三、實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略
III. The Strategy of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

對(duì)于貧困人口規(guī)模龐大的國(guó)家，找準(zhǔn)貧困人口、實(shí)施扶真貧是普遍性難題。脫貧攻堅(jiān)貴在精準(zhǔn)、重在精準(zhǔn)，成敗之舉在于精準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)在脫貧攻堅(jiān)實(shí)踐中，積極借鑒國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，緊密結(jié)合中國(guó)實(shí)際，創(chuàng)造性地提出并實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略，做到扶持對(duì)象、項(xiàng)目安排、資金使用、措施到戶、因村派人、脫貧成效“六個(gè)精準(zhǔn)”，實(shí)施發(fā)展生產(chǎn)、易地搬遷、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償、發(fā)展教育、社會(huì)保障兜底“五個(gè)一批”，解決好扶持誰、誰來扶、怎么扶、如何退、如何穩(wěn)“五個(gè)問題”，增強(qiáng)了脫貧攻堅(jiān)的目標(biāo)針對(duì)性，提升了脫貧攻堅(jiān)的整體效能。
Identifying those truly in need is a universal problem in countries with a large population in poverty. Accurate identification of the poor and targeted measures is central to any effort to eradicate poverty. In its poverty elimination effort, China has actively learned from international experience, fully considered its actual conditions, and launched a series of guidelines and measures to increase efficiency, summarized as accomplishing "Targeted Efforts in Six Areas"[ This refers to efforts to identify the poor accurately, arrange targeted programs, utilize capital efficiently, take household-based measures, dispatch first Party secretaries based on village conditions, and achieve the set goals.], taking "Five Measures for Poverty Eradication"[ The measures include: boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone. ], and addressing "Five Questions in Poverty Alleviation"[ This refers to these questions: who should help, who should be helped, how to help, how to evaluate whether someone has emerged from poverty, and how to ensure those people stay free from poverty. ].

（一）精準(zhǔn)識(shí)別、建檔立卡，解決“扶持誰”的問題
1. Identifying People in Need to Know Whom to Help

扶貧必先識(shí)貧。中國(guó)貧困人口規(guī)模大、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)扶貧首先要精準(zhǔn)識(shí)貧。科學(xué)制定貧困識(shí)別的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序，組織基層干部進(jìn)村入戶，摸清貧困人口分布、致貧原因、幫扶需求等情況。貧困戶識(shí)別以農(nóng)戶收入為基本依據(jù)，綜合考慮住房、教育、健康等情況，通過農(nóng)戶申請(qǐng)、民主評(píng)議、公示公告、逐級(jí)審核的方式，進(jìn)行整戶識(shí)別；貧困村識(shí)別綜合考慮行政村貧困發(fā)生率、村民人均純收入和村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)收入等情況，按照村委會(huì)申請(qǐng)、鄉(xiāng)政府審核公示、縣級(jí)審定公告等程序確定。對(duì)識(shí)別出的貧困村和貧困人口建檔立卡，建立起全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的扶貧信息系統(tǒng)。組織開展“回頭看”，實(shí)行動(dòng)態(tài)管理，及時(shí)剔除識(shí)別不準(zhǔn)人口、補(bǔ)錄新識(shí)別人口，提高識(shí)別準(zhǔn)確率。建檔立卡在中國(guó)扶貧史上第一次實(shí)現(xiàn)貧困信息精準(zhǔn)到村到戶到人，精確瞄準(zhǔn)了脫貧攻堅(jiān)的對(duì)象，第一次逐戶分析致貧原因和脫貧需求，第一次構(gòu)建起國(guó)家扶貧信息平臺(tái)，為實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)扶貧精準(zhǔn)脫貧提供了有力的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。
To help the poor, we must know who they are. China had a large poor population, which was complex in composition. China has developed a set of standards and procedures to accurately identify the poor, and grassroots officials have spent time in villages analyzing the distribution of the poor population, the causes of their poverty, and their needs. Poor households are identified primarily based on their incomes, with consideration given to other factors such as housing, education and health. Household applications for poverty registration are discussed and reviewed, disclosed for public supervision, and then evaluated by each level of administration. For administrative villages applying to be registered, consideration is given to the incidence of poverty, the per capita net income of the villagers, and income from businesses run by village collectives. Applications are filed by the village committee, reviewed and disclosed by the township government, and examined by the county government before the results are made public. The individuals and villages confirmed as poor are then registered and a file is created in the national poverty alleviation information system. Dynamic management of the poor population has been strengthened to remove those who have been wrongly identified and to add those newly identified, with an emphasis on accuracy. Through this registration system, for the first time in the history of poverty alleviation, China has identified every poor individual in every village, every poor household has the causes of their poverty and their needs registered with the government. The national information platform on poverty alleviation provides powerful IT support for targeted measures to realize the set goals.

