國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室2日發(fā)表《關(guān)于中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商的中方立場(chǎng)》白皮書。雙語全文如下：

關(guān)于中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商的中方立場(chǎng)
China’s Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations

（2019年6月）
中華人民共和國(guó)
國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
(June 2019)
The State Council Information Office of
The People’s Republic of China

目錄
Contents

前言
Preface

一、美國(guó)挑起對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦損害兩國(guó)和全球利益
I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world

二、美國(guó)在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商中出爾反爾、不講誠(chéng)信
II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations

三、中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持平等、互利、誠(chéng)信的磋商立場(chǎng)
III. China is committed to credible consultations based on equality and mutual benefit

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

前言
Preface

中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系是兩國(guó)關(guān)系的“壓艙石”和“推進(jìn)器”，事關(guān)兩國(guó)人民根本利益，事關(guān)世界繁榮與穩(wěn)定。兩國(guó)建交以來，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系持續(xù)發(fā)展，合作領(lǐng)域不斷拓寬，合作水平不斷提高，形成了高度互補(bǔ)、利益交融的互利共贏關(guān)系，不僅兩國(guó)受益，而且惠及全球。
The China-US commercial relationship serves as both the ballast and the propeller of the overall bilateral relationship. At stake are the fundamental interests of the two peoples, and the prosperity and stability of the world. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US, bilateral trade and economic relations have come a long way, with expanding fields of cooperation at higher levels. A mutually beneficial and win-win relationship with strong complementarity and interlinked interests has been forged, benefiting not only the two countries but also the entire world.

由于發(fā)展階段、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度不同，兩國(guó)在經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中難免出現(xiàn)分歧和摩擦。在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系發(fā)展歷程中，也曾多次出現(xiàn)波折、面臨困難局面。兩國(guó)本著理性、合作的態(tài)度，通過對(duì)話協(xié)商解決問題，化解了矛盾、縮小了分歧，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系更趨成熟。
Given the differences in stage of development and economic system, it is inevitable that the two countries will experience differences and friction in their commercial cooperation. The history of China-US trade and economic relations has seen twists and turns and difficult situations. By adopting a rational and cooperative attitude, the two countries have managed to resolve previous conflicts, bridge differences, and render the bilateral commercial relationship more mature through dialogue and consultation.

2017年新一屆美國(guó)政府上任以來，以加征關(guān)稅等手段相威脅，頻頻挑起與主要貿(mào)易伙伴之間的經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦。2018年3月以來，針對(duì)美國(guó)政府單方面發(fā)起的中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦，中國(guó)不得不采取有力應(yīng)對(duì)措施，堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家和人民利益。同時(shí)，中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持通過對(duì)話協(xié)商解決爭(zhēng)議的基本立場(chǎng)，與美國(guó)開展多輪經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，努力穩(wěn)定雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系。中國(guó)的態(tài)度是一貫的、明確的。中美合則兩利，斗則俱傷，合作是雙方唯一正確的選擇。對(duì)于兩國(guó)經(jīng)貿(mào)分歧和摩擦，中國(guó)愿意采取合作的方式加以解決，推動(dòng)達(dá)成互利雙贏的協(xié)議。但合作是有原則的，磋商是有底線的，在重大原則問題上中國(guó)決不讓步。對(duì)于貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)不愿打，不怕打，必要時(shí)不得不打，這個(gè)態(tài)度一直沒變。
Since it took office in 2017, the new US administration has threatened additional tariffs and other measures and provoked frequent economic and trade friction with its major trading partners. In response to the economic and trade friction unilaterally initiated by the US since March 2018, China has had to take forceful measures to defend the interests of the nation and its people. At the same time, committed to resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, China has engaged in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the US in an effort to stabilize the bilateral commercial relationship. China’s position has been consistent and clear – that cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, that conflict can only hurt both, and that cooperation is the only correct choice for both sides. Concerning their differences and frictions on the economic and trade front, China is willing to work together with the US to find solutions, and to reach a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement. However, cooperation has to be based on principles. There are bottom lines in consultations. China will not compromise on major issues of principle. China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and it will fight one if necessary. China’s position on this has never changed.

