三、持續(xù)推進(jìn)出口管制體系現(xiàn)代化
III. Modernizing the Export Control System

中國嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行出口管制各項法律法規(guī)，將鄭重承諾轉(zhuǎn)化為實際行動，以制度為基礎(chǔ)，以技術(shù)為支撐，逐步實現(xiàn)全覆蓋、全鏈條、全方位的有效監(jiān)管，構(gòu)建設(shè)計科學(xué)、運轉(zhuǎn)有序、執(zhí)行有力的現(xiàn)代化出口管制體系。
China strictly enforces export control laws and regulations, and translates solemn commitments into concrete actions. With institutional foundations and technological support, China has gradually realized effective and comprehensive regulation and whole-process monitoring, and put in place a modern export control system providing scientific design, orderly operation and vigorous enforcement.

（一）優(yōu)化許可管理
1. Improving License Management

中國的出口管制廣泛采取國際通行的許可證管理、最終用戶和最終用途證明、通用許可等制度。中國建立跨部門許可會商制度和兩級管理模式，不斷完善許可流程，不斷豐富許可證管理種類，不斷提升許可管理水平，有力促進(jìn)出口管制物項合規(guī)貿(mào)易，優(yōu)化高水平對外開放下的營商環(huán)境。
China widely adopts internationally-accepted practices in export controls such as license management, end-user and end-use certificates, and general licensing. China has established an inter-agency consultation mechanism and a two-tiered management model, optimized the licensing procedure and extending the types of license. License management has been steadily improved, to ensure that all trade in export-controlled items is consistent with compliance requirements, and to create a better business environment for high-level opening up.

建立許可會商制度，確保審查嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)準(zhǔn)確。在兩用物項出口許可審查環(huán)節(jié)，建立商務(wù)部、外交部、工業(yè)和信息化部、國家國防科技工業(yè)局、國家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)、中央軍委裝備發(fā)展部等部門參與的出口管制許可會商制度。各部門各司其職、分工協(xié)作、密切配合，從國家安全和利益、國際義務(wù)、最終用戶和最終用途等方面對出口申請進(jìn)行審查，確保相關(guān)出口符合法律及相關(guān)政策規(guī)定。
An inter-agency consultation mechanism for prudent and accurate review. For the review of dual-use items, China has set up an inter-agency consultation mechanism that brings together the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, China Atomic Energy Authority, and the Equipment Development Department of the CMC. These departments work closely together to review export applications, each carrying out its respective duties, taking into account factors such as national security and national interests, international obligations, end users and end uses, to ensure compliance with applicable laws and policies.

推行兩級管理模式，便捷許可申請辦理。中國地域廣闊，申請出口許可的企業(yè)來自于全國各地。中國統(tǒng)籌兼顧管制和促進(jìn)的關(guān)系，保障和促進(jìn)合規(guī)貿(mào)易，在許可管理上推行兩級管理模式，委托省級人民政府有關(guān)部門向出口經(jīng)營者提供出口管制公共服務(wù)，協(xié)助其轉(zhuǎn)報出口申請。許可審查的批準(zhǔn)結(jié)果，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)化形式，傳送至出口經(jīng)營者和中國海關(guān)。為提高貿(mào)易便利化水平，2021年7月起，商務(wù)部對兩用物項出口許可施行無紙化管理，實現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)申請、業(yè)務(wù)審核、許可證簽發(fā)、貨物通關(guān)全流程電子化，縮短辦證時間5至7天。
A two-tiered management model to facilitate license applications. License applicants may come from any part of China. To strike a balance between export promotion and export control, and to protect and promote trade in controlled items that is consistent with compliance requirements, China adopts a two-tiered license management model. Provincial government departments are mandated to provide exporters with public export control services and re-submit their export applications to the central government. The results of reviews are sent to the exporters and China Customs via the internet. To facilitate trade, the Ministry of Commerce realized paperless license management for dual-use items in July 2021, employing digital tools through the entire process of application, review, license issuance and customs clearance. As a result, the licensing time frame was shortened by five to seven days.

