四、實(shí)行良法善治維護(hù)公民權(quán)利政治權(quán)利
IV. Protecting Civil and Political Rights with Law and Governance

在全面建成小康社會(huì)進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府踐行以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，以更大的力度、更實(shí)的措施發(fā)展全過(guò)程人民民主，維護(hù)社會(huì)公平正義，確保人民依法享有更加廣泛、更加充分、更加真實(shí)的權(quán)利和自由。
In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the CPC and the Chinese government have pursued a people-centered development philosophy, and adopted vigorous and practical measures to develop whole-process people’s democracy, uphold social equity and justice, and ensure by law that people enjoy more extensive rights and freedoms.

1.拓展人民民主權(quán)利
1. Expanding People’s Democratic Rights

堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，發(fā)展完善人民代表大會(huì)制度以及中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、基層群眾自治制度，豐富民主形式，拓寬民主渠道，人民民主權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障。
China ensures the principal status of the people, and improves the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of community-level self-governance. It has worked to diversify the forms of democracy and establish more democratic channels. People’s democratic rights are effectively protected.

民主選舉有序發(fā)展。城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的代表。縣級(jí)及以下人大代表實(shí)行直接選舉，強(qiáng)調(diào)保障人民選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)，確保選舉工作風(fēng)清氣正、選舉結(jié)果人民滿意。2016年開(kāi)始的縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)換屆選舉中，登記選民10億多人，直接選舉產(chǎn)生近248萬(wàn)名縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人大代表。全國(guó)共有五級(jí)人大代表262萬(wàn)多名。
Implementing orderly democratic election processes. Both rural and urban areas are represented by people’s congress deputies in proportion to their population, and all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies.
To guarantee people’s rights to vote and to stand for election, deputies to the people’s congresses at the county level and below are directly elected, and measures are taken to ensure the elections are clean and the results are satisfactory to the people. In the elections to the people’s congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies. There are now more than 2.6 million deputies to the people’s congresses at all five levels – the province, city, county, township, and village levels.

社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主穩(wěn)步健全。推動(dòng)協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展，不斷規(guī)范協(xié)商內(nèi)容、協(xié)商程序，以事關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全局和涉及群眾切身利益的實(shí)際問(wèn)題為內(nèi)容，開(kāi)展廣泛協(xié)商。發(fā)揮人民政協(xié)作為社會(huì)主義協(xié)商民主的重要渠道和專門協(xié)商機(jī)構(gòu)作用，推動(dòng)協(xié)商履職成果更好運(yùn)用。2012年1月至2021年6月，全國(guó)政協(xié)共收到58768件提案，48496件立案，大多數(shù)提案的建議得到采納和落實(shí)。
Steadily advancing socialist consultative democracy. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The fields and procedures of consultation are well regulated. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a major channel and specialized body for socialist consultative democracy. It has worked hard to play its role well and apply the results of consultation to good effect. Between January 2012 and June 2021, the CPPCC National Committee had received 58,768 proposals, 48,496 of which were placed on file. Most of the suggestions in the proposals were adopted and implemented.

