xié)組織的協(xié)商活動(dòng)；基層協(xié)商，是基層黨組織、基層政府、基層群眾性自治組織、經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)組織和群眾等，就基層社會(huì)發(fā)展及事關(guān)群眾切身利益的問題開展協(xié)商；社會(huì)組織協(xié)商，是各類社會(huì)組織就更好為社會(huì)服務(wù)，積極開展和參與協(xié)商。這七種協(xié)商渠道，極大豐富了民主形式、拓寬了民主渠道、加深了民主內(nèi)涵。
The system of democratic consultation has improved. To promote the broad-based, multilevel and institutionalized development of consultative democracy, China has explored and expanded consultation channels to include consultations carried out by political parties, people's congresses, government departments, CPPCC committees, people's organizations, social organizations, and communities.

?The CPC and other political parties carry out consultations on major documents of the CPC National Congress and the Central Committee, the revision of the Constitution, the formulation and revision of major laws, the selection of candidates for state leaders, medium and long-term programs of socio-economic development, annual plan of socio-economic development, and major issues related to reform, development and stability, the united front, and multiparty cooperation.

?In exercising their functions and powers, people's congresses at all levels engage in deliberations with government departments, social organizations, experts and academics, and the general public.

?Governments at all levels, when performing their duties, strengthen communication with deputies to people's congresses, members of CPPCC committees, and representatives from the other political parties, the non-affiliates, people's organizations, social organizations, and all sectors of society.

?Under the leadership of the CPC, the CPPCC carries out extensive consultations and build consensus on matters concerning reform, development, and stability.

?People's organizations conduct consultations with relevant government departments on matters concerning the people's vital interests, especially those concerning the rights and interests of particular groups, and participate in consultations organized by the CPPCC.

?CPC organizations, government departments, and people's organizations for self-governance at the grassroots level, economic and social organizations, and local people deliberate over issues concerning the development of local communities and the vital interests of the people.

?Social organizations participate in or carry out consultations to better serve society.

With these seven consultation channels in place, China practices a rich and extensive form of democracy.

中國的協(xié)商民主，廣開言路，集思廣益，促進(jìn)不同思想觀點(diǎn)的充分表達(dá)和深入交流，做到相互尊重、平等協(xié)商而不強(qiáng)加于人，遵循規(guī)則、有序協(xié)商而不各說各話，體諒包容、真誠協(xié)商而不偏激偏執(zhí)，形成既暢所欲言、各抒己見，又理性有度、合法依章的良好協(xié)商氛圍，充分發(fā)揚(yáng)了民主精神，廣泛凝聚了全社會(huì)共識(shí)，促進(jìn)了社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定。
China draws on collective wisdom and promotes full expression and in-depth exchange of different ideas and viewpoints through democratic consultation. Parties to these consultations respect each other, consult on an equal footing, follow the rules, hold orderly discussions, stay inclusive and tolerant, and negotiate in good faith. In this way, a positive environment for consultation has been cultivated in which everyone can express their own views freely, rationally and in accordance with the law and rules. Through democratic consultation, China has built consensus and promoted social harmony and stability.

（三）民主決策
3. Democratic Decision-Making

民主決策是全過程人民民主的重要一環(huán)。好的決策，反映人民意愿，保障人民權(quán)益，增進(jìn)人民福祉。在中國，察民情、聽民聲、順民意，群策群力、集思廣益成為常態(tài)，越來越多來自基層的聲音直達(dá)各級(jí)決策層，越來越多的群眾意見轉(zhuǎn)化為黨和政府的重大決策。
Democratic decision-making is an important link in China's whole-process people's democracy. Reflecting the will of the people, sound decision-making ensures their rights and interests and improves their wellbeing. In China, the standard practice is to hear people's voices, act on their needs, and pool their ideas and strength. More and more ideas and suggestions of the general public are flowing directly to decision-makers at all levels, and they are increasingly reflected in the major decisions of the Party and the government.