完善許可管理措施，提升精準(zhǔn)管理水平。以完善最終用戶和最終用途證明制度為重點，推進(jìn)多層次管理。一般情況下，要求出口經(jīng)營者提供由最終用戶出具的最終用途證明文件；對具有潛在風(fēng)險的出口申請，要求提供經(jīng)最終用戶所在國家和地區(qū)政府機(jī)構(gòu)和中國駐有關(guān)國家使領(lǐng)館認(rèn)證的最終用戶和最終用途證明文件，或者要求最終用戶所在國家和地區(qū)政府機(jī)構(gòu)出具最終用戶和最終用途證明文件。中國施行通用許可措施，豐富許可證管理種類，對建立出口管制內(nèi)部合規(guī)制度且運行情況良好的出口經(jīng)營者，在符合規(guī)定條件的情況下，可授予通用許可，允許其在有效期內(nèi)多次向多個國家和地區(qū)或多個最終用戶出口使用。多措并舉的許可管理措施，提高了許可管理的針對性和有效性。
Improved measures for targeted license management. China promotes multi-tiered management with the emphasis on end-user and end-use certificates. Generally, an exporter is required to submit the end-use certificate provided by the end user; for export applications presenting a potential risk, the exporter is required to submit end-user and end-use certificates verified or issued by the government agencies of the country or region in which the end user is located, and by the Chinese embassy or consulate in that country or region. To extend the types of license, China grants general licenses to exporters with internal compliance programs and sound operating procedures, provided that they meet the necessary requirements. These general licenses allow them to export multiple times to multiple countries/regions or end users within the period of validity. The implementation of these measures has made license management more targeted and effective.

建立專家支持隊伍，支撐科學(xué)高效管理。中國高度重視專家力量建設(shè)，以法律規(guī)定形式明確建立健全出口管制專家咨詢機(jī)制。有關(guān)部門組織兩用物項、軍品、核等領(lǐng)域相關(guān)專家，建立出口管制專家支持隊伍，協(xié)助作出科學(xué)準(zhǔn)確判斷。多年來，專家隊伍對清單制定、許可管理、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法、業(yè)務(wù)咨詢等工作提供了有力支持。隨著出口管制工作專業(yè)化要求不斷提高，中國將繼續(xù)加大專家力量投入，打造一支領(lǐng)域全、業(yè)務(wù)精的專業(yè)隊伍，為新時期出口管制工作提供更加專業(yè)、高效的支撐。
An expert team for informed and efficient management. China values the contribution of experts, and has created statutory provisions to establish and improve the export control expert advisory mechanism. Relevant departments have set up a team consisting of experts in dual-use items, military products, nuclear materials, and other areas, to facilitate informed and accurate assessment. Over the years, the expert team has provided robust support in the creation of lists, license management, monitoring and enforcement, and business consultancy. As export control becomes a more specialized field, China will continue to mobilize more experts to develop a team providing wide coverage and strong expertise, so as to provide more professional and effective support in the new era.

（二）提升執(zhí)法能力
2. Strengthening Enforcement Capability

中國不斷完善出口管制執(zhí)法機(jī)制，拓展執(zhí)法方式，提升執(zhí)法能力，逐步健全權(quán)責(zé)統(tǒng)一、權(quán)威高效的出口管制執(zhí)法制度，有效打擊出口管制違法活動，保障出口管制法律法規(guī)得到完整、準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)格實施。
China continues to reinforce its export control enforcement mechanism by expanding methods and sharpening capabilities. An authoritative and efficient system has gradually taken shape with consistent rights and responsibilities, which plays an important role in tackling violations and ensuring complete, accurate and strict implementation of relevant laws and regulations.

完善組織機(jī)構(gòu)，構(gòu)建協(xié)同有力執(zhí)法機(jī)制。強(qiáng)化商務(wù)部的出口管制專門機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè)，2014年，商務(wù)部設(shè)立了專職出口管制執(zhí)法隊伍，負(fù)責(zé)出口管制執(zhí)法制度建設(shè)、案件調(diào)查等工作。商務(wù)部、公安部、工業(yè)和信息化部、海關(guān)總署等部門加強(qiáng)橫向協(xié)作執(zhí)法，并與各省級人民政府相關(guān)部門縱向聯(lián)動執(zhí)法。各部門和地方橫縱相間的執(zhí)法協(xié)作制度，形成了嚴(yán)密的執(zhí)法網(wǎng)格，為中國出口管制執(zhí)法提供堅強(qiáng)的組織機(jī)制保障，較好解決了中國出口管制執(zhí)法遇到的地域廣、領(lǐng)域?qū)?、查處難等問題。
Improved organizational structure for a coordinated and effective enforcement mechanism. In 2014, to strengthen institutions responsible for export control, the Ministry of Commerce set up a dedicated enforcement team, which is responsible for developing enforcement institutions and conducting case investigations. The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs, and other departments have strengthened collaboration on enforcement, and work on joint enforcement with relevant departments of provincial governments. With this horizontal and vertical cooperation among central departments and provincial governments, a closely-knit enforcement network is in place. It provides a firm institutional guarantee for enforcement of export control laws in China and effectively addresses the problems posed by geographical distance, wide spectrum, and difficulties in imposing penalties.