（二）加強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、建強(qiáng)隊(duì)伍，解決“誰來扶”的問題
2. Strengthening Leadership and Team-building to Know How to Offer Help

脫貧攻堅(jiān)涉及面廣、要素繁多、極其復(fù)雜，需要強(qiáng)有力的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和貫徹執(zhí)行。充分發(fā)揮黨的政治優(yōu)勢(shì)、組織優(yōu)勢(shì)，建立中央統(tǒng)籌、省負(fù)總責(zé)、市縣抓落實(shí)的脫貧攻堅(jiān)管理體制和片為重點(diǎn)、工作到村、扶貧到戶的工作機(jī)制，構(gòu)建起橫向到邊、縱向到底的工作體系。各級(jí)黨委充分發(fā)揮總攬全局、協(xié)調(diào)各方的作用，執(zhí)行脫貧攻堅(jiān)一把手負(fù)責(zé)制，中西部22個(gè)省份黨政主要負(fù)責(zé)同志向中央簽署責(zé)任書、立下軍令狀，省市縣鄉(xiāng)村五級(jí)書記一起抓。脫貧攻堅(jiān)期內(nèi)，貧困縣黨委政府正職保持穩(wěn)定。有脫貧任務(wù)的地區(qū)，倒排工期、落實(shí)責(zé)任，抓緊施工、強(qiáng)力推進(jìn)。脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)重的地區(qū)，把脫貧攻堅(jiān)作為頭等大事和第一民生工程，以脫貧攻堅(jiān)統(tǒng)攬經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全局。實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格的考核評(píng)估和監(jiān)督檢查，組織脫貧攻堅(jiān)專項(xiàng)巡視，開展扶貧領(lǐng)域腐敗和作風(fēng)問題專項(xiàng)治理（專欄5），加強(qiáng)脫貧攻堅(jiān)督導(dǎo)和監(jiān)察（專欄6），確保扶貧工作務(wù)實(shí)、脫貧過程扎實(shí)、脫貧結(jié)果真實(shí)，使脫貧攻堅(jiān)成果經(jīng)得起實(shí)踐和歷史檢驗(yàn)。建立健全干部擔(dān)當(dāng)作為的激勵(lì)和保護(hù)機(jī)制，加大關(guān)心關(guān)愛干部力度，樹立正確用人導(dǎo)向，引導(dǎo)廣大干部在決勝脫貧攻堅(jiān)中奮發(fā)有為、履職盡責(zé)。加強(qiáng)基層扶貧隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，普遍建立干部駐村幫扶工作隊(duì)制度，按照因村派人、精準(zhǔn)選派的原則，選派政治素質(zhì)好、工作能力強(qiáng)、作風(fēng)實(shí)的干部駐村扶貧。廣大駐村干部牢記使命、不負(fù)重托，心系貧困群眾，扎根基層扶貧一線，傾心傾力幫助貧困群眾找出路、謀發(fā)展、早脫貧。從2013年開始向貧困村選派第一書記和駐村工作隊(duì)，到2015年，實(shí)現(xiàn)每個(gè)貧困村都有駐村工作隊(duì)、每個(gè)貧困戶都有幫扶責(zé)任人。截至2020年底，全國(guó)累計(jì)選派25.5萬個(gè)駐村工作隊(duì)、300多萬名第一書記和駐村干部，同近200萬名鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)干部和數(shù)百萬村干部一道奮戰(zhàn)在扶貧一線。
Poverty eradication work covers a wide range of areas and is extremely complex, thus requiring rigorous organization, leadership, and implementation. Relying on the CPC's political and organizational strength, China has established a poverty eradication management network with the central government acting as coordinator, provincial governments taking overall responsibility, and city and county governments overseeing implementation. The network covers all poor areas and officials are sent to villages to help every needy household. Party committees at all levels have assumed an overall coordinating role and assigned top officials to take charge of poverty eradication affairs. The leading officials of 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units in central and western China signed written pledges to the Party Central Committee, and Party secretaries at the five administrative levels of province, city, county, township and village have worked towards the same goal. During the poverty eradication campaign, Party committee secretaries and county governors have been required to remain unchanged in their posts. Areas tasked with poverty elimination worked out timetables with a clear division of responsibilities and pressed forward with implementation. In places where the work was particularly difficult, the fight against poverty became the top priority of social and economic development. Through the strictest possible evaluation and supervision, as well as specialized inspection tours, China has addressed any corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation with rigor (Box 5), and strengthened the evaluation and supervision of results to ensure solid and authentic outcomes (Box 6) that can survive the test of time and practice. China has improved the incentives for encouraging officials to fulfill responsibilities and undertake initiatives, and the relevant mechanisms to protect their position. By giving more attention to and caring for officials and establishing the right approach to their selection and appointment, the government has given them the incentive to fulfill their duties and do their best in the final fight against poverty. China has strengthened its team of grassroots officials working in poverty alleviation, and formed resident working teams to assign officials to villages where they could be most useful. Officials on the resident working teams must be politically reliable and professional, and have a can-do approach to their work. Officials on these teams have dedicated themselves to their mission and fulfilled their duties, committing themselves to helping those in need on the front line of fighting poverty, and giving their all to help the poor find ways to emerge from poverty and seek development. The first group of first secretaries and resident working teams were dispatched to poor villages in 2013. By 2015, all poor villages had resident working teams, and every poor household a contact official in charge of poverty elimination. As of the end of 2020, 255,000 resident teams and more than 3 million officials had been dispatched as first secretaries and resident officials to poor villages, fighting on the front line of poverty alleviation alongside nearly 2 million township officials and millions of village officials.