為全面介紹中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商基本情況，闡明中國(guó)對(duì)中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商的政策立場(chǎng)，中國(guó)政府特發(fā)布此白皮書。
To provide a comprehensive picture of the China-US economic and trade consultations, and present China’s policy position on these consultations, the Chinese government hereby issues this White Paper.

一、美國(guó)挑起對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦損害兩國(guó)和全球利益
I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world

現(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府奉行“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”政策，對(duì)外采取一系列單邊主義和保護(hù)主義措施，動(dòng)輒使用關(guān)稅“大棒”，將自身利益訴求強(qiáng)加于他國(guó)。美國(guó)啟用塵封多年的“201調(diào)查”“232調(diào)查”等手段，對(duì)各主要貿(mào)易伙伴頻頻出手，攪亂全球經(jīng)貿(mào)格局。美國(guó)還將矛頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)中國(guó)，于2017年8月啟動(dòng)單邊色彩濃厚的“301調(diào)查”，無視中國(guó)多年來在加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)、改善外資營(yíng)商環(huán)境等方面的不懈努力和取得的巨大成績(jī)，對(duì)中國(guó)作出諸多不客觀的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，采取加征關(guān)稅、限制投資等經(jīng)貿(mào)限制措施，挑起中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦。
Trumpeting “America First”, the current US administration has adopted a series of unilateral and protectionist measures, regularly wielded tariffs as a “big stick” and coerced other countries into accepting its demands. The US has initiated frequent investigations under the long-unused Sections 201 and 232 against its main trading partners, causing disruption to the global economic and trade landscape. Specifically targeting China, in August 2017 it launched a unilateral investigation under Section 301. Turning a blind eye to China’s unremitting efforts and remarkable progress in protecting intellectual property and improving the business environment for foreign investors, the US issued a myriad of slanted and negative observations, and imposed additional tariffs and investment restrictions on China, provoking economic and trade friction between the two countries.

Box 1: China’s technological innovation is based on self-reliance. Accusing China of intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer is utterly unfounded.

China is an innovative and diligent nation. It has created a highly-sophisticated civilization and contributed significantly to human progress over the course of 5,000 years. Since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, and in particular since the beginning of reform and opening up in 1978, China’s scientific and technological undertakings have passed through a series of phases. They started from a difficult beginning, forged ahead in the course of reform, and have now achieved multiple breakthroughs featuring a variety of innovations. These achievements have won worldwide recognition. Historical records confirm that China’s achievements in scientific and technological innovation are not something we stole or forcibly took from others; they were earned through self-reliance and hard work. Accusing China of stealing intellectual property to support its own development is an unfounded fabrication.

China is fully committed to intellectual property protection. It has established a legal system for the protection of intellectual property that is consistent with prevailing international rules and adapted to China’s domestic conditions. China values the leading role of judicial measures in protecting intellectual property, and has achieved impressive results. The understanding of the importance of intellectual property among the general public and business community in China has increased, the value of royalties paid to foreign rights-holders has risen significantly, and the number of intellectual property applications and registrations has surged.

The effective impact of China’s intellectual property protection has won broad international recognition. Former WIPO Director General Arpad Bogsch spoke highly of China’s legal framework for intellectual property protection, noting that China’s achievements are “unmatched in the history of intellectual property protection”. The US Chamber of Commerce recognized that China is making concrete progress in creating an intellectual property environment appropriate to the 21st century. In its 2018 China Business Climate Survey Report, the American Chamber of Commerce in China noted that among the main challenges facing its member companies operating in China, concern over intellectual property dropped from 5th place in 2011 to 12th place in 2018. An article in The Diplomat predicted that China will become a leader in global intellectual property. Many of the concerns raised by foreign firms doing business in China have already been addressed through judicial reform and a strengthened enforcement mechanism.

Respecting the laws of the market economy, China has been actively improving the policy system for innovation, continuously increasing investment in research and development, accelerating the development of innovators, and strengthening international cooperation on technological innovation in an all-round way. In terms of some key innovation indices, China is already among the world’s leading players. As China continues to witness a series of major scientific and technological achievements, its industries are gravitating toward the middle and high end, and the country’s international influence is markedly increasing. In 2017, total R&D investment in China reached RMB1.76 trillion, ranking second in the world. The number of patent applications reached 1.382 million, ranking No. 1 in the world for the seventh consecutive year. The number of invention patents granted reached 327,000, up by 8.2 percent year-on-year. China ranks third in the world in terms of valid invention patents held.