拓寬手段措施，增強(qiáng)執(zhí)法監(jiān)管威懾力。不斷提升出口管制執(zhí)法能力，除授權(quán)執(zhí)法部門實地檢查、詢問調(diào)查、查閱資料等基本執(zhí)法手段外，還賦予執(zhí)法部門查封、扣押涉案物項，查詢銀行賬戶等多種手段。對違法的出口經(jīng)營者，執(zhí)法部門可以依法將其違法情況納入信用記錄，有效增強(qiáng)執(zhí)法威懾力。中國的出口管制執(zhí)法對出口各環(huán)節(jié)實施全覆蓋，不僅嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管出口環(huán)節(jié)，還對中介服務(wù)參與違法出口實施管控，禁止相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)和個人為出口管制違法行為提供代理、貨運、寄遞、報關(guān)、第三方電子商務(wù)交易平臺和金融等中介服務(wù)。中國注重推行監(jiān)管談話、行政指導(dǎo)等非強(qiáng)制性執(zhí)法手段，實施預(yù)防、指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)督等措施，確保執(zhí)法效果。
Various enforcement measures to amplify the deterrent effect of enforcement and regulation. China continues to strengthen its enforcement capability. In addition to basic methods such as site visits, inquiries and investigations, and access to materials, the enforcement authorities are also authorized to employ other methods, including sealing off and detaining items and checking bank accounts. The enforcement authorities can also mark any illegal act into the credit record of an offender, which significantly reinforces the deterrent effect of law enforcement. Every aspect of the export process is covered by enforcement. In addition to the exporters, intermediary service providers are also subject to control to prevent illegal exports. Agencies and individuals are prohibited from providing offenders with intermediary services such as agency, shipping, consignment, financing, customs declaration, and third-party e-commerce platform transactions. China also values the role of non-compulsory enforcement methods such as regulatory interviews and administrative guidance, and implements preventive, guiding, and monitoring measures to ensure that enforcement is effective.

推進(jìn)執(zhí)法裝備和信息化運用，切實強(qiáng)化保障能力。中國加大出口管制執(zhí)法裝備設(shè)施投入，中國海關(guān)配備專門用來測檢放射性、生物和化學(xué)等物項的專業(yè)設(shè)備，顯著提高識別、檢查和處置出口管制物項的效率，有效幫助執(zhí)法人員偵測違法出口。中國積極改進(jìn)執(zhí)法信息運用，加強(qiáng)執(zhí)法、管理等機(jī)構(gòu)有關(guān)非法出口活動信息的交流合作。中國重視出口管制違法案件信息數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析，實現(xiàn)涉案企業(yè)、案情等基本信息綜合運用功能，健全信息化支撐。出口管制執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)定期對執(zhí)法官員進(jìn)行全面的政策法規(guī)、物項識別及執(zhí)法技能培訓(xùn)，提升執(zhí)法能力。
Improved enforcement equipment and IT application to strengthen guarantees. China has increased inputs into enforcement equipment. With professional equipment to detect radioactive, biological and chemical items, China Customs is able to inspect and detect illegal exports more efficiently, thus helping enforcers to dispose of controlled items more effectively. China has also improved the use of enforcement information by sharing information among enforcement and regulatory agencies. China attaches great importance to collecting information and analyzing statistics on violations. Basic information on companies involved is integrated with case descriptions through use of information technologies. To boost enforcement capacity, the enforcement authorities regularly provide enforcers with training on export control laws and regulations, and on identification and enforcement skills.