（三）區(qū)分類別、靶向施策，解決“怎么扶”的問題
3. Applying Targeted Measures for Different Groups to Know How to Help

貧困的類型和原因千差萬別，開對(duì)“藥方子”才能拔掉“窮根子”。中國(guó)在減貧實(shí)踐中，針對(duì)不同情況分類施策、對(duì)癥下藥，因人因地施策，因貧困原因施策，因貧困類型施策，通過實(shí)施“五個(gè)一批”實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)扶貧。
There are many different types of poverty and the causes vary from case to case. We cannot address the root cause without the right remedies. In practice, China has adopted categorized and targeted measures to reduce poverty, based on the situation of individual households, local conditions, and the causes for and types of poverty. These targeted measures include: boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone.

發(fā)展生產(chǎn)脫貧一批。發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)是脫貧致富最直接、最有效的辦法，也是增強(qiáng)貧困地區(qū)造血功能、幫助貧困群眾就地就業(yè)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)之計(jì)。支持和引導(dǎo)貧困地區(qū)因地制宜發(fā)展特色產(chǎn)業(yè)，鼓勵(lì)支持電商扶貧、光伏扶貧、旅游扶貧等新業(yè)態(tài)新產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展（專欄7），依托東西部扶貧協(xié)作推進(jìn)食品加工、服裝制造等勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)梯度轉(zhuǎn)移，一大批特色優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)初具規(guī)模，增強(qiáng)了貧困地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展動(dòng)能。累計(jì)建成各類產(chǎn)業(yè)基地超過30萬個(gè)，形成了特色鮮明、帶貧面廣的扶貧主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)，打造特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品牌1.2萬個(gè)。發(fā)展市級(jí)以上龍頭企業(yè)1.44萬家、農(nóng)民合作社71.9萬家，72.6%的貧困戶與新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體建立了緊密型的利益聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系。產(chǎn)業(yè)幫扶政策覆蓋98.9%的貧困戶，有勞動(dòng)能力和意愿的貧困群眾基本都參與到產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧之中。扎實(shí)推進(jìn)科技扶貧，建立科技幫扶結(jié)對(duì)7.7萬個(gè)，選派科技特派員28.98萬名，投入資金200多億元，實(shí)施各級(jí)各類科技項(xiàng)目3.76萬個(gè)，推廣應(yīng)用先進(jìn)實(shí)用技術(shù)、新品種5萬余項(xiàng)，支持貧困地區(qū)建成創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)平臺(tái)1290個(gè)。為貧困戶提供扶貧小額信貸支持（專欄8），培育貧困村創(chuàng)業(yè)致富帶頭人，建立完善帶貧機(jī)制，鼓勵(lì)和帶領(lǐng)貧困群眾發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)增收致富。
First, boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities. Poverty alleviation through economic development is the most direct and effective method, the fundamental way to give poor areas the capacity for independent development and help the poor find employment locally. With this in mind, China has supported and guided poor areas in developing economic activities geared to their available resources, and encouraged poverty alleviation through new forms of business and new industries such as e-commerce, photovoltaic (PV) power generation and tourism, and through the consumption of products and services from poor areas (Box 7). Relying on collaboration on poverty alleviation between the eastern and western regions, China has facilitated the transfer of food processing, clothes manufacturing, and other labor-intensive industries from the east to the west. With the growth of such specialty industries, poor areas have gained economic momentum. More than 300,000 industrial bases have been built, leading to the creation of new industries with distinctive features and greater