基層群眾自治不斷完善。修訂城市居民委員會(huì)組織法、村民委員會(huì)組織法，進(jìn)一步完善和規(guī)范居委會(huì)、村委會(huì)成員的選舉和罷免程序。全國(guó)農(nóng)村已普遍開(kāi)展10輪以上村委會(huì)換屆選舉，98%以上的村委會(huì)依法實(shí)行直接選舉，村民參選率達(dá)95%。拓展流動(dòng)人口有序參與居住地社區(qū)治理渠道。在脫貧攻堅(jiān)中，特別注重健全村民自治機(jī)制，凡是涉及脫貧攻堅(jiān)惠民政策的落實(shí)、惠民資金的分配使用、民生工程項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，都廣泛開(kāi)展議事協(xié)商，凝聚群眾共識(shí)，取得群眾支持。以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式的企事業(yè)單位民主管理制度不斷健全，目前全國(guó)已有29個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）制定了36個(gè)有關(guān)企業(yè)民主管理的地方性法規(guī)，保障職工參與管理和監(jiān)督的民主權(quán)利，維護(hù)職工合法權(quán)益。
Improving community-level self-governance. China has amended the Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committees and the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees to improve and regulate the election and removal procedures for committee members. More than 10 rounds of villagers committee elections have been held in villages across the nation. More than 98 percent of these have been conducted by direct election, with more than 95 percent of villagers taking part. The state has worked to expand the channels for the migrant population to participate in community-level governance in their residential areas.
In the fight against poverty, China has paid special attention to improving the mechanism for self-governance by villagers. All matters related to the implementation of poverty alleviation policies, allocation and use of public funds, and projects for improving people’s wellbeing are subject to extensive public discussion and consultation to build consensus and obtain popular support.
The system for the democratic management of enterprises and public institutions in the form of workers congresses has improved. Across the country, 29 provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued 36 local regulations concerning the democratic management of enterprises, to guarantee workers’ right to participate in management and oversight, and to protect their lawful rights and interests.

知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達(dá)權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)得到切實(shí)保障。實(shí)行審計(jì)結(jié)果公告制度，制定修改政府信息公開(kāi)條例，提升政府信息公開(kāi)水平，保障公民知情權(quán)?！盎ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)+政務(wù)服務(wù)”服務(wù)能力持續(xù)提升。通過(guò)推行“一網(wǎng)通辦”，全國(guó)一半以上行政許可事項(xiàng)辦理時(shí)限縮短40%以上，省級(jí)行政許可事項(xiàng)網(wǎng)上受理和“最多跑一次”比例超過(guò)82%，50個(gè)高頻服務(wù)事項(xiàng)和200個(gè)便民服務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)“跨省通辦”。根據(jù)《2020年聯(lián)合國(guó)電子政務(wù)調(diào)查報(bào)告》，中國(guó)電子政務(wù)服務(wù)的在線服務(wù)指數(shù)與電子參與水平均列全球第9位，進(jìn)入領(lǐng)先行列。推進(jìn)民主立法，完善立法座談?wù)撟C、法律草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)等制度，使每一項(xiàng)立法反映人民意志。截至2020年，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)已就87件次法律草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)。不斷健全依法決策機(jī)制，將公眾參與、專家論證、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、合法性審查、集體討論確定為重大行政決策的法定程序，提高決策民主化水平。完善公開(kāi)透明、高效便捷的訴求表達(dá)渠道，實(shí)行網(wǎng)上受理信訪制度，廣泛匯集社情民意，依法及時(shí)就地解決公民合理訴求，保障公民有序參與公共事務(wù)管理，監(jiān)督國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)依法行使職權(quán)。2018年至2020年，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)共聽(tīng)取和審議“一府一委兩院”工作報(bào)告52個(gè)，共對(duì)19部法律和決定的實(shí)施情況進(jìn)行檢查，圍繞“十四五”規(guī)劃綱要編制、精準(zhǔn)脫貧、污染防治、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度改革等內(nèi)容開(kāi)展18次專題調(diào)研，開(kāi)展8次專題詢問(wèn)。把握政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督性質(zhì)定位，加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督工作，突出政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督重點(diǎn)、豐富政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督方式，不斷完善民主監(jiān)督的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、權(quán)益保障、知情反饋和溝通協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，寓監(jiān)督于協(xié)商之中，更好發(fā)揮協(xié)商式監(jiān)督優(yōu)勢(shì)作用。推進(jìn)監(jiān)察體制改革，依法全方位加強(qiáng)對(duì)所有行使公權(quán)力的公職人員的監(jiān)督。不斷完善人民陪審員、人民監(jiān)督員制度，保障公民參與司法、監(jiān)督司法的權(quán)利。
Protecting the rights to know, to participate, to express views, and to supervise the exercise of power. China has put in place an audit result announcement system and revised the Regulations on Government Information Disclosure to improve government transparency and protect citizens’ right to know.
Internet-based government services have improved. E-government has been promoted to ensure access to all government services through a single portal, shortening the process by over 40 percent for more than half of the items requiring administrative licensing. Moreover, online and one-stop services are provided for over 82 percent of the items requiring provincial administrative licensing, and 50 commonly used government services and 200 public services are provided on an inter-provincial basis to ensure easier access. According to the E-Government Survey 2020 published by the United Nations, China ranks 9th on both the Online Service Index and the E-Participation Index, showing a very high level of e-government development.
Democratic lawmaking is ensured through improved systems for legislative deliberations and solicitation of public opinion on draft laws, so that every law reflects the will of the people. By the end of 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) had solicited public opinion on 87 draft laws.
China has improved the mechanism of law-based decision-making. This makes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, legality review, and group discussion statutory procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more democratic.
China provides open, smooth, efficient and convenient channels for people to express their opinions and demands. Public complaints can be submitted online as well as through letters, visits, calls and other channels. This ensures that extensive public opinion is collected, that citizens’ legitimate demands are addressed quickly, in situ and by law, and that people can participate in the management of public affairs in an orderly manner and supervise state agencies in exercising their powers.
From 2018 to 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC heard and reviewed a total of 52 work reports of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. It examined the implementation of 19 laws and decisions. It conducted 18 surveys and 8 consultations on subjects such as the outline of the 14th Five-year Plan, targeted poverty alleviation, pollution prevention and control, and reform of the social security system.
With a well-defined role in democratic supervision, the CPPCC has strengthened its function of democratic supervision, with clearer priorities and in more forms. It has improved the mechanisms for organizing democratic supervision, protecting related rights and interests, providing informed feedback, and facilitating communication and coordination, so that supervision is embodied in consultation and consultative supervision plays a better role.
Reform of the national supervision system has been advanced to strengthen all-round law-based supervision of public servants in the exercise of public power. The systems of people’s assessors and supervisors have been improved to ensure citizens’ right to judicial participation and supervision.