（三）推進(jìn)合規(guī)建設(shè)
3. Developing Export Control Compliance Systems

中國高度重視出口管制合規(guī)建設(shè)，堅持“政府引導(dǎo)、企業(yè)為主、多方聯(lián)動”的原則，夯實法律基礎(chǔ)，完善政策框架，開展宣傳培訓(xùn)，推動出口管制合規(guī)建設(shè)取得積極成效。
China is committed to developing export control compliance systems. Based on the principle of government-guided, business-led, and coordinated action, China has made notable progress in building export control compliance systems by consolidating the legal foundations, improving the policy framework, and investing in publicity and training.

加強(qiáng)法治保障。注重夯實合規(guī)建設(shè)的法治基礎(chǔ)。《出口管制法》明確，中國政府部門適時發(fā)布有關(guān)行業(yè)出口管制指南，引導(dǎo)出口經(jīng)營者建立健全出口管制內(nèi)部合規(guī)制度以規(guī)范經(jīng)營。明確激勵措施，對建立出口管制內(nèi)部合規(guī)制度且運行情況良好的出口經(jīng)營者，可依法給予通用許可等便利措施。中國以法律的形式，為政府有效引導(dǎo)出口管制合規(guī)建設(shè)提供法治保障，為企業(yè)建立健全內(nèi)部合規(guī)制度提供法律依據(jù)。
Intensified legal guarantee. China has been working to reinforce the legal foundations of export compliance. The Export Control Law requires the Chinese government to issue sector-specific guidelines for export controls at the appropriate time, guiding exporters to establish and improve their internal compliance programs and to operate in accordance with laws and regulations. As an incentive, an exporter with an internal compliance program and sound operating procedures can be granted a general license or other facilitating measures. These provisions provide a legal guarantee for the government to provide guidance on export control compliance, and a legal basis for businesses to establish and improve their internal compliance programs.

加強(qiáng)政策指引。2007年，商務(wù)部首次發(fā)布兩用物項和技術(shù)經(jīng)營企業(yè)建立內(nèi)部出口控制機(jī)制的指導(dǎo)意見。2021年，商務(wù)部修訂并發(fā)布《商務(wù)部關(guān)于兩用物項出口經(jīng)營者建立出口管制內(nèi)部合規(guī)機(jī)制的指導(dǎo)意見》，將合規(guī)要素拓展為9個，包括擬定政策聲明、建立組織機(jī)構(gòu)、全面風(fēng)險評估、確立審查程序、制定應(yīng)急措施、開展教育培訓(xùn)、完善合規(guī)審計、保留資料檔案和編制管理手冊。新增《兩用物項出口管制內(nèi)部合規(guī)指南》，提供更詳盡指引和場景化參考。在核領(lǐng)域中國發(fā)布了核進(jìn)出口合規(guī)管理機(jī)制建設(shè)指南等文件。
Improved policy guidance. In 2007, the Ministry of Commerce first issued guiding opinions on internal export control mechanisms for exporters of dual-use items and technologies. In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce revised and issued the Guiding Opinions on Establishing the Internal Compliance Program for Export Control by Exporters of Dual-use Items, which increased the number of compliance elements to nine - policy statement, organizational structure, comprehensive risk assessment, screening procedures, contingency measures, compliance training, compliance audits, record-keeping and management manual. The Guidelines for Internal Compliance for Export Control of Dual-use Items was added to provide more details and scenarios for reference. In the field of nuclear materials, China promulgated Guidelines for Import and Export Compliance Mechanism Building of Nuclear Items and other government documents.

加強(qiáng)公共服務(wù)。高度重視出口管制合規(guī)宣傳培訓(xùn)，不斷加大宣傳力度，提高全社會合規(guī)水平。各級政府深入企業(yè)調(diào)研座談，針對重點領(lǐng)域開展培訓(xùn)，夯實出口管制合規(guī)意識，培育出口管制合規(guī)文化。近年來，年均舉辦多形式培訓(xùn)和研討交流20余次，約3萬人次參加。2021年，商務(wù)部啟動出口管制信息服務(wù)平臺建設(shè)，加大指導(dǎo)和服務(wù)力度。積極引導(dǎo)商協(xié)會、中介機(jī)構(gòu)、專家智庫等社會資源開展出口管制合規(guī)研究，提供咨詢服務(wù)，共同參與出口管制合規(guī)建設(shè)。
Improved public services. The Chinese government attaches great importance to information and training on export controls, and has continued to disseminate information to increase compliance across broader society. Government authorities at all levels have paid study visits to enterprises and provided training in key areas to raise awareness and foster a compliance culture. In recent years, around 30,000 people have participated in over 20 training sessions and seminars every year. In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce launched an export control information service platform to provide better guidance and services. The Chinese government provides guidance to business associations, chambers of commerce, intermediary agencies, experts and think tanks, to help them study export controls, provide consultancy, and play an active part in export compliance.

