國務(wù)院新聞辦公室15日發(fā)表《新疆的文化保護與發(fā)展》白皮書，全文如下：

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新疆的文化保護與發(fā)展
Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang

中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2018年11月
November 2018

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目錄
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分
I.Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture

二、各民族語言文字廣泛使用
II.The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used

三、宗教文化受到尊重和保護
III.Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture

四、文化遺產(chǎn)保護和傳承取得成就
IV.Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage

五、文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷發(fā)展
V.Constant Development of Cultural Undertakings and the Cultural Industry

六、對外文化交流日趨活躍
VI.Active Cultural Exchanges with Other Countries

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

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前言
Preamble

中國是統(tǒng)一的多民族國家。在5000多年文明發(fā)展史中，中華各民族共同創(chuàng)造了悠久歷史、燦爛文化。新疆自古以來就是多民族遷徙聚居生活的地方，也是多種文化交流交融的舞臺。在歷史長河中，新疆各民族文化扎根中華文明沃土，既推動了各民族文化發(fā)展，也豐富了中華文化內(nèi)涵。
China is a unified multi-ethnic country. In the course of a civilization that dates back more than 5,000 years, the various ethnic groups of China have created a long history and a splendid culture. Since ancient times many ethnic groups have made their way to Xinjiang, and it has become their home and a place for cultural integration. Various ethnic cultures of Xinjiang have their roots in the fertile soil of Chinese civilization, advancing their own cultural development while enriching the overall culture of China.

中華人民共和國成立后，中國政府高度重視新疆各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的挖掘、傳承與保護，堅持創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展，鼓勵各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，促進各民族交往交流交融，尊重各民族宗教信仰自由，推動文化事業(yè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，推進各民族文化現(xiàn)代化，加強對外文化交流，在不同文化交流互鑒中，增強文化自信。
Since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Chinese government has attached great importance to documenting and protecting the excellent traditional ethnic cultures in Xinjiang, and ensuring that they are passed on to succeeding generations. It has promoted creative transformation and innovative development, encouraging these ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, promoted communication and integration, respected their freedom of religious belief, and worked to develop their cultural undertakings and industries. The government has worked to modernize ethnic cultures, to strengthen cultural exchanges with foreign countries, and to enhance each group's cultural confidence while engaging in exchanges with and mutual learning from others.

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一、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分
I. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of the Chinese Culture

新疆歷來是多民族聚居、多種文化并存地區(qū)。各民族文化長期交流交融，在中華文明沃土中枝繁葉茂，是中華文化的組成部分。
Since ancient times, Xinjiang has been home to various ethnic groups, where different ethnic cultures coexist. Through many years of communication and integration, these cultures thrive in the fertile soil of China's civilization and are part of the Chinese culture.

各民族文化是中華文化不可分割的一部分。自古以來，中華文化因環(huán)境多樣性而呈現(xiàn)豐富多元形態(tài)。各民族文化在中華大地上交流交融，形成氣象恢宏的中華文化。各民族文化都是中華民族共有精神財富，為中華文化的發(fā)展與進步做出了貢獻。
Ethnic cultures make up an inseparable part of the Chinese culture. Since ancient times, China has been multicultural as a result of the diversity of its environment. Different ethnic cultures have communicated and integrated with each other, constituting a legacy shared by the Chinese nation that has brought into being a splendid Chinese culture.

早在先秦時期，新疆就與中原地區(qū)展開了密切交流，考古證實，新疆出土的彩陶就受到黃河中游地區(qū)仰韶文化的影響，在河南安陽的商代婦好墓中，陪葬了大量新疆和田玉制成的器物。西漢統(tǒng)一新疆地區(qū)后，漢語成為西域官府文書中的通用語之一。中原的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、禮儀制度、漢文書籍、音樂舞蹈等在西域廣泛傳播。西域的樂器與音樂傳入中原，對中原音樂產(chǎn)生重大影響。中華文化寶庫中，就包括維吾爾族十二木卡姆藝術(shù)、哈薩克族阿依特斯藝術(shù)、柯爾克孜族史詩《瑪納斯》、蒙古族衛(wèi)拉特史詩《江格爾》等各民族的優(yōu)秀文化作品。
As early as in the pre-Qin period (c. 2100-221 BC), Xinjiang was in close contact with the Central Plains. Archaeological excavations demonstrate that painted potteryware unearthed in Xinjiang shows the influence of the Yangshao Culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, while many articles made from Xinjiang's Hetian jade were unearthed in the Shang-dynasty (c.1600 BC-1046 BC) Tomb of Fu Hao in Anyang, Henan in central China. After the Western Han (206 BC-AD 25) united Xinjiang, Chinese became one of the official languages used in government documents of the Western Regions where Xinjiang is located. Agricultural production techniques, the system of etiquette, Chinese-language books, music, and dances of the Central Plains spread widely in the Western Regions. Musical instruments and music from the Western Regions were introduced to the Central Plains and exerted a great influence on local music. The treasure house of Chinese culture boasts elements of the Uygur Muqam, the Kazak Aytes art, the Kirgiz epic Manas, the Jangar epic of the Oirat Mongols, and many other great cultural works of various ethnic groups.