2.保障人身權(quán)利
2. Protecting Personal Rights

尊重人格尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值，依法保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利和自由。
China respects human dignity and value, and protects citizens’ personal rights and liberty in accordance with the law.

公民人身自由得到尊重和保護(hù)。非由法律規(guī)定、非經(jīng)法定程序不得剝奪、限制公民人身自由。十二屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)2013年通過(guò)關(guān)于廢止有關(guān)勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)法律規(guī)定的決定，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)2019年通過(guò)關(guān)于廢止有關(guān)收容教育法律規(guī)定和制度的決定，國(guó)務(wù)院2020年廢止《賣淫嫖娼人員收容教育辦法》，廢除勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)和收容教育制度，彰顯國(guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)的憲法精神及依法保障公民人身自由的人權(quán)理念。
Respecting and protecting personal liberty. Unlawful deprivation or restriction of a citizen’s personal freedom is prohibited. In 2013, the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC adopted a decision to repeal laws and regulations on reeducation through labor. In 2019, the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC adopted a decision to repeal laws and regulations on detention education. In 2020, the State Council abolished the Measures for the Detention Education of Persons Engaging in Prostitution and Whoring. The abolition of reeducation through labor and detention education embodies the constitutional principle of respecting and protecting human rights, and demonstrates China’s commitment to protecting citizens’ personal liberty by law.

人員流動(dòng)更加便利。不斷推進(jìn)戶籍制度改革，實(shí)行城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的戶口登記制度，促進(jìn)有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的常住人口有序?qū)崿F(xiàn)市民化，更好保障人民公平享有民生權(quán)利。2020年，全國(guó)戶籍人口城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)到45.4%，比2012年提高10.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。2010年以來(lái)，共為1500余萬(wàn)無(wú)戶口人員辦理了落戶，基本解決全國(guó)無(wú)戶口人員登記戶口問(wèn)題。
Facilitating the movement of people. China has continued to reform the household registration system. It conducts unified household registration of urban and rural areas to enable rural people who have stable jobs and have lived in urban areas for the appropriate time to register as permanent urban residents. In this way, China ensures that people enjoy equal rights. In 2020, the urbanization rate of registered population reached 45.4 percent, an increase of 10.1 percentage points from 2012. Since 2010, more than 15 million unregistered people have completed household registration.