（四）履行國際義務(wù)
4. Complying with International Obligations

中國一貫主張全面禁止和徹底銷毀核武器、生物武器和化學(xué)武器等大規(guī)模殺傷性武器，堅決反對此類武器及其運載工具的擴(kuò)散，不支持、不鼓勵、不幫助任何國家發(fā)展大規(guī)模殺傷性武器及其運載工具。中國致力于規(guī)范常規(guī)武器貿(mào)易，打擊武器非法販運，緩解常規(guī)武器濫用引發(fā)的人道主義問題。中國堅定維護(hù)有關(guān)國際條約的權(quán)威性和有效性，嚴(yán)格履行國際義務(wù)，維護(hù)國際和地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定。
China consistently advocates the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), including nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, and resolutely opposes the proliferation of such weapons and their means of delivery. China does not support, encourage or help any other country in the development of WMD and their means of delivery. China is committed to regulating the trade in conventional arms, combating illicit trafficking of weapons, and mitigating humanitarian issues triggered by the abuse of conventional arms. China firmly upholds the authority and efficacy of all relevant international treaties, strictly complies with its international obligations, and safeguards international and regional peace and stability.

在核領(lǐng)域，中國于1984年加入國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)，1988年與國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)簽署《中華人民共和國和國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)于在中國實施保障的協(xié)定》，自愿將本國民用核設(shè)施置于該機(jī)構(gòu)的保障監(jiān)督之下。1992年，中國加入《不擴(kuò)散核武器條約》。中國積極參與日內(nèi)瓦裁軍談判會議有關(guān)《全面禁止核試驗條約》的談判，為該條約的達(dá)成作出重要貢獻(xiàn)，并于1996年首批簽約。1997年10月，中國加入“桑戈委員會”。1998年，中國簽署關(guān)于加強(qiáng)國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)保障監(jiān)督的附加議定書，并于2002年初正式完成該附加議定書生效的國內(nèi)法律程序，成為第一個完成上述程序的核武器國家。2004年6月，中國加入“核供應(yīng)國集團(tuán)”，積極參與“集團(tuán)”相關(guān)事務(wù)，履行“集團(tuán)”權(quán)利義務(wù)。
Nuclear. China joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984 and signed the Agreement Between the People's Republic of China and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in China in 1988, voluntarily placing China's civilian nuclear facilities under Agency safeguards. In 1992, China acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). China was actively engaged in the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) of the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, making a major contribution to the conclusion of the Treaty to which it was one of the first State Party signatories in 1996. China became a member of the Zangger Committee in October 1997. In 1998, China signed the Additional Protocol aimed at strengthening the IAEA safeguard system, and formally completed the domestic legal procedures necessary for the entry into force of the Additional Protocol in early 2002, thus becoming the first nuclear-weapon state to complete the relevant procedures. In June 2004, China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and has since taken an active part in the NSG while fulfilling the relevant rights and obligations.

在生物領(lǐng)域，中國1984年加入《禁止生物武器公約》，一貫嚴(yán)格履行公約義務(wù)。中國始終按時全面提交履約建立信任措施宣布材料，深入?yún)⑴c公約審議進(jìn)程，在規(guī)范生物科研活動、生物技術(shù)和資源全球分配等領(lǐng)域積極提出多邊倡議，在加強(qiáng)生物實驗室安全等領(lǐng)域積極向國際社會提供公共產(chǎn)品，不斷加強(qiáng)生物兩用品及相關(guān)設(shè)備和技術(shù)的出口管制，及時修訂管制清單。中國倡導(dǎo)推動公約審議進(jìn)程取得積極成果，特別是談判制定具有法律約束力的核查議定書，以全面加強(qiáng)公約有效性。
Biological weapons. China strictly honors its obligations under the BWC, to which China became a State Party in 1984. Since then, China has submitted declarations of Confidence Building Measures in full and on time, been fully involved in the BWC reviews, and actively proposed multilateral initiatives on regulating biological scientific research exercises, biological technology, and global resource allocation. China has offered the international community public goods in reinforcing laboratory biosecurity and other areas, tightened export controls on dual-use biological items and related equipment and technologies, and revised its control list in a timely manner. China calls for positive outcomes in the BWC reviews, particularly regarding the negotiations for a legally binding verification protocol to maximize the effectiveness of the BWC.

