國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室3月24日發(fā)表《2020年美國(guó)侵犯人權(quán)報(bào)告》。

全文如下：

2020年美國(guó)侵犯人權(quán)報(bào)告
The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2020

中華人民共和國(guó)
國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
2021年3月
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
March 2021

序言
Foreword

“我無(wú)法呼吸！”
——喬治·弗洛伊德
“I can’t breathe!”
-- George Floyd

美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)大廈暴力事件亂象是政治高層散布重重謊言、蔑視民主、煽動(dòng)仇恨和分裂導(dǎo)致的惡果。
——德國(guó)總統(tǒng)施泰因邁爾
“The scenes (the U.S. Capitol building violence) we have seen are the result of lies and more lies, of division and contempt for democracy, of hatred and rabble-rousing -- even from the very highest levels.”
-- German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier

2020年新冠肺炎疫情全球肆虐，對(duì)人類生命安全構(gòu)成重大威脅。病毒沒有國(guó)界，疫情不分種族，戰(zhàn)勝疫情需要世界各國(guó)守望相助、團(tuán)結(jié)合作。但一向自認(rèn)例外和優(yōu)越的美國(guó)，不僅自身疫情失控，而且與之相伴的還有政治失序、種族沖突、社會(huì)撕裂，留下了“山巔之城”“民主燈塔”侵犯人權(quán)的新紀(jì)錄。
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc around the world, posing a major threat to human security. The virus respects no borders, nor does the epidemic distinguish between races. To defeat the epidemic requires mutual help, solidarity and cooperation among all countries. However, the United States, which has always considered itself an exception and superior, saw its own epidemic situation go out of control, accompanied by political disorder, inter-ethnic conflicts, and social division. It further added to the human rights violations in the country, the so-called “city upon a hill” and “beacon of democracy.”

——政府應(yīng)對(duì)疫情任性妄為導(dǎo)致失控，釀成人間悲劇。美國(guó)人口不足世界總?cè)丝诘?%，但截至2021年2月底，其新冠肺炎確診病例數(shù)卻超過(guò)全球總數(shù)的25%，死亡病例數(shù)占全球總數(shù)的近20%，超過(guò)50萬(wàn)美國(guó)民眾失去了寶貴的生命。
-- The epidemic went out of control and turned into a human tragedy due to the government’s reckless response. By the end of February 2021, the United States, home to less than 5 percent of the world’s population, accounted for more than a quarter of the world’s confirmed COVID-19 cases and nearly one-fifth of the global deaths from the disease. More than 500,000 Americans lost their lives due to the virus.

——民主制度失序引發(fā)政治亂象，進(jìn)一步撕裂美國(guó)社會(huì)。金錢政治扭曲壓制民意，選舉成為富人階層“獨(dú)角戲”，人們對(duì)美國(guó)民主制度的信心下降至20年來(lái)最低點(diǎn)。政治極化日益嚴(yán)重，仇恨政治演變?yōu)槿珖?guó)性瘟疫，選后暴亂導(dǎo)致國(guó)會(huì)淪陷。
-- Disorder in American democratic institutions led to political chaos, further tearing the fabric of society apart. Money-tainted politics distorted and suppressed public opinion, turning elections into a “one-man show” of the wealthy class and people’s confidence in the American democratic system dropped to the lowest level in 20 years. Amid increasing political polarization, hate politics evolved into a national plague, and the Capitol was stormed in post-election riots.

——少數(shù)族裔遭受系統(tǒng)性種族歧視，處境艱難。有色人種在美國(guó)18歲以下未成年人中的比例約為三分之一，卻占被監(jiān)禁未成年人總數(shù)的三分之二。非洲裔新冠肺炎感染率是白人的3倍，死亡率是白人的2倍，被警察殺死的概率是白人的3倍。四分之一亞裔年輕人成為種族欺凌的目標(biāo)。
-- Ethnic minority groups suffered systematic racial discrimination and were in a difficult situation. People of color made up about one-third of all minors under the age of 18 in the United States but two-thirds of all of the country’s imprisoned minors. African Americans are three times as likely as whites to be infected with the coronavirus, twice as likely to die from COVID-19, and three times as likely to be killed by the police. One in four young Asian Americans has been the target of racial bullying.