嚴(yán)格依法保護(hù)個(gè)人信息安全和隱私。頒布實(shí)施民法典，加強(qiáng)人格權(quán)保護(hù)。加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)安全和個(gè)人信息安全保護(hù)，加大對(duì)侵犯公民個(gè)人信息行為的打擊力度。2016年以來(lái)，通過(guò)開(kāi)展專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)依法辦理一批涉嫌侵犯公民個(gè)人信息的案事件，泄露公民個(gè)人信息案事件得到有效遏制。2019年在全國(guó)范圍開(kāi)展App違法違規(guī)收集使用個(gè)人信息保護(hù)專項(xiàng)治理工作，重點(diǎn)治理無(wú)隱私政策、捆綁授權(quán)和強(qiáng)制索權(quán)、未經(jīng)同意收集使用個(gè)人信息等突出問(wèn)題，App隱私政策透明度大幅提升。2021年3月，國(guó)家網(wǎng)信辦等四部門聯(lián)合發(fā)布《常見(jiàn)類型移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用程序必要個(gè)人信息范圍規(guī)定》，明確39類常見(jiàn)類型移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序必要個(gè)人信息范圍。2021年5月至7月，相關(guān)部門共組織對(duì)12種常見(jiàn)類型、用戶下載量大的1035款A(yù)pp開(kāi)展專項(xiàng)檢測(cè)評(píng)估，對(duì)存在嚴(yán)重違法違規(guī)問(wèn)題的351款A(yù)pp進(jìn)行公開(kāi)通報(bào)，對(duì)未在規(guī)定時(shí)限內(nèi)整改的52款A(yù)pp依法依規(guī)采取下架處罰措施，違法違規(guī)收集使用個(gè)人信息行為逐步減少。依法嚴(yán)厲打擊電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)詐騙違法犯罪，嚴(yán)懲侵犯公民個(gè)人信息犯罪，加大個(gè)人隱私保護(hù)力度。2017年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院一審審結(jié)侵犯公民個(gè)人信息的刑事案件數(shù)量分別為1393件、2315件、2627件、2558件，一審審結(jié)隱私權(quán)糾紛案件數(shù)量分別為273件、292件、331件、395件。依法審理手機(jī)應(yīng)用擅自讀取用戶通訊錄信息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信用平臺(tái)濫用個(gè)人征信數(shù)據(jù)等案件，準(zhǔn)確適用“通知－刪除”規(guī)則，對(duì)散發(fā)誹謗他人言論的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)，根據(jù)受害人請(qǐng)求責(zé)令刪除相關(guān)信息。2019年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院一審審結(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)侵權(quán)責(zé)任糾紛案件分別為4059件、4058件。檢察機(jī)關(guān)將個(gè)人信息保護(hù)作為拓展公益訴訟案件范圍的新領(lǐng)域重點(diǎn)部署推進(jìn)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)公民個(gè)人信息保護(hù)。
Securing personal information and privacy by law. China has enacted the Civil Code and strengthened protection of personality rights. The government has intensified efforts in protecting data and personal information in accordance with the law and taking firm action on infringements concerning personal information. Since 2016, it has taken special actions to handle cases involving suspected violations of personal information, effectively curbing such violations. In 2019, a campaign was launched nationwide to address collection and use of personal information by applications in violation of laws and regulations, focusing on the absence of a privacy policy, bundled and forced consent, and collection and use of personal information without consent. This campaign has increased transparency in the privacy policy of applications.
The Cyberspace Administration of China and three other departments jointly issued in March 2021 the Provisions on the Scope of Required Personal Information for Common Types of Mobile Applications, clearly defining the personal information required for 39 common types of mobile apps. Between May and July 2021, the authorities conducted an assessment of personal information protection provided by 1,035 frequently downloaded apps of 12 common types. In an ensuing public notice, 351 apps were criticized for seriously violating laws and regulations, and 52 apps were taken down for failing to correct their violations within the required time frame. As a result, infringements of privacy in the collection and use of personal information have declined.
China strikes hard at telecom and cyber fraud, and severely punishes crimes involving infringements of personal information, to strengthen protection of personal privacy. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, people’s courts at all levels concluded 1,393, 2,315, 2,627, and 2,558 such cases at first instance, and 273, 292, 331, and 395 cases at first instance related to privacy disputes.
Cases of unauthorized access to users’ address book data by mobile phone apps and abuse of personal credit information by online credit platforms are subject to legal procedures. The notice and takedown rule is accurately applied. Any online platform being used to spread defamation is ordered to delete relevant information as requested by the victim. In 2019 and 2020, people’s courts at all levels concluded 4,059 and 4,058 cases at first instance on online infringement liability. The prosecuting bodies have made the protection of personal information a focus of their efforts to expand the coverage of public interest litigation.