新疆地區(qū)歷來多種文化并存。中國的歷史演進，決定了各民族在分布上交錯雜居、經(jīng)濟上相互依存、文化上兼收并蓄的基本特征。新疆獨特的自然地理環(huán)境造就了綠洲農(nóng)耕與草原游牧文化的相得益彰，不同生產(chǎn)生活方式的族群交流互補、遷徙匯聚，開創(chuàng)了多種文化并存的生動局面。
Different cultures have long coexisted in Xinjiang. China's historical evolution has determined that various ethnic groups live together. They are economically interdependent and embrace each other's cultures. The unique natural environment and geographical conditions in Xinjiang resulted in the development of refined oasis farming and grassland nomadism, and migrating ethnic groups with different lifestyles and working practices communicated with, complemented and integrated with each other, creating a dynamic coexistence of different cultures.

新疆地區(qū)陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)大約20種語言文字。時至今日，漢藏語系、阿爾泰語系、印歐語系諸語言仍在新疆存在。生活中各民族語言兼用是新疆文化的傳統(tǒng)特征。新疆各民族在交往交流交融中，不同語言的互借互用成為普遍現(xiàn)象。新疆克孜爾千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、北庭故城等融合了漢、回鶻、吐蕃以及新疆古代居民的多種文化元素，是古代中國文化藝術(shù)的典范。
Around 20 different spoken and written languages have been identified in Xinjiang. The Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, and Indo-European languages still exist in Xinjiang today, and a traditional feature of Xinjiang culture is that different languages are used in daily life. It was common for different ethnic groups to borrow from and use each other's languages. The Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, Beiting Ancient City Site, and some other Xinjiang sites that integrate multiple cultural factors from the Han, Huihu (an ancient name for modern Uygur), Tubo (an ancient name for modern Tibetan) and other ancient residents of Xinjiang are typical of the culture and art of ancient China.

歷史上新疆是中華文明向西開放的門戶和中介。絲綢之路的暢通開啟了東西方文化交流交融的新篇章。絲綢之路繁盛時期，中國的造紙術(shù)、桑蠶絲織等先進技術(shù)通過新疆西傳，對世界文明產(chǎn)生了深遠影響。佛教、摩尼教、景教沿著絲綢之路傳播到新疆，和當(dāng)時的原始宗教一起在當(dāng)?shù)亓鱾?。在漫長的歷史演進中，新疆多種宗教并存的情況從未發(fā)生改變。新疆的文化景觀始終是多種文化并存、多元文化交流。
Historically Xinjiang was the gateway and medium through which the Chinese civilization opened to the West. The Silk Road opened a new chapter in cultural exchanges and integration between East and West. China's papermaking, sericulture, silk weaving, and other advanced technologies spread to the West via Xinjiang during the glory days of the Silk Road, exerting a far-reaching impact on world civilizations. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorianism were introduced into Xinjiang through the Silk Road, and practiced together with primitive local religions. During Xinjiang's long historical evolution, it has always been a place where many religions have coexisted. The cultural landscape of Xinjiang has long been characterized by coexistence and communication between different cultures.