人大“開門立法”。各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)，堅(jiān)持為民立法、民主立法，保障人民通過各種途徑參與立法活動(dòng)，努力讓每一項(xiàng)立法反映人民意愿、得到人民擁護(hù)。法律立項(xiàng)，通過召開座談會(huì)、聽證會(huì)、論證會(huì)等方式，廣泛聽取意見，讓人民的意志在立法的最初階段就得到體現(xiàn)；法律草案起草，廣泛聽取公眾意見和專業(yè)人士建議，探索委托第三方起草法律法規(guī)草案，讓人民的訴求得到充分體現(xiàn)；法律草案公布，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)和新聞媒體，向社會(huì)各界廣泛征求意見。基層群眾通過基層立法聯(lián)系點(diǎn)，直接參與法律草案的起草、立法調(diào)研、修改論證、立法后評(píng)估等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
Open-door legislation by the NPC. People's congresses at all levels and their standing committees are committed to democratic lawmaking in the public interest. To reflect their will in lawmaking, the people's participation in legislative activities is guaranteed through various channels, an approach that has won wide public support.

When a piece of legislation is proposed, seminars, hearings and discussions are held to widely solicit public opinion, so that the people's will is reflected from the very first stage of legislation. When a law is being drafted, professionals and the public are both consulted, and now third parties are entrusted to draft laws and regulations on a trial basis. When a draft law is released, it is subject to public review from online channels and news media. Through local legislative information offices, people can participate in the drafting, research, revision, evaluation, and post-assessment of draft laws.

政府“開門問策”。各級(jí)人民政府就即將實(shí)施的重大決策和各方提出的重大決策建議，充分聽取各方面意見，保障人民群眾通過多種途徑和形式參與決策。在決策啟動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)，人大代表、政協(xié)委員通過建議、提案等方式提出建議，公民、法人和其他組織提出書面建議，決策機(jī)關(guān)啟動(dòng)決策程序；在決策研究制定環(huán)節(jié)，通過座談會(huì)、公開征求意見、聽證會(huì)、問卷調(diào)查、實(shí)地走訪等方式，廣泛聽取社會(huì)各界特別是直接關(guān)系人的意見和建議；在決策草案公示環(huán)節(jié)，通過政府網(wǎng)站和各類媒體，公布決策草案及其說明材料；在決策最終確定環(huán)節(jié)，按照民主集中制原則，在集體討論的基礎(chǔ)上作出決定；在決策后評(píng)估階段，聽取社會(huì)公眾意見，吸收人大代表、政協(xié)委員、人民團(tuán)體、基層組織、社會(huì)組織和專家等參與評(píng)估。
Transparent decision-making by the government. Governments at all levels hear the opinions and suggestions of all sectors on major decisions. Public participation in decision-making is ensured in various forms and through multiple channels.

At the beginning of the decision-making process, deputies to people's congresses and CPPCC members make suggestions and proposals, and citizens, legal persons, and other organizations can file written suggestions. During the decision-making process, opinions and suggestions are collected from all social sectors, and especially from those directly concerned, through formats including seminars, hearings, questionnaires, and field trips.

For public information, the draft decisions and relevant explanatory notes are available on government websites and media portals. In the last step, the final decision is made after group discussion based on the principle of democratic centralism. In post-assessment, public opinion is solicited once more, and deputies to people's congresses, CPPCC members, people's organizations, grassroots organizations, social organizations, and experts in various fields are invited to participate.

廣大群眾參與基層決策?；鶎尤罕娡ㄟ^村（居）民會(huì)議、村（居）民代表會(huì)議、村（居）民小組會(huì)議等形式，就經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、社會(huì)綜合治理、基層文化服務(wù)、生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)、自治章程制定等基層治理中的重大問題提出意見建議，參與決策制定和實(shí)施。
Grassroots decision-making. This happens in various forms of meeting among rural villagers and urban residents or their representatives, on a wide range of subjects such as the economy and society, infrastructure, social management, cultural services, eco-environmental conservation, the formulation of self-governance regulations, and other key matters in local governance. Rural villagers and urban residents also take part in carrying out the decisions they have reached.

（四）民主管理
4. Democratic Management

人民的事人民管，人民的事人民辦。在中國，廣大人民弘揚(yáng)主人翁精神，發(fā)揮主體作用，積極行使民主權(quán)利，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務(wù)，管理經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)，管理社會(huì)事務(wù)。
In China, the people manage their own affairs. They are the masters of the country and exercise their democratic rights accordingly, managing affairs of the state, the economy, culture, and society through various channels and in many forms.

參與國家政治生活和社會(huì)生活的管理。人民行使憲法賦予的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利并承擔(dān)憲法賦予公民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)，積極主動(dòng)參加選舉、協(xié)商、決策、監(jiān)督等，在各個(gè)層級(jí)、各個(gè)領(lǐng)域參與國家政治生活和社會(huì)生活的管理，知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達(dá)權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)得到有力保障。
Participation in the management of political and social life. The people exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations as prescribed by the Constitution. They participate in elections, consultations, decision-making, and oversight, and manage other areas of political and social life, fully enjoying their rights of information, participation, expression, and scrutiny.