——槍支交易和槍擊事件創(chuàng)歷史新高，人們對(duì)社會(huì)秩序失去信心。在疫情失控、種族抗議和選舉沖突交織影響下，2020年美國(guó)的槍支銷量高達(dá)2300萬(wàn)支，比2019年激增64%，首次購(gòu)買槍支的人數(shù)超過(guò)800萬(wàn)人。美國(guó)全年共有超過(guò)41500人死于槍擊，平均每天達(dá)110多人，全國(guó)共發(fā)生592起大規(guī)模槍擊事件，平均每天超過(guò)1.6起。
-- Gun trade and shooting incidents hit a record high, and people’s confidence in social order waned. Americans bought 23 million guns in 2020 against the background of an out-of-control epidemic, accompanied by racial justice protests and election-related conflicts, a surge of 64 percent compared with 2019. First-time gun buyers exceeded 8 million. More than 41,500 people were killed in shooting incidents across the United States in the year, an average of more than 110 a day, and there were 592 mass shootings nationwide, an average of more than 1.6 a day.

——非洲裔男子喬治·弗洛伊德被白人警察殘忍跪壓致死，引燃美國(guó)社會(huì)怒火。50個(gè)州爆發(fā)廣泛持續(xù)的種族抗議浪潮，政府武力鎮(zhèn)壓示威民眾，1萬(wàn)多人被逮捕，大批新聞?dòng)浾哳l遭無(wú)端攻擊和拘捕。
-- George?Floyd, an African American, died after being brutally kneeled on his neck by a white police officer, sparking a national outcry. Widespread protests for racial justice erupted in 50 states. The U.S. government suppressed demonstrators by force, and more than 10,000 people were arrested. A large number of journalists were attacked and arrested for no reason.

——貧富差距加速擴(kuò)大，底層民眾生活苦不堪言。疫情失控導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模失業(yè)潮，數(shù)千萬(wàn)人失去醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)，六分之一美國(guó)人、四分之一美國(guó)兒童面臨饑餓威脅。弱勢(shì)群體成為政府消極應(yīng)對(duì)疫情的最大犧牲品。
-- The gap between the rich and the poor widened, with the people at the bottom of society living in misery. The epidemic led to mass unemployment. Tens of millions of people lost health insurance coverage. One in six Americans and one in four American children were at risk of hunger. Vulnerable groups became the biggest victims of the government’s reckless response to the epidemic.

面對(duì)如此糟糕的嚴(yán)重人權(quán)問(wèn)題，美國(guó)政府不僅缺乏應(yīng)有的反思，還對(duì)世界上其他國(guó)家的人權(quán)狀況說(shuō)三道四，充分暴露了其在人權(quán)問(wèn)題上的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及虛偽性。當(dāng)今時(shí)代，人類社會(huì)發(fā)展正處于一個(gè)新的十字路口，面臨新的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。希望美方能夠懷謙卑之心、憫國(guó)人疾苦，放下虛偽、霸道、大棒和雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，與國(guó)際社會(huì)相向而行，共同構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。
The U.S. government, instead of introspecting on its own terrible human rights record, kept making irresponsible remarks on the human rights situation in other countries, exposing its double standards and hypocrisy on human rights. Standing at a new crossroads, mankind is faced with new, grave challenges. It is hoped that the U.S. side will show humility and compassion for the suffering of its own people, drop hypocrisy, bullying, “Big Stick” and double standards, and work with the international community to build a community with a shared future for humanity.

一、疫情嚴(yán)重失控釀成人間悲劇
I. Incompetent Pandemic Containment Leads to Tragic Outcome

美國(guó)號(hào)稱具有世界上最豐富的醫(yī)療資源和醫(yī)療護(hù)理能力，應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情卻一片混亂，成為世界上確診人數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)最多的國(guó)家。
The United States claimed to be most abundant in medical resources and healthcare capacity, yet its response to the COVID-19 pandemic was chaotic, causing it to lead the world in the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and related deaths.