各民族文化長期交流交融。中華文化是凝聚各民族的精神紐帶。在長期的生產(chǎn)生活中，各民族文化交流交融始終貫穿于中華文化形成、發(fā)展的全過程。受中原文化影響，新疆地區(qū)的蠶桑技術(shù)與絲綢織造取得了相當(dāng)成就；最初形成于漠北時期的回鶻文化，深受我國北方游牧文化、中原文化以及佛教、摩尼教等影響。在各個歷史發(fā)展階段，各民族互學(xué)互鑒，涌現(xiàn)出一批政治家、文學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、史學(xué)家、農(nóng)學(xué)家、翻譯家等，助推新疆各民族文化在中華文化懷抱中進一步發(fā)展。中華人民共和國成立后，在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，新疆各民族文化進入新的繁榮發(fā)展時期，《我們的祖國是花園》《我們新疆好地方》等經(jīng)典歌曲傳唱大江南北；《冰山上的來客》《庫爾班大叔上北京》等優(yōu)秀電影在全國家喻戶曉，成為各民族共同創(chuàng)造、共同享有的精神財富。
There is a long history of different ethnic cultures communicating and integrating with each other. The Chinese culture is a bond that unites various ethnic groups, while in the course of daily life and work, the communication between and integration of different ethnic cultures has helped to form and develop the Chinese culture. Influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, Xinjiang learned and rapidly developed sericulture and silk weaving. The Huihu culture that originated in the Mobei (the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau) regime was deeply influenced by the nomadic culture of northern China, Central Plains culture, Buddhism and Manichaeism. In different stages of history, various ethnic groups learned from each other, resulting in the emergence of a number of statesmen, writers, artists, historians, agronomists, and translators who made further contribution to the development of the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang in the embrace of the Chinese culture. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the ethnic cultures of Xinjiang entered a new period of prosperity and development. Our Motherland Is a Garden, Xinjiang, a Good Place and other classic songs are heard around the country; Visitors on the Icy Mountain, Uncle Kurban Visits Beijing and other quality films have become widely known. They are elements of a cultural wealth that has been created by and is shared by all ethnic groups.

新疆各民族成員共居、共學(xué)、共事、共樂，在語言、飲食、服飾、音樂、舞蹈、繪畫、建筑等社會生活和文化藝術(shù)各方面相互影響、吸收融合，“你中有我，我中有你”始終是各民族文化的共同特點。
The ethnic groups of Xinjiang live together, study together, work together, and share happiness. They influence, assimilate and integrate with each other in language, diet, costume, music, dance, painting, architecture and other aspects of social life, culture and art. A common feature of these ethnic cultures is that all are interrelated.

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二、各民族語言文字廣泛使用
II. The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used

語言文字是文化的重要載體和鮮明標(biāo)志。新疆是多語言、多文字地區(qū)，學(xué)習(xí)使用國家通用語言文字，是繁榮發(fā)展新疆各民族文化的歷史經(jīng)驗。中國政府大力推廣和規(guī)范使用國家通用語言文字，依法保障各民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的自由，提倡和鼓勵各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，不斷促進各民族語言相通、心靈相通。
Language, in both spoken and written forms, is an important carrier and a distinct symbol of culture. Xinjiang is a multilingual region, and historical experience shows that learning and using the commonly used standard Chinese as a spoken and written language has helped develop Xinjiang's ethnic cultures. The Chinese government works hard to promote the use of the standard Chinese language, protects by law ethnic people's freedom to use and develop their own languages, and advocates and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote language communication and ethnic unity among all Chinese people.

依法推廣國家通用語言文字。學(xué)習(xí)和使用國家通用語言文字，有利于促進各民族交往交流交融，推動各民族發(fā)展進步。1982年，“國家推廣全國通用的普通話”寫入《中華人民共和國憲法》。2001年1月1日《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》正式施行，進一步明確了普通話和規(guī)范漢字作為國家通用語言文字的法定地位。2015年修訂的《中華人民共和國教育法》規(guī)定“國家通用語言文字為學(xué)校及其他教育機構(gòu)的基本教育教學(xué)語言文字”“民族自治地方以少數(shù)民族學(xué)生為主的學(xué)校及其他教育機構(gòu)，從實際出發(fā)，使用國家通用語言文字和本民族或者當(dāng)?shù)孛褡逋ㄓ玫恼Z言文字實施雙語教育”。2015年修訂的《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)語言文字工作條例》規(guī)定“大力推廣國家通用語言文字”。各民族成員為適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展及交往日漸頻繁的需要，積極主動學(xué)習(xí)和使用國家通用語言文字。
Promote standard Chinese by law. Learning and using standard Chinese helps different ethnic groups to communicate, develop and progress. When the Constitution of the People's Republic of China was revised in 1982, the sentence "The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation)" was added. On January 1, 2001, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language took effect, clarifying the legitimate status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the standard Chinese language. The Educational Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised in 2015) provides: "The standard spoken and written Chinese language shall be the basic language used by schools and other educational institutions in education and teaching.... Schools and other educational institutions dominated by ethnic minority students in ethnic autonomous areas shall, according to the actual circumstances, use the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of their respective ethnicities or the spoken and written language commonly used by the local ethnicities to implement bilingual education." Regulations on the Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revised in 2015, state the need to "promote the standard spoken and written Chinese language". Ethnic people are enthusiastic about learning and using standard Chinese to adapt to economic and social development and increased communication.