城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)民主管理。根據(jù)憲法法律和有關(guān)規(guī)定，農(nóng)村和城市社區(qū)居民結(jié)合本地實(shí)際，由村（居）民討論制定村（居）民自治章程、村規(guī)民約、居民公約等，明確規(guī)定村（居）民的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，村（社區(qū)）各類組織之間的關(guān)系和工作程序，以及經(jīng)濟(jì)管理、社會(huì)治安、消防安全、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、婚姻家庭、鄰里關(guān)系、計(jì)劃生育、精神文明建設(shè)等方面的自治要求，普遍實(shí)現(xiàn)村（居）民在基層公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)中的自我管理、自我服務(wù)、自我教育、自我監(jiān)督。
Democratic management of urban and rural communities. As per the Constitution, relevant laws and regulations, urban and rural residents can set rules and conventions to govern their communities. Through discussion, they can decide residents' rights and obligations, the coordination rules and procedures between local organizations, and general principles for the collective economy, neighborhood security, fire safety, community sanitation, marriage, neighborhood relations, family planning, and activities concerning cultural progress. All urban and rural communities are run by their residents, who manage the public affairs and public services in their communities, exercise self-supervision, and seek to improve their lives.

企事業(yè)單位民主管理。全國超過1.5億市場主體自主經(jīng)營、自我管理、活力迸發(fā)，承載7億多人就業(yè)，推動(dòng)了中國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量、國家財(cái)力和社會(huì)財(cái)富穩(wěn)定增長。根據(jù)憲法法律和有關(guān)規(guī)定，企事業(yè)單位普遍建立以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式，以廠務(wù)公開制度、職工董事制度、職工監(jiān)事制度為主要內(nèi)容的民主管理制度。職工通過這些民主管理制度，參與企事業(yè)單位管理，維護(hù)單位職工合法權(quán)益，實(shí)現(xiàn)單位與職工協(xié)商共事、機(jī)制共建、效益共創(chuàng)、利益共享。目前，全國已建工會(huì)企業(yè)中，建立職工代表大會(huì)的企業(yè)有314.4萬家，其中，非公有制企業(yè)293.8萬家、占93.4%。
Democratic management of enterprises and public institutions. With autonomy in their business operations and management, more than 150 million market entities are thriving across the country, providing job opportunities to over 700 million people, increasing China's national strength and promoting steady growth in economic and social wealth.

In accordance with the Constitution, relevant laws and regulations, enterprises and public institutions are run under democratic management through their employees congresses. The framework features disclosure of information on the affairs of enterprises, and systems for employees to serve on the board of directors and the board of supervisors. Under this framework, employees participate in business management, and protect their own legitimate rights and interests. In this way enterprises and their employees develop and maintain management mechanisms through consultation, and share the benefits they create.

A total of 3.14 million enterprises have established employees congresses, including 2.94 million private enterprises.

社會(huì)組織民主管理。社會(huì)團(tuán)體、基金會(huì)、社會(huì)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)等社會(huì)組織，普遍制定章程，加強(qiáng)組織成員管理，自主開展活動(dòng)，集中組織成員或服務(wù)對(duì)象的意見建議，以組織化的方式積極參與社會(huì)公共事務(wù)治理，在行業(yè)自律、社會(huì)服務(wù)、慈善事業(yè)等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮民主管理作用。截至2021年11月，各級(jí)民政部門共登記社會(huì)組織超過90萬家，其中全國性社會(huì)組織2284家。形式多樣的社會(huì)組織成為人民民主管理的重要領(lǐng)域。
Democratic management of social organizations. Associations, foundations, social services and other social organizations formulate their own charters and exercise autonomy in managing their staff and activities. They address the concerns of their staff and clients, and hear their opinions. They participate in the governance of public affairs as appropriate to their role, and contribute to improving professional discipline, public services and charitable undertakings.

As of November 2021, more than 900,000 social organizations were registered with departments of civil affairs at all levels, including 2,284 with national networks. Diverse in form, social organizations have become an important area of people's democratic management in China.