China has always pursued international technical cooperation with mutual benefit and win-win as the basic value orientation. China’s economic development has benefited from international technology transfer and dissemination. International holders of technology have also reaped enormous benefits from this process. China encourages and respects voluntary technical cooperation between Chinese and foreign firms based on market principles. It strongly opposes forced technology transfer and takes resolute action against intellectual property infringement. Accusations against China of forced technology transfer are baseless and untenable.

美國(guó)無視中美經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展階段特點(diǎn)和國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)分工現(xiàn)實(shí)，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為中國(guó)采取不公平、不對(duì)等的貿(mào)易政策，導(dǎo)致美國(guó)出現(xiàn)對(duì)華貿(mào)易逆差，在雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)交往中“吃了虧”，并對(duì)華采取單邊加征關(guān)稅措施。事實(shí)上，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代，中美兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高度融合，共同構(gòu)成完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)連骨帶筋、互利共贏，把貿(mào)易逆差當(dāng)作“吃虧”是算錯(cuò)了賬。美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)采取的貿(mào)易限制措施不利于中國(guó)，也不利于美國(guó)，更不利于全球。
Turning a blind eye to the nature of the economic structure and the stage of development in China and the US, as well as the reality of the international industrial division of labor, the US insists that China’s “unfair” and “non-reciprocal” trade policies have created a trade deficit in bilateral commercial exchanges that constitutes “being taken advantage of”, leading to unilateral imposition of additional tariffs on China. In fact, in today’s globalized world, the Chinese and American economies are highly integrated and together constitute an entire industrial chain. The two economies are bound in a union that is mutually beneficial and win-win in nature. Equating a trade deficit to being taken advantage of is an error. The restrictive measures the US has imposed on China are not good for China or the US, and still worse for the rest of the world.

Box 2: The Chinese and American economies are interlinked, and bilateral trade and investment are mutually beneficial

China and the US are each other’s largest trading partner and important source of investment. In 2018, bilateral trade in goods and services exceeded US$750 billion, and two-way direct investment approached US$160 billion. China-US commercial cooperation has brought substantial benefits to both countries and both peoples.

According to China Customs, the trade in goods between China and the US grew from less than US$2.5 billion in 1979 when the two countries forged diplomatic ties to US$633.5 billion in 2018, a 252-fold increase. In 2018, the US was China’s largest trading partner and export market, and the sixth largest source of imports. According to the US Department of Commerce, in 2018 China was the largest trading partner of the US, its third largest export market, and its largest source of imports. China is the key export market for US airplanes, soybeans, automobiles, integrated circuits and cotton. During the ten years from 2009 to 2018, China was one of the fastest growing export markets for American goods, with an annual average increase of 6.3 percent and an aggregate growth of 73.2 percent, higher than the average growth of 56.9 percent represented by other regions in the world.

Trade in services between China and the US is flourishing and highly complementary. The two countries have conducted extensive, in-depth, and mutually-beneficial cooperation in tourism, culture, and intellectual property. China is the largest destination for US tourists in the Asia-Pacific and the US is the largest overseas destination for Chinese students. According to Chinese figures, two-way trade in services rose from US$27.4 billion in 2006, the earliest year with available statistics, to US$125.3 billion in 2018, a 3.6-fold increase. In 2018, China’s services trade deficit with the US reached US$48.5 billion.

Over the past forty years, two-way investment between China and the US has grown from near zero to approximately US$160 billion, and this cooperation has proved fruitful. According to MOFCOM, by the end of 2018 accumulative Chinese business direct investment in the US exceeded US$73.17 billion. The rapid growth of Chinese business investment in the US has contributed to local economic growth, job creation, and tax revenues. According to MOFCOM, the paid-in investment by the US in China was US$85.19 billion by the end of 2018. In 2017, the total annual sales revenues of US-invested companies in China were US$700 billion, with profits exceeding US$50 billion.

Therefore, if trade in goods and services as well as two-way investment are taken into account, China-US trade and economic relations are mutually beneficial, rather than the US “being taken advantage of”.