應(yīng)對(duì)疫情不力造成慘重后果。根據(jù)美國(guó)約翰斯·霍普金斯大學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)，截至2021年2月底，美國(guó)新冠肺炎確診病例總數(shù)已超過(guò)2800萬(wàn)例，死亡病例總數(shù)超過(guò)50萬(wàn)例。美國(guó)人口不足世界總?cè)丝诘?%，其新冠肺炎確診病例數(shù)卻超過(guò)全球總數(shù)的25%，死亡病例數(shù)占全球總數(shù)的近20%。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2020年12月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，僅加利福尼亞州就已經(jīng)報(bào)告了184.5萬(wàn)例新冠肺炎確診病例和22599例死亡病例，相當(dāng)于每10萬(wàn)人中就有4669人確診、57人死亡，這還不包括許多未得到診斷的輕癥或無(wú)癥狀感染病例。如果美國(guó)能夠科學(xué)應(yīng)對(duì)，事情本不必如此。美國(guó)流行病學(xué)家、疾病控制與預(yù)防中心原負(fù)責(zé)人威廉·福格認(rèn)為，“這是一場(chǎng)屠殺”。（注1）
Incompetent pandemic response led to dire consequences. A tally by Johns Hopkins University showed that as of the end of February 2021, the United States has registered more than 28 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, with related deaths exceeding 500,000. With a population of less than 5 percent of the world’s total, the United States accounted for more than 25 percent of all the confirmed cases and nearly 20 percent of the deaths. On Dec. 20, 2020, CNN reported that the state of California alone had reported 1.845 million COVID-19 cases and 22,599 deaths, which translates to roughly 4,669 known cases and 57 deaths for every 100,000 residents. Even these numbers don’t give the whole picture of the state, because many cases, including mild or asymptomatic infections, had not been diagnosed. Had the American authorities taken science-based measures to contain the pandemic, this could have been avoided. But since they had not, the pandemic, as epidemiologist and former head of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) William Foege had put it, is “a slaughter” to the United States.

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人無(wú)視科學(xué)警告刻意淡化疫情風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》《華盛頓郵報(bào)》等媒體復(fù)盤的美國(guó)疫情時(shí)間線，美國(guó)特朗普政府一再忽視疫情警告。白宮國(guó)家安全委員會(huì)在2020年1月初就收到情報(bào)，預(yù)測(cè)病毒將在美國(guó)蔓延。時(shí)任白宮貿(mào)易與制造業(yè)政策辦公室主任彼得·納瓦羅在1月29日撰寫的一份備忘錄中，詳細(xì)列舉了疫情暴發(fā)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：可能會(huì)有多達(dá)50萬(wàn)人死亡，并造成數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。時(shí)任美國(guó)衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部部長(zhǎng)亞歷克斯·阿扎等衛(wèi)生官員和醫(yī)學(xué)專家也多次警告疫情在美國(guó)暴發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)。但美國(guó)特朗普政府不僅對(duì)各種警告置之不理，反而專注于控制信息傳播，甚至發(fā)布虛假信息誤導(dǎo)民眾，稱新冠肺炎病毒是“大號(hào)流感”，感染病毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡率“非常低”，疫情會(huì)很快“奇跡般地消失”，導(dǎo)致防控疫情的“黃金窗口期”被白白浪費(fèi)?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年4月13日?qǐng)?bào)道指出，時(shí)任美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人寧肯相信自己的直覺也不相信科學(xué)，錯(cuò)失時(shí)機(jī)，斷送了大量無(wú)辜的生命。
National leaders ignored warnings from experts and downplayed the seriousness of the pandemic. According to the timeline of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States released by media outlets including The New York Times and The Washington Post, the Trump administration had repeatedly ignored alarms regarding the risks of the pandemic. In early January 2020, a National Security Council office had already received intelligence reports predicting the spread of the virus to the United States. In a Jan. 29, 2020 memo, then White House trade adviser Peter Navarro projected that a coronavirus pandemic might lead to as many as half a million deaths and trillions of dollars in economic losses. A number of health officials, including then Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar, and medical experts also warned of the possibility of a pandemic in the United States. None of the aforementioned warnings brought the imminent pandemic to the Trump administration’s attention. Instead, the administration focused on controlling the message, and released misleading signals to the public by claiming “the risk of the virus to most Americans was very low,” suggesting that the coronavirus is no worse than the common flu, and stating the virus will “miraculously go away” when the weather gets warmer. Thus, the country lost crucial weeks for pandemic prevention and control. An article published on the website of The New York Times on April 13, 2020 commented that, then American leader’s “preference for following his gut rather than the data cost time, and perhaps lives.”