（五）民主監(jiān)督
5. Democratic Oversight

全面有效的民主監(jiān)督，保證人民的民主權(quán)利不因選舉結(jié)束而中斷，保證權(quán)力運(yùn)用得到有效制約。在中國，解決權(quán)力濫用、以權(quán)謀私的問題，不能靠所謂的政黨輪替和三權(quán)分立，要靠科學(xué)有效的民主監(jiān)督。中國結(jié)合本國實(shí)際，探索構(gòu)建起一套有機(jī)貫通、相互協(xié)調(diào)的監(jiān)督體系，形成了配置科學(xué)、權(quán)責(zé)協(xié)同、運(yùn)行高效的監(jiān)督網(wǎng)，對(duì)權(quán)力的監(jiān)督逐步延伸到每個(gè)領(lǐng)域、每個(gè)角落。
Comprehensive and effective democratic oversight enables the people to continue to exercise their democratic rights after elections, and ensures that there is an effective check on the exercise of power. In China, the abuse of power for personal gain is not eradicated by the rotation of ruling parties or separation of powers, but by sound, effective democratic oversight. Taking into consideration its own conditions, China has explored a coordinated system of oversight and established a well-defined, efficient supervisory network with clear functions and responsibilities. Supervision of power extends across every area and into every corner.

人大監(jiān)督。人民代表大會(huì)充分發(fā)揮作用，對(duì)憲法法律的實(shí)施、重大決策部署的落實(shí)等開展監(jiān)督。各級(jí)人大及其常委會(huì)加強(qiáng)對(duì)“一府一委兩院”執(zhí)法、監(jiān)察、司法工作的監(jiān)督，確保法律法規(guī)得到有效實(shí)施，確保行政權(quán)、監(jiān)察權(quán)、審判權(quán)、檢察權(quán)得到正確行使。人民通過人大代表座談會(huì)、基層群眾座談會(huì)、問卷調(diào)查、網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)研等“開門監(jiān)督”的形式，積極參與人大監(jiān)督工作。
Supervision by people's congresses. People's congresses play their full role in overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution and laws, and the implementation of major decisions and plans. The people's congresses at all levels and their standing committees have strengthened their efforts to oversee judicial, supervisory and law enforcement work by the government, supervisory commissions, people's courts, and people's procuratorates, to ensure that laws and regulations are observed and that administrative, supervisory, judicial and procuratorial powers are exercised properly. The people actively participate in supervisory work of the people's congresses by various means such as forums of NPC deputies, meetings of people from the grassroots, questionnaires, online research, etc.

民主監(jiān)督。中國共產(chǎn)黨支持民主黨派和無黨派人士在堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則基礎(chǔ)上，在政治協(xié)商、調(diào)研考察，參與黨和國家有關(guān)重大方針政策、決策部署執(zhí)行和實(shí)施情況的監(jiān)督檢查，受黨委委托就有關(guān)重大問題進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)監(jiān)督等工作中，通過提出意見、批評(píng)、建議等方式，進(jìn)行民主監(jiān)督。參加人民政協(xié)的各黨派團(tuán)體和各族各界人士在政協(xié)組織的各種活動(dòng)中，依據(jù)政協(xié)章程，重點(diǎn)就黨和國家重大方針政策和重要決策部署的貫徹落實(shí)情況，以提出意見、批評(píng)、建議的方式進(jìn)行協(xié)商式監(jiān)督，協(xié)助黨和政府解決問題、改進(jìn)工作、增進(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)、凝心聚力。
Supervision by non-CPC political parties. The CPC encourages the other political parties and the non-affiliates to exercise democratic oversight by expressing views, making criticism and giving advice as they participate in political consultation, conduct field work, take part in inspection and oversight of the implementation of major policies, decisions and plans of the Party and the state, and carry out targeted scrutiny over major issues as entrusted by CPC committees, while adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles – to keep to the path of socialism, to uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, to uphold the leadership of the CPC, and to uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. The political parties, organizations, and prominent figures participating in the CPPCC can, in accordance with the CPPCC's charter, oversee in various activities organized by the CPPCC the implementation of major policies, decisions and plans of the CPC and the state by offering criticisms and suggestions. Their assistance to the CPC and the government in solving problems and improving their work increases solidarity.

行政監(jiān)督。國家行政機(jī)關(guān)按照法定的權(quán)限、程序和方式，對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)自身的組織行為、行政行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，包括各行政機(jī)關(guān)自上而下、自下而上以及相互之間進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督。
Administrative supervision. The state administrative organs, in accordance with their statutory authority, procedures and methods, supervise their own operational and administrative acts. Different organs supervise each other, and conduct internal supervision from top to bottom and from bottom to top.