capacity to facilitate poverty alleviation efforts. China has created 12,000 local agroproduct brands, 14,400 leading enterprises above the city level, and 719,000 rural cooperatives operated by farmers. A total of 72.6% of poor households have formed close ties with new types of agribusiness entities, and almost every poor household has been covered by policy support for boosting the economy. Almost all poor people with the ability and intention to work have joined the collective endeavor. Solid progress has been made in poverty alleviation through the development of science and technology. A total of 1,290 innovative platforms and business startups have been set up, and 77,000 people have been paired up with professionals to receive guidance on new technology in impoverished regions. With a team of 289,800 technicians and a fund of over RMB20 billion, China has launched 37,600 high-tech programs of all kinds and at all levels and introduced more than 50,000 advanced applied technologies and new, improved breeds. Poor households have received financial support such as small loans (Box 8). In poor villages, entrepreneurial individuals have been encouraged to start businesses and given support to help and lead others out of poverty.

易地搬遷脫貧一批。對(duì)生活在自然環(huán)境惡劣、生存條件極差、自然災(zāi)害頻發(fā)地區(qū)，很難實(shí)現(xiàn)就地脫貧的貧困人口，實(shí)施易地扶貧搬遷（專欄9）。充分尊重群眾意愿，堅(jiān)持符合條件和群眾自愿原則，加強(qiáng)思想引導(dǎo)，不搞強(qiáng)迫命令。全面摸排搬遷對(duì)象，精心制定搬遷規(guī)劃，合理確定搬遷規(guī)模，有計(jì)劃有步驟穩(wěn)妥實(shí)施。960多萬生活在“一方水土養(yǎng)不好一方人”地區(qū)的貧困人口通過易地搬遷實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧。對(duì)搬遷后的舊宅基地實(shí)行復(fù)墾復(fù)綠，改善遷出區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境。加強(qiáng)安置點(diǎn)配套設(shè)施和產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)、扶貧車間等建設(shè)，積極為搬遷人口創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，保障他們有穩(wěn)定的收入，同當(dāng)?shù)厝罕娤硎芡鹊幕竟卜?wù)，確保搬得出、穩(wěn)得住、逐步能致富。
Second, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas. Some people lived in uninhabitable areas suffering from harsh natural conditions and subject to frequent natural disasters. It would be very hard for them to shake off poverty if they remained where they were, so the government relocated them to other areas (Box 9). The government respected these people's wishes, and only relocated those who were eligible and agreed to move. The reasons for relocation were explained to them but no coercion was used. The conditions and needs of target relocation groups were given full consideration, the scale of relocation was determined through research, and feasible plans were worked out and implemented in steps. As a result, more than 9.6 million people from inhospitable areas have shaken off poverty through relocation. Their former homes have been turned into farmland or planted with trees, to improve the eco-environment in these areas. In the resettlement sites, support facilities, industrial parks, and workshops have been built to create jobs for the relocated population, to ensure that they have stable incomes and equitable access to basic public services. Measures have been taken to ensure smooth relocation and resettlement, and make sure that those involved have the means to better themselves.