切實(shí)保障被羈押人和罪犯的合法權(quán)益。規(guī)范強(qiáng)制措施，減少羈押性強(qiáng)制措施的適用，實(shí)行看守所在押人員入所權(quán)利義務(wù)告知制度，建立在押人員投訴調(diào)查處理機(jī)制。完善相關(guān)法律制度，保障被羈押人的人格尊嚴(yán)及律師會(huì)見(jiàn)、申訴、醫(yī)療等合法權(quán)利。深化獄務(wù)公開(kāi)，強(qiáng)化檢察監(jiān)督和執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，保障罪犯合法權(quán)利不受侵犯。實(shí)行人文關(guān)懷，開(kāi)展罪犯離監(jiān)探親活動(dòng)。制定實(shí)施社區(qū)矯正法，堅(jiān)持依法管理與尊重保障人權(quán)相統(tǒng)一，監(jiān)督管理與教育幫扶相統(tǒng)一，對(duì)符合條件的社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象落實(shí)最低生活保障，提供臨時(shí)救助和社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、就業(yè)就學(xué)等政策，依法保障社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象的合法權(quán)益。截至2020年，已累計(jì)接收社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象537萬(wàn)人，累計(jì)解除矯正473萬(wàn)人，在冊(cè)社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象64萬(wàn)人，社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象在矯正期間再犯罪率一直處于0.2%的較低水平。健全完善刑滿釋放人員救助管理制度，落實(shí)社會(huì)救助和就業(yè)安置措施，促進(jìn)刑滿釋放人員順利融入社會(huì)。
Protecting the lawful rights and interests of detainees and prisoners. China has regulated and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures. When detainees enter a house of detention, they are informed of their rights and obligations, and their complaints are handled in accordance with due procedure. Relevant laws and regulations have been improved to guarantee the dignity and lawful rights of detainees, including the right to meet lawyers, appeal, and receive medical treatment. Prison affairs are open to the public. Procuratorial and law enforcement supervision has been improved to protect prisoners’ lawful rights and interests. Some prisoners are allowed leave of absence from prison to visit their families.
The Community Correction Law was enacted, which embodies respect for and protection of human rights in law-based management, and integrates supervision and management with education and assistance. To protect the legitimate rights of those subject to community corrections, China provides subsistence allowances, temporary assistance, social security, and employment and education assistance. By the end of 2020, a total of 5.37 million people throughout the country had received community service orders. Of these, 4.73 million had completed their service, and 640,000 were still subject to their service orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community service remains low at 0.2 percent.
China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence, ensures their access to social assistance, and provides employment assistance to them to enable a smooth return to normal life.