政府選擇不作為導(dǎo)致疫情失控。在美國(guó)新冠肺炎死亡病例超過(guò)30萬(wàn)人后，加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校醫(yī)學(xué)教授戴維·哈耶斯-鮑提斯塔指出，美國(guó)其實(shí)不應(yīng)死那么多人，是政府選擇了不作為導(dǎo)致悲劇的發(fā)生。（注2）哥倫比亞大學(xué)疾病研究人員通過(guò)模型分析顯示，如果美國(guó)政府2020年3月13日發(fā)布的疫情防控措施能夠提前兩星期，那么約83%的死亡是可以避免的。（注3）英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊《柳葉刀》2020年5月17日罕有地發(fā)表社論指出，美國(guó)政府總是“著迷于”找到快速結(jié)束疫情的方式——疫苗、新藥，甚至指望病毒會(huì)就這么消失了，但事實(shí)是只有依賴病毒檢測(cè)、感染追蹤及隔離等基本的公共衛(wèi)生準(zhǔn)則，才可能終結(jié)疫情。即便疫情已經(jīng)在美國(guó)大范圍蔓延，確診病例和死亡病例已升至全球第一的情況下，特朗普政府出于政治私利，依然急于重啟經(jīng)濟(jì)。沃克斯新聞網(wǎng)2020年8月11日評(píng)論稱，一些州在4、5月份就忙于重啟，使得病毒傳播的重災(zāi)區(qū)從最初的紐約地區(qū)向南部、西部擴(kuò)散，并最終擴(kuò)散到全國(guó)其他地區(qū)。盡管許多醫(yī)學(xué)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)佩戴口罩可以有效防止感染病毒，但時(shí)任美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和一些州政府官員卻長(zhǎng)期拒絕實(shí)施強(qiáng)制口罩令。
Government inaction led to uncontrolled pandemic spread. “There’s no need for that many to have died. We chose, as a country, to take our foot off the gas pedal. We chose to, and that's the tragedy.” So commented David Hayes-Bautista, a professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, after the pandemic death toll hit 300,000 in the United States. Disease modelers with the Columbia University also estimated that, if the United States had begun locking down cities and limiting social contact on March 1, 2020, two weeks earlier than most people started staying home, about 83 percent of the nation’s pandemic-related deaths would have been avoided. An editorial from the website of medical journal The Lancet, published on May 17, 2020, commented that the U.S. government was obsessed with magic bullets -- vaccines, new medicines, or a hope that the virus will simply disappear. At the same time, it noted that only a steadfast reliance on basic public health principles, like testing, tracing, and isolation, would see the emergency brought to an end. Even when the pandemic is spreading in a vast area in the United States, the administration was hasty to restart the economy due to political concerns. According to news website Vox on Aug. 11, 2020, in April and May last year, several states rushed to reopen and caused the virus to shift to the South, West and eventually the rest of the United States. In addition, despite that experts had recommended people wear masks in public, the then American leader and some state officials had been extremely reluctant to issue any decree to make wearing masks mandatory.

