二、不斷完善出口管制法律制度和管理體制
II. Ongoing Improvements to the Legal and Regulatory System for Export Controls

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持全面依法治國(guó)基本方略，既立足中國(guó)國(guó)情，又借鑒國(guó)外有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不斷健全出口管制法律制度，完善出口管制管理體制，為出口管制提供法治和體制保障。
Committed to the basic principle of pursuing law-based governance in all respects, China continues to improve its legal and regulatory system for export controls. To provide law-based and institutional export control guarantees, it bases its efforts on its national conditions and draws upon helpful experience from overseas.

（一）建立健全出口管制法律制度
1. Establishing and Improving a Legal System for Export Controls

改革開放以來，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的內(nèi)外環(huán)境發(fā)生了深刻變化，社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制不斷完善，出口管制工作的法治化水平不斷提升。自20世紀(jì)90年代起，中國(guó)先后頒布《監(jiān)控化學(xué)品管理?xiàng)l例》《核出口管制條例》《軍品出口管理?xiàng)l例》《核兩用品及相關(guān)技術(shù)出口管制條例》《導(dǎo)彈及相關(guān)物項(xiàng)和技術(shù)出口管制條例》和《生物兩用品及相關(guān)設(shè)備和技術(shù)出口管制條例》等6部行政法規(guī)。商務(wù)部、工業(yè)和信息化部、海關(guān)總署、國(guó)家國(guó)防科技工業(yè)局、國(guó)家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)、中央軍委裝備發(fā)展部等相關(guān)部門配套出臺(tái)數(shù)十項(xiàng)部門規(guī)章及相關(guān)規(guī)范性文件，細(xì)化出口管制事項(xiàng)規(guī)定，包括對(duì)特定物項(xiàng)的具體規(guī)定、許可管理及執(zhí)法監(jiān)督的具體規(guī)定、實(shí)施聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)有關(guān)決議的相關(guān)文件等。
Since the beginning of reform and opening up in 1978, profound changes in the internal and external environment have impacted economic development in China. There have been continuous improvements in China's socialist market economic system, and its law-based export control work has improved steadily. Since the 1990s, China has promulgated six administrative regulations: Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Controlled Chemicals, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Arms Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Dual-use Items and Related Technologies Export, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Missiles and Missile-related Items and Technologies, and Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Dual-use Biological Agents and Related Equipment and Technologies. The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, China Atomic Energy Authority, the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and other related departments have introduced a number of departmental rules and normative documents setting detailed provisions on matters related to export controls, including specific stipulations on particular items, license regulation and enforcement supervision, and documents on implementing relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

2020年10月，中國(guó)頒布《出口管制法》，對(duì)出口管制體制、管制措施以及國(guó)際合作等作出明確規(guī)定，統(tǒng)一確立出口管制政策、管制清單、臨時(shí)管制、管控名單以及監(jiān)督管理等方面的基本制度框架和規(guī)則。《出口管制法》是在總結(jié)中國(guó)出口管制實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)形勢(shì)變化，借鑒國(guó)際通行做法，提升立法層級(jí)而制定的一部統(tǒng)領(lǐng)中國(guó)出口管制工作的法律，對(duì)中國(guó)出口管制的制度作出全面安排，確保管制物項(xiàng)、適用主體和管制環(huán)節(jié)全覆蓋?！冻隹诠苤品ā烦雠_(tái)以來，為確保各項(xiàng)制度有效實(shí)施，國(guó)家出口管制管理部門積極開展相關(guān)配套法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章的“立改廢”工作，確保出口管制法律制度各領(lǐng)域之間高效銜接。除《出口管制法》外，《對(duì)外貿(mào)易法》《國(guó)家安全法》《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》《核安全法》《海關(guān)法》《行政許可法》《行政處罰法》《刑法》等法律也為出口管制措施執(zhí)行等相關(guān)工作提供了有力法律依據(jù)。目前，中國(guó)已基本形成法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章相銜接，層次分明、結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)的出口管制法律制度，為構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代化出口管制體系奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的法律基礎(chǔ)。
In October 2020, China promulgated the Export Control Law, which includes clear provisions on systems, measures, and international cooperation on export controls. It also sets a basic institutional framework, and unified rules for export control policies, a control list, temporary controls, a restricted name list, and supervision. The Law was formulated in the light of changing circumstances, drawing on China's own experience in export controls and taking into account standard international practices. It raises China's export control legislation to a higher level, makes comprehensive arrangements for China's export control system, and provides a full coverage of controlled items, legal subjects and other aspects of export control. To make sure that the Export Control Law is effectively implemented, China's authorities have introduced, revised, and rescinded supporting administrative regulations and departmental rules. In addition to the Export Control Law, China's Foreign Trade Law, National Security Law, Data Security Law, Nuclear Safety Law, Customs Law, Administrative Licensing Law, Administrative Punishment Law and Criminal Law also provide a strong legal base for the enforcement of export control measures. China now has in place a well-organized basic legal system on export controls with well-coordinated laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules and a balanced structure, which provides a solid legal foundation for developing a modern export control system with Chinese characteristics.