加強國家通用語言文字教育教學(xué)工作。響應(yīng)國家號召，上世紀(jì)50年代開始，新疆在中小學(xué)對少數(shù)民族學(xué)生開設(shè)漢語文課程。1984年，新疆提出在少數(shù)民族學(xué)校加強漢語教學(xué)工作，實現(xiàn)“民漢兼通”的目標(biāo)。目前，新疆在學(xué)前和中小學(xué)全面普及國家通用語言文字教學(xué)、加授本民族語言文字的雙語教育，確保到2020年少數(shù)民族學(xué)生基本掌握和使用國家通用語言文字。
We should strengthen education and teaching of standard Chinese. In the 1950s, in response to the call of the state, Xinjiang began Chinese courses for ethnic minority students at elementary and secondary schools. In 1984, Xinjiang proposed to strengthen Chinese teaching at ethnic minority schools to achieve the goal that students "master both standard Chinese and their own ethnic languages". Currently, students at preschool institutions and elementary and secondary schools in Xinjiang have universal access to bilingual education, including teaching of standard Chinese and ethnic minority languages, ensuring that by 2020 all ethnic minority students will be able to master and use standard Chinese.

以多種形式開展國家通用語言文字培訓(xùn)工作。2013年啟動“國家通用語言培訓(xùn)項目”，在少數(shù)民族人口集中的縣（市）面向參加職業(yè)培訓(xùn)或創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓(xùn)的少數(shù)民族青年開展國家通用語言文字專項培訓(xùn)。2017年啟動實施國家通用語言文字普及攻堅工程。
We should carry out various forms of training on the standard spoken and written Chinese language. In 2013, the "training program on the standard spoken and written Chinese language" was launched, a special program for ethnic minority youths participating in vocational or business training in counties or cities where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. In 2017, a program aimed to popularize standard Chinese by the year 2020 was launched.

科學(xué)保護各民族語言文字?！吨腥A人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》均明確規(guī)定，各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由。目前，新疆各民族主要使用10種語言和文字，少數(shù)民族語言文字在司法、行政、教育、新聞出版、廣播電視、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、社會公共事務(wù)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛使用。全國人民代表大會、中國人民政治協(xié)商會議召開的重要會議，提供維吾爾、哈薩克、蒙古等少數(shù)民族語言文字的文稿和同聲傳譯。新疆本級和各自治州、自治縣機關(guān)執(zhí)行公務(wù)時，同時使用國家通用語言文字、實行區(qū)域自治的民族的語言文字。各民族成員有權(quán)使用本民族語言文字進行選舉或訴訟。以少數(shù)民族學(xué)生為主的學(xué)校及其他教育機構(gòu)，在課程設(shè)置和各類招生考試中均重視少數(shù)民族語言文字的學(xué)習(xí)和使用。每年一度的普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試，新疆使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古5種文字試卷。
Protect spoken and written ethnic minority languages in a scientific way. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy both clearly prescribe that all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Currently, 10 spoken and written languages are used among the various ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, internet, and public affairs. At important meetings such as those of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference documentation and simultaneous interpretation in Uygur, Kazak, Mongolian or other ethnic minority languages are provided. When performing official duties, Party and government organs of Xinjiang and lower-level autonomous prefectures and counties use at the same time standard Chinese and the languages of those ethnic minorities that exercise regional autonomy. All ethnic minorities have the right to use their own spoken and written languages in elections and judicial matters. Schools and other educational institutions where ethnic minority students are the majority highlight the study and use of ethnic minority languages in setting their curricula and in various entrance examinations. Xinjiang uses Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and Mongolian languages for the annual national higher education entrance examination.