（一）美國(guó)加征關(guān)稅措施損人不利己
(I) The tariff measures the US imposed harm others and are of no benefit to itself

美國(guó)政府對(duì)中國(guó)輸美商品加征關(guān)稅，阻礙雙邊貿(mào)易投資合作，影響兩國(guó)乃至全球市場(chǎng)信心和經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。美國(guó)的關(guān)稅措施導(dǎo)致中國(guó)對(duì)美出口額下滑，2019年1月至4月同比下降9.7%（注4），連續(xù)5個(gè)月下降。同時(shí)，由于中國(guó)不得不針對(duì)美國(guó)加稅采取加征關(guān)稅應(yīng)對(duì)，美國(guó)對(duì)華出口連續(xù)8個(gè)月下降（注5）。中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦帶來的不確定性使兩國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)開展投資合作持觀望態(tài)度，中國(guó)對(duì)美投資持續(xù)下滑，美國(guó)對(duì)華投資增速也明顯降低。據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)方面統(tǒng)計(jì)，2018年中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)美直接投資57.9億美元，同比下降10%（注6）。2018年美國(guó)實(shí)際對(duì)華投資金額26.9億美元（注7），增速?gòu)?017年的11%大幅回落至1.5%。由于中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦前景不明，世界貿(mào)易組織將2019年全球貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)速度由3.7%下調(diào)至2.6%（注8）。
The US administration has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese goods exported to the US, impeding two-way trade and investment cooperation and undermining market confidence and economic stability in the two countries and globally. The US tariff measures lead to a decrease in the volume of China’s export to the US, which fell by 9.7 percent year-on-year in the first four months of 2019, dropping for five months in a row. In addition, as China has to impose tariffs as a countermeasure to US tariff hikes, US exports to China have dropped for eight months in a row. The uncertainty brought by US-China economic and trade friction made companies in both countries more hesitant about investing. China’s investment in the US continues to fall and the growth rate of US investment in China has also slowed down. According to Chinese statistics, direct investment by Chinese companies in the US was US$5.79 billion in 2018, down by 10 percent year-on-year. In 2018, paid-in US investment in China was US$2.69 billion, up by only 1.5 percent year-on-year compared with an increase of 11 percent in 2017. With the outlook for China-US trade friction unclear, the WTO has lowered its forecast for global trade growth in 2019 from 3.7 percent to 2.6 percent.

（二）貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)沒有給美國(guó)帶來所謂的“再次偉大”
(II) The trade war has not “made America great again”

加征關(guān)稅措施不僅沒有推動(dòng)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，反而帶來了嚴(yán)重傷害。
The tariff measures have not boosted American economic growth. Instead, they have done serious harm to the US economy.

一是提高美國(guó)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本。中美制造業(yè)相互依存度很高，許多美國(guó)制造商依賴中國(guó)的原材料和中間品，短期內(nèi)難以找到合適的替代供應(yīng)商，只能承擔(dān)加征關(guān)稅的成本。
First, the tariff measures have significantly increased production costs for US companies. The Chinese and US manufacturing sectors are highly dependent on each other. Many American manufacturers depend on China’s raw materials and intermediary goods. As it is hard for them to find good alternative suppliers in the short term, they will have to bear the costs of the tariff hikes.

二是抬升美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)物價(jià)。進(jìn)口中國(guó)物美價(jià)廉的消費(fèi)品是美國(guó)通脹率長(zhǎng)期保持低位的重要因素之一。加征關(guān)稅后，中國(guó)產(chǎn)品最終銷售價(jià)格提高，實(shí)際上美國(guó)消費(fèi)者也承擔(dān)了關(guān)稅成本。美國(guó)全國(guó)零售商聯(lián)合會(huì)研究顯示，僅對(duì)中國(guó)家具征收25%關(guān)稅一項(xiàng)，就使美國(guó)消費(fèi)者每年多付出46億美元的額外支出（注9）。
Second, the tariff measures lead to domestic price hikes in the US. The import of value-for-money consumer goods from China is a key factor behind the long-term low inflation in the US. After the additional tariffs were imposed, the final selling price of Chinese products increased, leaving American consumers effectively bearing some tariff costs. According to research by the US National Retail Federation, the 25 percent additional tariffs on furniture alone will cost the US consumer an additional US$4.6 billion per year.