3.保障個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)
3. Protecting Individual Property Rights

健全以公平為核心原則的產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度。清理有違公平的法律法規(guī)條款，加強(qiáng)對(duì)各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和自然人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)，鼓勵(lì)、支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，保證各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)依法平等使用生產(chǎn)要素、公平參與市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、同等受到法律保護(hù)。憲法規(guī)定公民的合法私有財(cái)產(chǎn)不受侵犯，國(guó)家依照法律規(guī)定保護(hù)公民的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和繼承權(quán)。民法典明確規(guī)定對(duì)所有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)平等保護(hù)，強(qiáng)化對(duì)個(gè)人信息、數(shù)據(jù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬財(cái)產(chǎn)等的保護(hù)，完善了權(quán)利保護(hù)和救濟(jì)規(guī)則，形成有效的權(quán)利保護(hù)機(jī)制，公民財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)法治保障水平不斷提升。
Improving property rights protection with fairness as the core principle. China has cleared up unfair laws and regulations, strengthened protection of the property rights of economic organizations under all forms of ownership and of natural persons, and encouraged, supported and guided the development of the non-public sector. It has ensured that economic entities under all forms of ownership have equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, can participate in market competition on a level playing field, and enjoy equal legal protection.
The Constitution stipulates that citizens’ lawful private property is inviolable, and the state protects citizens’ property and inheritance rights. The Civil Code stipulates equal protection of all property rights, strengthens protection of personal information, data and virtual property, and improves rules for the protection of rights and remedy for rights violations. As a result, an effective mechanism for rights protection has taken shape in China, and the legal framework for property rights protection continues to improve.

為優(yōu)化營(yíng)商環(huán)境提供法治保障。毫不動(dòng)搖地堅(jiān)持鼓勵(lì)、支持、引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一系列方針政策，依法打擊侵犯民營(yíng)企業(yè)及經(jīng)營(yíng)者合法權(quán)益的犯罪，依法保護(hù)民營(yíng)企業(yè)自主經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)，以及企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。堅(jiān)持刑法的謙抑性，嚴(yán)格規(guī)范涉及民營(yíng)企業(yè)的執(zhí)法司法行為，堅(jiān)決禁止刑事執(zhí)法介入經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛，依法準(zhǔn)確適用強(qiáng)制措施，最大限度減少對(duì)企業(yè)正常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的影響。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院先后發(fā)布一系列涉及民營(yíng)企業(yè)司法保護(hù)指導(dǎo)性案例和典型案例，指導(dǎo)各級(jí)司法機(jī)關(guān)依法辦案。
Providing legal guarantee for optimizing the business environment. China adheres to a series of principles and policies to encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector. It combats crimes infringing the lawful rights and interests of private enterprises and their operators, and protects the independent management of private enterprises and the personal and property safety of their owners in accordance with the law.
China adheres to the principle of restraint in the Criminal Law, regulates law enforcement and judicial activities involving private enterprises, prohibits criminal law intervention in economic disputes, and accurately applies compulsory measures in accordance with the law to minimize any impact on the normal work and business activities of enterprises. The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate have publicized a series of guiding cases and typical cases concerning judicial protection of private enterprises, providing guidance for judicial bodies at all levels in handling cases.

加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度。加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)和運(yùn)用，健全技術(shù)創(chuàng)新激勵(lì)機(jī)制。完善體現(xiàn)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)價(jià)值的侵權(quán)損害賠償制度，進(jìn)一步彰顯激勵(lì)和保護(hù)創(chuàng)新的鮮明態(tài)度，凈化市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境，促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。在北京、上海、廣州設(shè)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院，通過(guò)審理重大典型案件，確立裁判規(guī)則，統(tǒng)一裁判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，加大對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的懲治力度，著力解決侵權(quán)成本低、維權(quán)成本高等問(wèn)題。最高人民檢察院設(shè)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)檢察辦公室，統(tǒng)一指導(dǎo)履行知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)刑事、民事、行政檢察職能，構(gòu)建知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)全方位綜合性司法保護(hù)機(jī)制。加強(qiáng)國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法司法對(duì)話、交流與合作，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建更加公平合理的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)國(guó)際規(guī)則。
Strengthening protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs). China is strengthening the protection and application of IPRs and improving the incentive mechanism for technological innovation. For a better market competition environment and innovation-driven development, China has improved infringement compensation that reflects the value of IPRs, demonstrating its determination to encourage and protect innovation.
China has set up intellectual property courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, which have tried major cases, established judgment rules and made consistent standards, and strengthened punishment for IPR infringement. The system is designed to address the problem that the cost of infringement is low and the cost of protection is high. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate has set up an Intellectual Property Prosecution Office for guiding prosecution of criminal, civil, and administrative cases concerning IPR infringement and establishing a mechanism for comprehensive judicial protection of intellectual property rights.
China is also stepping up international dialogue, exchanges and cooperation on IPR law enforcement and justice, and working for fairer and sounder international IPR rules.