生態(tài)補(bǔ)償脫貧一批。踐行“綠水青山就是金山銀山”理念，堅(jiān)持脫貧攻堅(jiān)與生態(tài)保護(hù)并重，在加大貧困地區(qū)生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)力度的同時(shí)，增加重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付，不斷擴(kuò)大政策實(shí)施范圍，讓有勞動(dòng)能力的貧困群眾就地轉(zhuǎn)為護(hù)林員等生態(tài)保護(hù)人員。2013年以來，貧困地區(qū)實(shí)施退耕還林還草7450萬畝，選聘110多萬貧困群眾擔(dān)任生態(tài)護(hù)林員，建立2.3萬個(gè)扶貧造林（種草）專業(yè)合作社（隊(duì)）。貧困群眾積極參與國(guó)土綠化、退耕還林還草等生態(tài)工程建設(shè)和森林、草原、濕地等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)修復(fù)工作，發(fā)展木本油料等經(jīng)濟(jì)林種植及森林旅游，不僅拓寬了增收渠道，也明顯改善了貧困地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“雙贏”。
Third, shaking off poverty through compensations for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage and getting eco-jobs. Clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets. Laying equal emphasis on poverty alleviation and eco-conservation, China has strengthened ecological restoration and environmental protection in poor areas, increased government transfer payments to key eco-areas, and expanded the scope of those eligible for preferential policies. Poor people with the ability to work have thus been employed in eco-work, for example as forest rangers. Since 2013, a total of 4.97 million ha of farmland in poor areas has been returned to forest and grassland. A total of 1.1 million poor people have become forest rangers, and 23,000 poverty alleviation afforestation cooperatives/teams have been formed. By participating in projects for afforestation, turning reclaimed farmlands into forests or grasslands, restoring and protecting forests, grasslands and wetlands, and growing woody oil plants and working in forest tourism, the poor population have increased their incomes and made a major contribution to improving the eco-environment in poor areas, with mutually beneficial results.

發(fā)展教育脫貧一批。堅(jiān)持再窮不能窮教育、再窮不能窮孩子，加強(qiáng)教育扶貧，不讓孩子輸在起跑線上，努力讓每個(gè)孩子都有人生出彩的機(jī)會(huì)，阻斷貧困代際傳遞（專欄10）。持續(xù)提升貧困地區(qū)學(xué)校、學(xué)位、師資、資助等保障能力，20多萬名義務(wù)教育階段的貧困家庭輟學(xué)學(xué)生全部返校就讀，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)適齡少年兒童義務(wù)教育有保障。實(shí)施定向招生、學(xué)生就業(yè)、職教脫貧等傾斜政策，幫助800多萬貧困家庭初高中畢業(yè)生接受職業(yè)教育培訓(xùn)、514萬名貧困家庭學(xué)生接受高等教育，重點(diǎn)高校定向招收農(nóng)村和貧困地區(qū)學(xué)生70多萬人，拓寬貧困學(xué)生縱向流動(dòng)渠道。開展民族地區(qū)農(nóng)村教師和青壯年農(nóng)牧民國(guó)家通用語言文字培訓(xùn)，累計(jì)培訓(xùn)350萬余人次，提升民族地區(qū)貧困人口就業(yè)能力。“學(xué)前學(xué)會(huì)普通話”行動(dòng)先后在四川省涼山彝族自治州和樂山市馬邊彝族自治縣、峨邊彝族自治縣、金口河區(qū)開展試點(diǎn)，覆蓋43萬學(xué)齡前兒童，幫助他們學(xué)會(huì)普通話。
Fourth, improving education in impoverished areas. Through education, poverty can be prevented from passing down from generation to generation (Box 10). The government has continued to increase support for schools in poor areas to improve their conditions, standard of teaching, faculties and financial resources. The state ensures compulsory education for all school-age children. All the 200,000 dropouts from compulsory education coming from poor families have returned to school. Favorable policies have been leveraged to enroll more poor students from designated areas, expand employment for graduates, and help students shake off poverty through vocational education. More than 8 million middle and high school graduates from poor families have received vocational training, 5.14 million poor students have received higher education, and key institutions of higher learning have admitted some 700,000 students from designated rural and poor areas. All this has opened up more channels for poor students to emerge from poverty and move upwards in society. The government has offered training on standard spoken and written Chinese language to 3.5 million rural teachers and young farmers and herdsmen in ethnic minority areas, in an effort to make poor people from these areas more competitive in the job market. A pilot campaign has been launched to teach standard Chinese to preschool children in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, and Mabian Yi Autonomous County, Ebian Yi Autonomous County and Jinkouhe District in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, involving 430,000 children.