疫情防控指揮混亂使得民眾無(wú)所適從。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2020年5月9日的評(píng)論指出，美國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情混亂不堪，缺乏全國(guó)性的指導(dǎo)方針和組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，各州只能自行其是，甚至不得不相互競(jìng)價(jià)爭(zhēng)搶醫(yī)療物資。時(shí)任美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人與公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)、醫(yī)學(xué)專家發(fā)布的有關(guān)疫情防控信息相互抵牾、反復(fù)無(wú)常。專家們呼吁聯(lián)邦政府統(tǒng)籌全國(guó)病毒檢測(cè)和醫(yī)療物資供應(yīng)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卻讓各地政府自己解決；聯(lián)邦政府剛剛公布分階段重啟計(jì)劃，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卻接著呼吁各州加快重啟；疾病控制與預(yù)防中心強(qiáng)烈建議公眾佩戴口罩，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卻長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾個(gè)月堅(jiān)決拒絕佩戴口罩；更為荒誕的是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人竟提出讓民眾注射消毒劑治療新冠肺炎。
Chaotic pandemic control and prevention measures caused confusion among the public. An article published by CNN on May 9, 2020 called the U.S. response to the pandemic “consistently inconsistent,” and noted that there were no national guidelines and no organized efforts to reopen the country beyond what measures states had taken. The article also said that in terms of pandemic control and prevention, public health officials say one thing while governors say another and the national leader says something else entirely. In addition, after the experts called for federal leadership, the then American leader left it to cities and states to solve national problems with testing and hospital supplies by themselves. When the federal government released a phased plan for reopening, the leader called on states to reopen faster. After the CDC recommended that people wear masks in public, the leader refused to do so for months. Even more ridiculously, the leader at one point advocated injecting bleach as a treatment.

任性自負(fù)推卸責(zé)任。盡管在疫情應(yīng)對(duì)中昏招迭出，時(shí)任美國(guó)政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卻拒絕承認(rèn)有任何失誤，反而用各種說(shuō)辭自我美化、推脫責(zé)任，罔顧事實(shí)將美國(guó)確診病例全球居首歸因于做了更多的核酸檢測(cè)，聲稱自己對(duì)病毒檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的混亂低效和死亡率的不斷攀升“沒有任何責(zé)任”。而白宮顧問(wèn)、美國(guó)國(guó)家過(guò)敏癥和傳染病研究所所長(zhǎng)安東尼·福奇指出，數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)說(shuō)謊，美國(guó)確實(shí)是世界上新冠肺炎疫情最嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家。（注4）
National leaders shirked their responsibility out of arrogance. Despite one ludicrous idea after another, the then American leader refused to admit any fault. Instead, the leader invented all sorts of excuses to gloss over his mistakes while shirking from responsibilities. For one, the then leader insisted that the U.S. leads the world in COVID-19 cases because it tested more than any other country in the world. When asked about testing problems and rising deaths, the leader claimed he “doesn’t take responsibility at all.” However, White House adviser and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci admitted that the numbers didn’t lie and the United States had the worst coronavirus outbreak in the world.

老年人成為政府抗疫不力的“犧牲品”。疫情中原本就面臨更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的老年人群體，在混亂不堪的疫情防控體系中被進(jìn)一步邊緣化，面臨著生命貶值、尊嚴(yán)貶損。2020年3月23日和4月20日，得克薩斯州副州長(zhǎng)丹·帕特里克在接受?？怂剐侣劸W(wǎng)采訪時(shí)兩次表示，“寧愿死也不愿看到公共衛(wèi)生措施損害美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)”。《圣迭戈工會(huì)論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年8月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，根據(jù)新冠肺炎病毒追蹤項(xiàng)目公布的數(shù)據(jù)，養(yǎng)老院等長(zhǎng)期護(hù)理機(jī)構(gòu)中的居民占美國(guó)人口的比例不到1%，占新冠肺炎死亡人數(shù)的比例卻超過(guò)40%?！度A盛頓郵報(bào)》2020年5月9日的評(píng)論稱，美國(guó)的抗疫行動(dòng)成了“一場(chǎng)國(guó)家批準(zhǔn)的屠殺”，它故意犧牲老年人、工人、非洲裔和拉美裔人口。
Senior citizens fell victims to the government’s incompetent response to COVID-19. Senior citizens are a group more susceptible to the pandemic, yet they have been further marginalized in the U.S. pandemic prevention and control chaos, with their lives becoming valueless and their dignity trampled upon. On March 23 and April 20, 2020, Dan Patrick, the lieutenant governor of Texas, told Fox News that he would rather die than see public health measures damage the U.S. economy and there are more important things than living. Furthermore, an Aug. 18, 2020 report published on The San Diego Union-Tribune website found that residents in long-term care facilities account for less than 1 percent of the U.S. population but more than 40 percent of COVID-19 deaths. A May 9, 2020 article from The Washington Post website called the U.S. pandemic control efforts “state-sanctioned killing,” where “the old, factory workers, and black and Hispanic Americans” were deliberately sacrificed.