為保護中國豐富的語言資源，中國政府自2015年起組織實施中國語言資源保護工程，收集記錄漢語方言、少數(shù)民族語言和口頭語言文化的實態(tài)語料。該工程作為目前世界上規(guī)模最大的語言資源保護項目，已實現(xiàn)全國范圍覆蓋，其中在新疆開展包括30多個少數(shù)民族語言調(diào)查點、10個漢語方言調(diào)查點、6個瀕危語言調(diào)查點和2個語言文化調(diào)查點的田野調(diào)查。截至目前，已完成新疆規(guī)劃調(diào)查點超過80%的調(diào)查任務(wù)，并形成一批標(biāo)志性成果。
In 2015 the Chinese government organized and launched a program to protect the rich language resources of China, collecting and recording physical forms of linguistic data such as Chinese dialects, spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and oral language cultures. The largest of its kind in the world, this program has covered the whole country. Field surveys have been conducted in Xinjiang, covering more than 30 survey locations of ethnic minority languages, 10 locations of Chinese dialects, six locations of endangered languages, and two locations of language cultures. To date more than 80 percent of survey tasks in these locations have been completed, and some symbolic successes have been achieved.

多語言、多文種的新聞出版和廣播電視是新疆的一大特色。新疆使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯6種語言文字出版報紙、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物。新疆電視臺有漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜4種語言電視節(jié)目，新疆人民廣播電臺有漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古5種語言廣播節(jié)目，《新疆日報》用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、蒙古4種文字出版。
Multilingual press and publication and radio and television are a major feature of Xinjiang. Xinjiang publishes newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six spoken and written languages - Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang TV broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, and Kirgiz. Xinjiang People's Broadcasting Station broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Mongolian. Xinjiang Daily is printed in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Mongolian.

為使各民族成員共享信息化時代的成果，中國政府制定了蒙古、藏、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜等文字編碼字符集、鍵盤、字模的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，研究開發(fā)出多種少數(shù)民族文字排版系統(tǒng)、智能語音翻譯系統(tǒng)，支持少數(shù)民族語言文字網(wǎng)站和新興傳播載體有序發(fā)展，不斷提升少數(shù)民族語言文字信息化處理和社會應(yīng)用能力。新疆設(shè)立民族語言文字工作委員會和各級民族語言文字研究機構(gòu)，負責(zé)各民族語言文字的科學(xué)研究，推動各民族語言文字的規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、信息化。
To enable ethnic minorities to share the achievements of the information age, the Chinese government has set national specifications of coded character set, keyboard, and type matrix for Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and some other languages. It has studied and developed different typesetting systems and intelligent voice translation systems for several written ethnic minority languages. The government supports the orderly development of websites and emerging media in spoken and written ethnic minority languages, and works to improve information processing and application capabilities in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang has set up the Ethnic Language Work Committee and ethnic minority language research institutes at different levels, which are responsible for scientific research into ethnic minority languages, and which work to make them more standardized and apply them in IT.

鼓勵各民族互相學(xué)習(xí)語言文字。中國政府鼓勵民族自治地方各民族互相學(xué)習(xí)語言文字，既要求少數(shù)民族學(xué)習(xí)國家通用語言文字，也鼓勵少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的漢族居民學(xué)習(xí)少數(shù)民族語言文字，尤其重視基層公務(wù)員、新錄用公職人員、公共服務(wù)行業(yè)從業(yè)人員的雙語學(xué)習(xí)，并提供學(xué)習(xí)條件。新疆專門開辦了漢族干部學(xué)習(xí)少數(shù)民族語言培訓(xùn)班。上世紀(jì)50年代以來，國家在新疆高校開設(shè)中國少數(shù)民族語言文學(xué)（維吾爾語言、哈薩克語言方向）專業(yè)，這些專業(yè)的學(xué)生畢業(yè)后大多從事行政、教育、少數(shù)民族語言文字研究工作。多年來，新疆各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語言文字蔚然成風(fēng)，掌握雙語、多語的人員越來越多，推動了各民族交往交流交融。
Encourage ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other. The Chinese government encourages different ethnic groups in ethnic autonomous areas to learn languages from each other, urging ethnic minorities to learn standard Chinese while encouraging Han residents to learn ethnic minority languages. It emphasizes that grassroots civil servants, newly recruited civil servants, and employees in the public service sector should know two or more languages and provides facilities for their learning. Xinjiang conducts special training courses for Han officials to learn ethnic minority languages. Since the 1950s, the state has offered majors in ethnic minority languages and literature (Uygur and Kazak) at colleges and universities in Xinjiang; most graduates of these majors work in the fields of administration, education, and research on ethnic minority languages. For many years, it has been a common practice that different ethnic groups of Xinjiang learn languages from each other. More and more people are becoming bilingual or multilingual, which promotes communication and integration among all the ethnic groups.