社會(huì)保障兜底一批。聚焦特殊貧困群體，落實(shí)兜底保障政策。實(shí)施特困人員供養(yǎng)服務(wù)設(shè)施改造提升工程，集中供養(yǎng)能力顯著增強(qiáng)。農(nóng)村低保制度與扶貧政策有效銜接，全國(guó)農(nóng)村低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從2012年每人每年2068元提高到2020年5962元，提高188.3%。扶貧部門與民政部門定期開展數(shù)據(jù)比對(duì)、摸排核實(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)貧困人口“應(yīng)保盡?！?。
Fifth, providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone. China focuses on the needs of the most vulnerable groups and provides them with subsistence allowances. Services and facilities to support people living in extreme poverty have been upgraded, with a greater capacity to provide care in service centers. The rural subsistence allowances framework has been effectively dovetailed with poverty alleviation policies, and the per capita yearly subsistence allowances in rural areas had grown from RMB2,068 in 2012 to RMB5,962 in 2020, an increase of 188.3%. The departments in charge of poverty alleviation and civil affairs compare data and verify information on a regular basis, to ensure full coverage of support for eligible groups.

中國(guó)還結(jié)合實(shí)際、因地制宜，采取其他多渠道多元化扶貧措施。大力推進(jìn)就業(yè)扶貧，通過免費(fèi)開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)、東西部扶貧協(xié)作勞務(wù)輸出、扶貧車間和扶貧龍頭企業(yè)吸納、返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)、扶貧公益性崗位安置等形式，支持有勞動(dòng)能力的貧困人口在本地或外出務(wù)工、創(chuàng)業(yè)，貧困勞動(dòng)力務(wù)工規(guī)模從2015年的1227萬人增加到2020年的3243萬人。開展健康扶貧工程，把健康扶貧作為脫貧攻堅(jiān)重要舉措，防止因病致貧返貧（專欄11）。深入實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)扶貧工程，支持貧困地區(qū)特別是“三區(qū)三州”等深度貧困地區(qū)，完善網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋，推進(jìn)“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”扶貧模式。實(shí)施資產(chǎn)收益扶貧，把中央財(cái)政專項(xiàng)扶貧資金和其他涉農(nóng)資金投入設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、光伏、鄉(xiāng)村旅游等項(xiàng)目形成的資產(chǎn)，折股量化到貧困村，推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，增加群眾收入，破解村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)收入難題。2020年新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生后，中國(guó)采取一系列應(yīng)對(duì)疫情的幫扶舉措，加大就業(yè)穩(wěn)崗力度，開展消費(fèi)扶貧行動(dòng)，有效克服了新冠肺炎疫情影響。
China has also implemented many other forms of support for poverty alleviation that are consistent with local conditions. The government has redoubled its efforts to boost employment for the poor, through means such as offering free training on vocational skills, strengthening collaboration in the labor market between the eastern and western regions, supporting leading enterprises and workshops in poverty alleviation to create more jobs, encouraging entrepreneurial individuals to start businesses in their hometowns or villages, and creating public welfare jobs for the rest of the unemployed. Poor people who have the ability to work are encouraged to find employment locally or elsewhere, or start their own businesses. In 2015, 12.27 million poor laborers found employment; the figure had risen to 32.43 million in 2020. China has made efforts to improve healthcare service to the poor, considering it an important part of poverty alleviation in order to prevent the poor from sinking back into poverty due to illness (Box 11). China has launched a project to connect poor areas to the internet, introducing the "internet+" model for poverty alleviation in poor areas, especially in the extremely impoverished "three areas and three prefectures". The earnings from poverty alleviation funds and assets have been used to support the poor. The assets generated from facility agriculture – agriculture making extensive use of polytents and other similar equipment – PV power stations, and rural tourism using central government funds for poverty alleviation and other agriculture-related funds have been converted into shares and allocated proportionately to poor villages in order to give a boost to businesses, increase villagers' incomes and more importantly help solve the problem of generating revenue for the villages' collective economy. Since Covid-19 struck in 2020, China has adopted a series of support measures, such as measures to stabilize employment and encourage consumption of products from poor areas, effectively minimizing the impact of the virus.