三是影響美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和民生。美國(guó)商會(huì)和榮鼎集團(tuán)2019年3月聯(lián)合發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，受中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦影響，2019年及未來4年美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將可能每年減少640億至910億美元，約占美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值總額的0.3%－0.5%。如美國(guó)對(duì)所有中國(guó)輸美商品征收25%關(guān)稅，未來10年美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將累計(jì)減少1萬億美元（注10）。美國(guó)智庫“貿(mào)易伙伴”（Trade Partnership）2019年2月發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告顯示，如美國(guó)對(duì)所有中國(guó)輸美商品加征25%的關(guān)稅，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將減少1.01%，就業(yè)崗位將減少216萬個(gè)，一個(gè)四口之家每年支出將增加2294美元（注11）。
Third, the tariff measures have an impact on US economic growth and people’s livelihood. A joint report by the US Chamber of Commerce and the Rhodium Group in March 2019 showed that, under the impact of China-US economic and trade friction, US GDP in 2019 and the next four years could decrease by US$64-91 billion per year, about 0.3-0.5 percent of total US GDP. If the US imposes 25 percent tariffs on all Chinese goods exported to the US, US GDP will decrease by US$1 trillion in the next ten years cumulatively. According to a research report in February 2019 by Trade Partnership, an American think-tank, if the US imposes 25 percent additional tariffs on all imported Chinese goods, US GDP will decrease by 1.01 percent, with 2.16 million job losses and an additional annual burden of US$2,294 on a family of four.

四是阻礙美對(duì)華出口。美中貿(mào)易全國(guó)委員會(huì)2019年5月1日發(fā)布的《各州對(duì)華出口報(bào)告——2019》指出，2009年至2018年十年間，美國(guó)對(duì)華出口支撐了超過110萬個(gè)美國(guó)就業(yè)崗位，中國(guó)市場(chǎng)對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)至關(guān)重要。在此十年中，美國(guó)48個(gè)州對(duì)華貨物出口實(shí)現(xiàn)累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)，其中44個(gè)州實(shí)現(xiàn)兩位數(shù)增長(zhǎng)，但在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦加劇的2018年，美國(guó)僅有16個(gè)州對(duì)華貨物出口實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)，34個(gè)州對(duì)華出口下降，其中24個(gè)州出現(xiàn)兩位數(shù)降幅，中西部農(nóng)業(yè)州受損最為嚴(yán)重。受關(guān)稅措施影響的美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)華出口同比減少33.1%，其中大豆降幅近50%，美國(guó)業(yè)界擔(dān)心從此失去培育了近40年的中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。
Fourth, the tariff measures lead to barriers to US exports to China. The 2019 State Export Report, published by the US-China Business Council on May 1, 2019, stated that in the ten years from 2009 to 2018, US exports to China supported over 1.1 million jobs. The Chinese market continues its importance to US economic growth. Forty-eight states of the US have increased their goods exports to China during the last decade – 44 of them by double digits – while in 2018, when economic and trade friction worsened, only 16 states increased their goods exports to China. Thirty-four states exported fewer goods to China, with 24 of them seeing a double-digit decrease. The Midwestern agricultural states were hit particularly hard. Under tariff measures, exports of American agricultural produce to China decreased by 33.1 percent year-on-year, including a 50 percent drop in soybeans. US businesses are worried that they might lose the Chinese market, which they have been cultivating for nearly 40 years.

（三）美國(guó)貿(mào)易霸凌行徑殃及全球
(III) US trade bullying harms the world

經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是不可阻擋的時(shí)代潮流，以鄰為壑的單邊主義、保護(hù)主義不得人心。美國(guó)采取的一系列貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施，違反世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則，損害多邊貿(mào)易體制，嚴(yán)重干擾全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈，損害市場(chǎng)信心，給全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇帶來嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，給經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢(shì)造成重大威脅。
Economic globalization is a firmly-established trend of the times. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism are unpopular. The trade protectionist measures taken by the US go against the WTO rules, damage the multilateral trading system, seriously disrupt global industrial chains and supply chains, undermine market confidence, and pose a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