貧困人口面臨更嚴(yán)重感染威脅。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國(guó)貧富差距和新冠肺炎疫情導(dǎo)致的死亡率密切相關(guān)。紐約州的基尼系數(shù)最高，同時(shí)其死亡人數(shù)也最高。（注5）英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年3月21日?qǐng)?bào)道，疫情期間美國(guó)富人優(yōu)先進(jìn)行新冠病毒檢測(cè)，而低收入從業(yè)群體大多無(wú)法居家辦公且不享有帶薪病假，不得不為了維持生活使自己面臨更大的感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年5月8日?qǐng)?bào)道，公共衛(wèi)生官員指出，洛杉磯縣低收入社區(qū)居民死于新冠肺炎的人數(shù)是其鄰近富裕社區(qū)的3倍。蓋洛普公司的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，七分之一的美國(guó)成年人表示，如果自己或家庭成員出現(xiàn)新冠肺炎相關(guān)癥狀，將因?yàn)閾?dān)心負(fù)擔(dān)不起治療費(fèi)用放棄治療。聯(lián)合國(guó)極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓指出，美國(guó)窮人正受到新冠肺炎病毒最嚴(yán)重的打擊，更容易感染病毒，死亡率更高，而一個(gè)混亂的、注重企業(yè)利潤(rùn)的政府應(yīng)對(duì)措施未能充分顧及他們的利益。
The poor faced greater threat of infection. Researchers found that the Gini Index, an economic barometer that ranks income inequality from 0 (total equality) to 1 (total inequality), was a strong predictor of COVID-19 deaths. New York State, which had one of the highest Gini Index numbers also had the highest number of fatalities in the nation by a margin. The Guardian website reported on March 21, 2020 that in the wake of the epidemic, it’s the wealthy and powerful first get coronavirus tests, while low-paid workers, most of whom have no paid sick leave and can’t do their work from home, put themselves at greater risk of contracting the virus in order to earn a living. Public health officials said, in Los Angeles County, residents of low-income communities are three times more likely to die of COVID-19 than those in wealthier neighborhoods, according to a report published on the Los Angeles Times website on May 8, 2020. A Gallup survey revealed that one in seven American adults said that if they or their family members developed symptoms related to COVID-19, they would probably give up medical treatment because they were worried that they could not afford the costs. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Philip Alston, also pointed out that the poor in the United States were being hit hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic. Low-income and poor people face far higher risks from the coronavirus due to chronic neglect and discrimination, and a muddled, corporate-driven federal response has failed them, he observed.

殘障人士和無(wú)家可歸者處境維艱。非營(yíng)利組織“公平健康”2020年11月發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，與普通人群相比，有智力和發(fā)育障礙的人死于新冠肺炎的可能性要高出3倍。（注6）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年5月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，疫情帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)沖擊使得美國(guó)無(wú)家可歸者人數(shù)暴漲45%。無(wú)家可歸者中有很多年邁的老人和殘障人士，他們?cè)旧眢w健康狀況就不佳，生活和衛(wèi)生條件惡劣，是病毒的易感群體。疫情期間，流落街頭的無(wú)家可歸者遭到嚴(yán)厲驅(qū)逐，被迫住進(jìn)臨時(shí)收容所。路透社網(wǎng)站2020年4月23日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)各地的無(wú)家可歸者收容所因人員擁擠難以保持社交距離，使得病毒極易傳播?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年4月13日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，無(wú)家可歸者收容所成為紐約市疫情的“定時(shí)炸彈”，超過(guò)1.7萬(wàn)人住在為單身成年人準(zhǔn)備的集中收容所中，睡在床上幾乎可以手碰手?！恫ㄊ款D環(huán)球報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2020年5月4日?qǐng)?bào)道，波士頓市無(wú)家可歸者確診感染新冠病毒的人數(shù)占當(dāng)?shù)卦撊后w已接受檢測(cè)人口的三分之一。
The handicapped and the homeless were in dire straits. A study released in November 2020 by the nonprofit FAIR Health found that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are three times more likely to die of COVID-19, compared to the general population. The website of the Los Angeles Times reported on May 14, 2020 that with the coronavirus-induced shock to the economy crippling businesses of all sizes and leaving millions of Americans out of work, homelessness in the United States could grow as much as 45 percent in a year. Many of the homeless Americans are elderly or disabled people. Given their originally poor physical health and bad living and hygienic conditions, they are susceptible to the virus. During the pandemic, the homeless were evicted and pushed into makeshift shelters. The website of Reuters reported on April 23, 2020 that the crowded shelters across the United States made it impossible for the homeless who lived there to maintain social distance, which made it easier for the virus to spread. The New York Times website reported on April 13, 2020 that in the New York City, a crisis has taken hold in homeless shelters, as more than 17,000 men and women are sleeping in group or “congregate” shelters for single adults, with beds close enough for people sleeping in them to hold hands. The Boston Globe website reported on May 4, 2020 that, about one-third of the homeless people who were tested have tested positive for the novel coronavirus.