（四）嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、有序退出，解決“如何退”的問題
4. Adopting Strict Criteria to Know When and How to Deregister Those Who Have Emerged from Poverty

建立貧困退出機(jī)制，明確貧困縣、貧困村、貧困人口退出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序，既防止數(shù)字脫貧、虛假脫貧等“被脫貧”，也防止達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不愿退出等“該退不退”。制定脫貧摘帽規(guī)劃和年度減貧計(jì)劃，確保規(guī)范合理有序退出。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行退出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)格規(guī)范工作流程，貧困人口退出實(shí)行民主評(píng)議，貧困村、貧困縣退出進(jìn)行審核審查，退出結(jié)果公示公告，讓群眾參與評(píng)價(jià)，做到程序公開、數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、檔案完整、結(jié)果公正。強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督檢查，每年委托第三方對(duì)摘帽縣和脫貧人口進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)評(píng)估，重點(diǎn)抽選條件較差、基礎(chǔ)薄弱的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，重點(diǎn)評(píng)估脫貧人口退出準(zhǔn)確率、摘帽縣貧困發(fā)生率、群眾幫扶滿意度，確保退出結(jié)果真實(shí)。2020年至2021年初，開展國(guó)家脫貧攻堅(jiān)普查，全面準(zhǔn)確摸清貧困人口脫貧實(shí)現(xiàn)情況。貧困人口、貧困村、貧困縣退出后，在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)原有扶持政策保持不變，摘帽不摘責(zé)任，摘帽不摘幫扶，摘帽不摘政策，摘帽不摘監(jiān)管，留出緩沖期，確保穩(wěn)定脫貧。
A poverty exit mechanism has been established, with clear provisions on the standards and procedures for deregistering from the list poor counties, villages, and individuals. This prevents misconduct such as manipulation and falsification of data, and also prevents those who have emerged from poverty from keeping the label in order to continue accessing preferential treatment. The government has worked out a poverty deregistration plan and an annual poverty alleviation plan to ensure procedure-based, rational and orderly exit from the registers. The criteria and procedures have been strictly enforced, for example, by conducting public review in the case of individuals and government examination in the case of villages and counties. The results of poverty exit have been disclosed for public evaluation and review, based on transparent procedures, accurate data and complete files, to ensure fairness. Supervision and inspection have been strengthened, including annual evaluations by third parties of the deregistered population and counties, with a focus on remote areas with weaker economic foundations. Three parameters – the accuracy of decisions, the poverty incidence of recurrence among deregistered counties, and public rating of assistance measures – are emphasized in evaluation, to ensure accurate results. From 2020 to early 2021, China conducted a general survey of poverty elimination, collecting accurate data on progress in helping the poor out of poverty. A "grace period" is allowed for previously impoverished population, villages and counties, during which time poverty alleviation policies and government supervision are continued until their status is secure.