（二）構(gòu)建協(xié)同高效的出口管制管理體制
2. Building a Coordinated and Efficient Export Control Regime

出口管制涉及國(guó)務(wù)院、中央軍事委員會(huì)的多個(gè)部門。國(guó)家建立健全出口管制工作機(jī)制，明確各部門分工，為出口管制工作提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的體制保障。
Export controls involve multiple departments of the State Council and the CMC. China has established a sound working mechanism and clearly assigned roles and responsibilities among departments, which provides a solid institutional guarantee.

兩用物項(xiàng)出口管制管理體制。核兩用物項(xiàng)出口，由商務(wù)部會(huì)同國(guó)家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行管理；生物類兩用物項(xiàng)出口，由商務(wù)部根據(jù)需要會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)等部門進(jìn)行管理；有關(guān)化學(xué)品類兩用物項(xiàng)出口，由商務(wù)部進(jìn)行管理；導(dǎo)彈類兩用物項(xiàng)出口，由商務(wù)部根據(jù)需要會(huì)同國(guó)家國(guó)防科技工業(yè)局、中央軍委裝備發(fā)展部等部門進(jìn)行管理；商用密碼出口，由商務(wù)部會(huì)同國(guó)家密碼管理局進(jìn)行管理，《密碼法》規(guī)定商用密碼出口管制清單由商務(wù)部會(huì)同國(guó)家密碼管理局和海關(guān)總署制定并公布；監(jiān)控化學(xué)品出口，由工業(yè)和信息化部會(huì)同商務(wù)部進(jìn)行出口經(jīng)營(yíng)者資質(zhì)管理，工業(yè)和信息化部負(fù)責(zé)具體出口審查。
Regulatory system for export control of dual-use items.

·Export of nuclear dual-use items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the China Atomic Energy Authority;

·Export of dual-use biological items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the National Health Commission, among others as required;

·Export of dual-use items related to certain chemicals is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce;

·Export of dual-use missile-related items is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Equipment Development Department of the CMC, among others as required;

·Export of commercial cryptography is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce jointly with the State Cryptography Administration - the Cryptography Law stipulates that the export control list of commercial cryptography shall be formulated and published by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Cryptography Administration and the General Administration of Customs;

·For the export of controlled chemicals, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology regulates exporter accreditation jointly with the Ministry of Commerce, and is responsible for undertaking specific export review.

軍品出口管制管理體制。軍品出口，由國(guó)家國(guó)防科技工業(yè)局與中央軍委裝備發(fā)展部根據(jù)分工進(jìn)行管理，主要管理內(nèi)容包括審批軍品出口專營(yíng)資格、軍品出口立項(xiàng)、軍品出口項(xiàng)目、軍品出口合同，核發(fā)軍品出口許可證，制定相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)管理辦法，對(duì)軍品出口活動(dòng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督管理，對(duì)軍品出口管制違法行為進(jìn)行處罰等。
Regulatory system for export control of military products. The State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, and the Equipment Development Department of the CMC, regulate military exports in accordance with the division of their duties. This mainly includes reviewing the franchise qualification of military exports, export project proposals, projects and contracts for military exports, approving and issuing licenses for military exports, formulating rules regulating related business, supervising export activities, and punishing violations.

核出口管制管理體制。核出口，由國(guó)家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)、商務(wù)部會(huì)同其他部門進(jìn)行管理。核出口由國(guó)務(wù)院指定的單位專營(yíng)，并堅(jiān)決貫徹核出口保證只用于和平目的、接受國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)保障監(jiān)督、未經(jīng)中國(guó)政府許可不得向第三國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)讓等三項(xiàng)原則。管理部門對(duì)核出口實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的審查制度，并對(duì)違法行為采取嚴(yán)厲的處罰措施。
Regulatory system for export control of nuclear materials. The export of nuclear materials is regulated by the National Atomic Energy Authority and the Ministry of Commerce in cooperation with other departments. These exports are conducted by entities designated by the State Council. They are carried out in strict accordance with three principles - that nuclear materials should be exported for peaceful purposes only, that they should be under the supervision and safeguard of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and that they must not be transferred to third countries without the permission of the Chinese government. Competent authorities carry out rigorous reviews of nuclear exports and impose severe penalties on violators.

海關(guān)總署與相關(guān)管理部門緊密合作，依法對(duì)管制物項(xiàng)的出口實(shí)施監(jiān)管，參與相關(guān)違法出口案件的調(diào)查處理，開展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法等相關(guān)工作。
The General Administration of Customs cooperates closely with related authorities to regulate the export of controlled items. Among other duties it also engages in investigating and handling violations, carries out risk prevention and control, and supervises law enforcement.