監(jiān)察監(jiān)督。監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)依法履行監(jiān)察監(jiān)督職責(zé)，對(duì)公職人員政治品行、行使公權(quán)力和道德操守情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查，督促有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)、單位加強(qiáng)對(duì)所屬公職人員的教育、管理、監(jiān)督。
Oversight by supervisory commissions. Supervisory commissions perform their duties of supervision as provided for by the law. They examine the political conduct of public servants and supervise their exercise of public power and their fulfillment of professional ethics; they can also urge relevant organs and units to strengthen education, management and supervision of their staff.

司法監(jiān)督。審判機(jī)關(guān)和檢察機(jī)關(guān)依照法定職權(quán)和程序?qū)θ嗣袷跈?quán)的國家公權(quán)力進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。司法監(jiān)督是黨和國家監(jiān)督體系中強(qiáng)制性程度最高的一種監(jiān)督機(jī)制，是黨和國家利用監(jiān)督手段、維護(hù)公權(quán)力正確行使的“最后一道防線”。
Judicial supervision. The judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their statutory purview and procedures, supervise the exercise of public power mandated by the people. Judicial supervision is the most forceful form of oversight of the CPC and the state; it is the ultimate "line of defense" to ensure lawful exercise of public power.

審計(jì)監(jiān)督。審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)依法對(duì)本級(jí)各部門和下級(jí)政府預(yù)算的執(zhí)行情況和決算以及其他財(cái)政收支情況，進(jìn)行審計(jì)監(jiān)督。
Auditing supervision. Auditing organs at each level inspect budget performance, audit the final accounts and the revenues and expenditures of the departments at their level and of lower-level governments.

財(cái)會(huì)監(jiān)督。財(cái)政部門根據(jù)法律授權(quán)，對(duì)財(cái)政、財(cái)務(wù)、會(huì)計(jì)管理的法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章等執(zhí)行情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。
Fiscal and accounting supervision. Financial departments are legally empowered to supervise the enforcement of laws, administrative regulations, and departmental regulations that govern fiscal and accounting affairs.

統(tǒng)計(jì)監(jiān)督。統(tǒng)計(jì)部門及負(fù)有統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查職責(zé)的相關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)，對(duì)所有行使統(tǒng)計(jì)權(quán)力、負(fù)有統(tǒng)計(jì)義務(wù)的組織和人員進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，防范和懲治統(tǒng)計(jì)造假、弄虛作假，確保統(tǒng)計(jì)資料真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確、完整及時(shí)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展提供扎實(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)保障。
Statistical supervision. Statistical departments and relevant offices with statistical functions and duties supervise all organizations and personnel producing official statistics, to prevent and punish falsification, and ensure that statistical data are authentic, accurate, complete, and up to date, providing reliable reference for planning economic and social development.

群眾監(jiān)督。公民、法人或者其他組織通過各種方式，對(duì)各級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)及其組成人員履職情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督，既可以依法申請(qǐng)行政復(fù)議、提起行政訴訟，也有權(quán)向監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)檢舉控告監(jiān)察對(duì)象不依法履職，違反秉公用權(quán)、廉潔從政從業(yè)以及道德操守等規(guī)定，涉嫌職務(wù)違法、職務(wù)犯罪行為。
Public supervision. Citizens, legal persons and other organizations supervise the performance of state organs and their staff. They can request administrative review, initiate administrative litigation, or file complaints or charges with supervisory organs against any misconduct or crime involving dereliction of duty, abuse of power, or violation of professional ethics.

輿論監(jiān)督。媒體充分發(fā)揮輿論監(jiān)督作用，對(duì)濫用公權(quán)、失職瀆職等行為及時(shí)揭露曝光。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的快速發(fā)展，人們更多地借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)等平臺(tái)，對(duì)各級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)和公職人員提出意見、建議和批評(píng)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)在輿論監(jiān)督中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。
Supervision by public opinion. The media fulfill their supervisory role by representing public opinion, exposing in a timely manner abuses of public power, derelictions of duty, and acts of malfeasance. People are now relying more on the fast-growing internet and other platforms to offer criticisms and suggestions on the work of state organs and public servants at all levels. The internet is playing a bigger part in facilitating supervision by public opinion.