在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域，中國為達(dá)成《禁止化學(xué)武器公約》作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。1993年1月，中國簽署公約。1997年4月，中國遞交批準(zhǔn)書，成為公約的原始締約國。中國堅定支持公約宗旨和目標(biāo)，推動各方嚴(yán)格履行義務(wù)，平衡、有效落實公約各項條款。自公約生效以來，中國按照公約要求頒布國內(nèi)履約立法，設(shè)立專門履約機(jī)構(gòu)，并按時、完整地提交各類年度宣布，嚴(yán)格接受禁化武組織相關(guān)視察。2020年，中國按照公約規(guī)定時限，完成《禁止化學(xué)武器公約》第24屆締約國大會增列附表1化學(xué)品的國內(nèi)立法程序。
Chemical weapons. China made a positive contribution to the conclusion of the CWC, which it signed in January 1993. In April 1997, China deposited its instrument of ratification, becoming an original State Party of the CWC. In strong support of the Convention's purposes and objectives, China encourages all States Parties to strictly fulfill their obligations, and implements the provisions in a balanced and effective manner. Since the Convention entered into force, China has adopted a series of laws for domestic compliance as required by the Convention, set up agencies dedicated to compliance, submitted annual declarations in full and on time, and firmly committed itself to the inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. As required by the Convention, in 2020 China completed the domestic legislative procedures for the amendment to Schedule 1 reached at the 24th CWC Conference of States Parties.

在導(dǎo)彈領(lǐng)域，中國支持國際社會為防止導(dǎo)彈及相關(guān)物項和技術(shù)擴(kuò)散所作出的努力，對國際上有關(guān)加強(qiáng)導(dǎo)彈防擴(kuò)散機(jī)制的建議持積極和開放的態(tài)度。中國借鑒多國出口管制做法，頒布實施《導(dǎo)彈及相關(guān)物項和技術(shù)出口管制條例》，使中國導(dǎo)彈領(lǐng)域物項和技術(shù)出口有了法律依據(jù)。中國還積極參與相關(guān)國際交流和合作，共同致力于防止彈道導(dǎo)彈擴(kuò)散。
Missiles. China supports international efforts to prevent the proliferation of missiles, and missile-related items and technologies, and adopts a positive and open attitude to international proposals designed to strengthen the mechanisms for non-proliferation. Drawing from other countries' export control practices, China has promulgated and implemented the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Missiles and Missile-related Items and Technologies, which provide the legal basis for China's export of missile-related items and technologies. In addition, China takes an active part in relevant international exchanges and cooperation to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles.

在軍品領(lǐng)域，中國積極參與《武器貿(mào)易條約》談判，對條約的達(dá)成作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。2019年9月，中國宣布啟動加入《武器貿(mào)易條約》相關(guān)國內(nèi)法律程序。2020年7月，中國正式加入《武器貿(mào)易條約》。中國作為條約締約國，堅定支持條約的宗旨和目標(biāo)，全面履行條約義務(wù)，并愿與其他締約國一道，共同致力于規(guī)范常規(guī)武器貿(mào)易，促進(jìn)條約普遍性和有效性，完善武器貿(mào)易全球治理。
Military products. China actively participated in the negotiations on the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and made a significant contribution to the conclusion of the Treaty. China announced that it would initiate the domestic legal procedures to join the ATT in September 2019, and formally acceded to the Treaty in July 2020. As a State Party, China firmly supports the Treaty's purposes and objectives through full compliance with its obligations, and stands ready to work with other States Parties to regulate the trade in conventional arms, promote the universality and effectiveness of the Treaty, and improve global governance of the arms trade.