一是損害多邊貿(mào)易體制權(quán)威。美國(guó)依據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)法發(fā)起“201”“232”“301”等一系列單邊調(diào)查，并采取加征關(guān)稅措施，嚴(yán)重違反世界貿(mào)易組織最基本最核心的最惠國(guó)待遇、關(guān)稅約束等規(guī)則。這種單邊主義、保護(hù)主義行為不僅損害中國(guó)和其他成員利益，更損害了世界貿(mào)易組織及其爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制的權(quán)威性，使多邊貿(mào)易體制和國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序面臨險(xiǎn)境。
First, the US measures are undermining the authority of the multilateral trading system. The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding. Such unilateralist and protectionist actions have harmed the interests of China and other WTO members. More importantly, they have undermined the authority of the WTO and its dispute settlement system, and exposed the multilateral trading system and international trade order to peril.

二是威脅全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)尚未完全走出國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的陰影，美國(guó)政府升級(jí)經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦、提高關(guān)稅水平，相關(guān)國(guó)家不得不采取相應(yīng)措施，導(dǎo)致全球經(jīng)貿(mào)秩序紊亂，阻礙全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，殃及各國(guó)企業(yè)發(fā)展和人民福祉，使全球經(jīng)濟(jì)落入“衰退陷阱”。2019年1月，世界銀行發(fā)布《全球經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》報(bào)告，將2019年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)期進(jìn)一步降至2.9%，貿(mào)易關(guān)系持續(xù)緊張是主要下行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之一（注12）。國(guó)際貨幣基金組織2019年4月發(fā)布的《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》報(bào)告，將2019年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)期從2018年預(yù)計(jì)的3.6%下調(diào)至3.3%，并表示經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步抑制全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，繼續(xù)削弱本已疲弱的投資（注13）。
Second, the US measures threaten global economic growth. With the shadow of the international financial crisis still lingering over the global economy, the US government has escalated economic and trade friction and hiked additional tariffs, provoking corresponding measures by the countries involved. This disrupts global economic and trade order, dampens world economic recovery, and undermines the development of companies and the well-being of people in all countries, plunging the world economy into the “recession trap”. Global Economic Prospects released by the World Bank in January 2019 revised its forecast for global economic growth down further to 2.9 percent, citing continuous trade friction as a major downward risk. The International Monetary Fund also marked down its projection of world economic growth for 2019 to 3.3 percent from the 2018 estimate of 3.6 percent in its World Economic Outlook report published in April 2019, suggesting that economic and trade friction could further depress global economic growth and weaken already anemic investment.

三是擾亂全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應(yīng)鏈。中美都是全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應(yīng)鏈的重要環(huán)節(jié)。中國(guó)對(duì)美出口的最終產(chǎn)品中包含大量從他國(guó)進(jìn)口的中間產(chǎn)品和零部件。美國(guó)對(duì)來自中國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品加征關(guān)稅，受害的將是包括美國(guó)企業(yè)在內(nèi)的與中國(guó)企業(yè)合作的眾多跨國(guó)公司。加征關(guān)稅措施導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈成本人為增加，影響供應(yīng)鏈的穩(wěn)定和安全。部分企業(yè)被迫調(diào)整供應(yīng)鏈全球布局，全球資源無法實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳配置。
Third, the US moves disrupt global industrial and supply chains. China and the US are both key links in global industrial and supply chains. Given the large volume of intermediary goods and components from other countries in Chinese end-products exported to the US, US tariff hikes will hurt all the multinationals – not least those from the US – that work with Chinese companies. The tariff measures artificially drive up the costs of supply chains, and undermine their stability and security. As a result, some businesses are forced to readjust their global supply chains at the expense of optimal resource allocation.

可以預(yù)見，美國(guó)最新采取的對(duì)華關(guān)稅升級(jí)措施，不但解決不了問題，還將進(jìn)一步損害各方利益，中國(guó)對(duì)此堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。近期，美國(guó)政府以所謂國(guó)家安全的“莫須有”名義，連續(xù)對(duì)華為等多家中國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)施“長(zhǎng)臂管轄”制裁，中國(guó)同樣堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。
It is foreseeable that the latest US tariff hikes on China, far from resolving issues, will only make things worse for all sides. China stands firm in opposition. Recently, the US administration imposed “l(fā)ong-arm jurisdiction” and sanctions against Huawei and other Chinese companies on the fabricated basis of national security, to which China is also firmly opposed.