監(jiān)獄疫情暴發(fā)威脅囚犯生命健康。美國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站2020年12月19日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)至少已有27.5萬(wàn)名囚犯感染新冠肺炎，1700多名感染者死亡，監(jiān)獄系統(tǒng)的感染率大大高于周邊社區(qū)。根據(jù)美聯(lián)社和非營(yíng)利新聞組織“馬歇爾項(xiàng)目”共同收集的數(shù)據(jù)，在州和聯(lián)邦監(jiān)獄管理局管理的監(jiān)獄中，每5名囚犯中就有1人感染新冠肺炎，是普通人感染率的4倍多；其中24個(gè)州監(jiān)獄的感染率更高，堪薩斯州一半囚犯感染，是該州總?cè)丝诟腥韭实?倍；阿肯色州每7名囚犯中就有4人感染。
Outbreak in jails threatened lives of inmates. ABC News reported on Dec. 19, 2020 that at least 275,000 prisoners have been infected, of whom more than 1,700 have died, and nearly every prison system in the country has seen infection rates significantly higher than the communities around them. One of every five prisoners in facilities run by the federal Bureau of Prisons has had coronavirus, according to data collected by The Associated Press and The Marshall Project, a nonprofit news organization covering the criminal justice system. They also found that 24 state prison systems have had even higher infection rates. Half of the prisoners in Kansas have been infected with COVID-19 — eight times the rate of cases among the state’s overall population. In Arkansas, four of every seven have had the virus.

疫情失控給美國(guó)人心理帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重陰影。特朗普政府應(yīng)對(duì)疫情不力對(duì)美國(guó)人造成的負(fù)面影響超過(guò)病毒本身，人們感到壓力重重、孤立無(wú)援。（注7）美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心2020年8月14日公布的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，2020年4月至6月，40.9%的成年受訪者表示出現(xiàn)心理健康問(wèn)題，30.9%的成年受訪者表示患有焦慮或抑郁癥，而這些數(shù)字只是冰山一角。與此同時(shí)，13%的成年受訪者表示開始或增加使用藥物，11%的成年受訪者認(rèn)真考慮過(guò)自殺。2020年6月發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，疫情期間美國(guó)自殺救助熱線電話接聽數(shù)量上升了47%，某些危機(jī)干預(yù)熱線電話接聽數(shù)量暴漲300%。（注8）
Out-of-control pandemic brought Americans psychological pressure. The Trump administration’s reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected Americans more than the virus itself, which has left people stressed and isolated. In a study published by the CDC on Aug. 14, 2020, due to stay-at-home orders, 40.9 percent of adults reported at least one adverse mental or behavioral health condition, 30.9 percent reported either anxiety or depression and those numbers are just the tip of the iceberg. The same CDC study showed that 13 percent of people surveyed by the CDC during the same time said that they started or increased their substance use and 11 percent seriously considered suicide. A separate study released in June 2020 showed calls to suicide hotlines went up 47 percent nationwide during the COVID-19 pandemic with some crisis lines experiencing a 300-percent increase.