（五）跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)、防止返貧，解決“如何穩(wěn)”的問題
5. Conducting Follow-up Monitoring to Help People Stay Out of Poverty

穩(wěn)定脫貧不返貧才是真脫貧。對(duì)脫貧縣，從脫貧之日起設(shè)立5年過渡期，過渡期內(nèi)保持主要幫扶政策總體穩(wěn)定，對(duì)現(xiàn)有幫扶政策逐項(xiàng)分類優(yōu)化調(diào)整，逐步由集中資源支持脫貧攻堅(jiān)向全面推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興平穩(wěn)過渡。健全防止返貧動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和幫扶機(jī)制，對(duì)脫貧不穩(wěn)定戶、邊緣易致貧戶，以及因病因?yàn)?zāi)因意外事故等剛性支出較大或收入大幅縮減導(dǎo)致基本生活出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重困難戶，開展定期檢查、動(dòng)態(tài)管理，做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早干預(yù)、早幫扶，防止返貧和產(chǎn)生新的貧困。繼續(xù)支持脫貧地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展壯大，持續(xù)促進(jìn)脫貧人口穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。做好易地搬遷后續(xù)扶持，多渠道促進(jìn)就業(yè)，強(qiáng)化社會(huì)管理，促進(jìn)社會(huì)融入，確保搬遷群眾穩(wěn)得住、有就業(yè)、逐步能致富。堅(jiān)持和完善駐村第一書記和工作隊(duì)、東西部協(xié)作、對(duì)口支援、社會(huì)幫扶等制度。繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)扶志扶智，激勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)脫貧群眾靠自己努力過上更好生活。開展鞏固脫貧成果后評(píng)估工作，壓緊壓實(shí)各級(jí)黨委和政府責(zé)任，堅(jiān)決守住不發(fā)生規(guī)模性返貧的底線。
People and locations will only be considered to have shaken off poverty when they have stayed out of it and have not fallen back in after a certain period. Counties have been given a five-year period of grace from the day they emerged from poverty. During this period they will continue to enjoy the main support policies, which will be adjusted and optimized by category. Over time the resources leveraged for intensive poverty elimination will be redirected towards an extensive drive for rural revitalization. China will improve its dynamic monitoring of any trends indicating a return to poverty, and improve associated support measures. It will regularly check on key groups, such as those who have just emerged from poverty but whose position is far from secure, those on the verge of poverty who can fall back in again easily, and those experiencing difficulties in meeting their basic needs due to expenditure induced by illness, disaster or accident, or due to a sharp drop in income, and exercise dynamic management to spot these trends early and intervene through support measures, so that these people do not fall back into poverty. China will continue to support formerly impoverished areas in developing their specialty industries and help those who have emerged from poverty have stable employment. Follow-up support will be given to the resettled population whose employment will be promoted through multiple means. The government will improve social management to help them integrate into society, so that they will stay out of poverty, remain employed and have a promising future. Systems and practices that have proven effective, such as resident first secretaries and working teams, eastern-western collaboration, paired-up assistance, and social assistance, will be continued and improved. Efforts will be intensified to help those who have emerged from poverty build up self-belief and have access to education, so that they can create a better life through their own hard work. More evaluation will be carried out over the status of formerly impoverished people and areas, and Party committees and governments at all levels will continue to take responsibility to ensure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers.

精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略，是中國(guó)打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的制勝法寶，是中國(guó)減貧理論和實(shí)踐的重大創(chuàng)新，體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨一切從實(shí)際出發(fā)、遵循事物發(fā)展規(guī)律的科學(xué)態(tài)度，面對(duì)新矛盾新問題大膽闖、大膽試的創(chuàng)新勇氣，對(duì)共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政規(guī)律、社會(huì)主義建設(shè)規(guī)律、人類社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)律的不懈探索，對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展和全體人民共同富裕的遠(yuǎn)大追求。精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略，不僅確保了脫貧攻堅(jiān)取得全面勝利，而且有力提升了國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化水平，豐富和發(fā)展了新時(shí)代中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政理念和治國(guó)方略。
The strategy of targeted poverty alleviation is China's strongest weapon in its final battle to secure victory against poverty, and a major innovation in the theory and practice of poverty alleviation. It highlights the CPC's sound approach whereby all actions are based on actual conditions and conform to the needs of development; it is a manifestation of its courage to face up to new challenges and find solutions through trial and error; of its tireless exploration of the characteristics of governance by the CPC, the development of socialism, and the evolution of human society; and of its pursuit of all-round development of the people and common prosperity for all. In addition to securing a sweeping victory in the final battle against poverty, the strategy has also given a powerful boost to modernizing China's national governance system and capacity, and to enriching and developing the CPC's guiding philosophies and governance strategies in the new era.