4.加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障
4. Reinforcing Judicial Guarantee for Human Rights

深化司法體制改革，全面落實(shí)司法責(zé)任制，完善律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利保障制度，加強(qiáng)對(duì)司法活動(dòng)的監(jiān)督，維護(hù)人民權(quán)益，努力讓人民群眾在每一個(gè)司法案件中都感受到公平正義。
China has furthered judicial reform, fully implemented the judicial accountability system, improved protection of lawyers’ practicing rights, and strengthened supervision over judicial activities, so as to safeguard the rights and interests of the people and ensure that fairness and justice apply in every judicial case.

穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)司法體制改革。2014年中共十八屆四中全會(huì)通過(guò)《中共中央關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》，全方位改革司法體制，保證公正司法，提高司法公信力。全面落實(shí)司法責(zé)任制改革，健全有序放權(quán)、科學(xué)配權(quán)、規(guī)范用權(quán)、嚴(yán)格限權(quán)的司法管理體制和司法權(quán)力運(yùn)行體系。優(yōu)化司法職權(quán)配置，深化以審判為中心的刑事訴訟制度改革，強(qiáng)化檢察機(jī)關(guān)法律監(jiān)督職能，充分發(fā)揮訴訟程序制約作用，完善執(zhí)法司法權(quán)力運(yùn)行程序、行使方式、責(zé)任要求，健全執(zhí)法司法機(jī)關(guān)之間工作銜接機(jī)制，健全公安機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、司法行政機(jī)關(guān)分工負(fù)責(zé)、各司其職，偵查權(quán)、檢察權(quán)、審判權(quán)、執(zhí)行權(quán)相互配合、相互制約的體制機(jī)制，構(gòu)建各盡其職、配合有力、制約有效的工作體系。
Steadily advancing judicial reform. In 2014, the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted at its Fourth Plenary Session the CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Certain Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-Based Governance of China, to fully reform the judicial system, ensure justice, and improve judicial credibility. China has implemented all-round judicial accountability reform, and improved judicial administration and the exercise of judicial power by delegating power in an orderly manner, rationally allocating power, and standardizing and strictly regulating the use of power.
China has improved the allocation of judicial functions and powers, and furthered reform to establish a criminal litigation system centered on court trials. It has strengthened legal supervision by prosecuting bodies, and underlined the role of litigation procedures in regulating the exercise of power. It has better defined the procedures, powers and accountabilities of the judiciary and law enforcement, and improved their coordination. China has also enhanced the institutions and mechanisms by which public security, prosecuting, judicial, and judicial administrative bodies perform their respective functions and work closely together while mutually checking on each other in the exercise of investigative, prosecuting, judicial and law enforcement powers.

健全司法人員依法履職保護(hù)機(jī)制。建立健全領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部干預(yù)司法活動(dòng)、插手具體案件處理和司法機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部人員過(guò)問(wèn)案件的記錄通報(bào)和責(zé)任追究制度，保障司法機(jī)關(guān)和司法人員依法辦理案件不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。規(guī)范司法人員考評(píng)考核和責(zé)任追究、懲戒辦法，明確法官、檢察官依法履行法定職責(zé)的行為不受法律追究，非因故意違反法律、法規(guī)或者有重大過(guò)失導(dǎo)致裁判結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤并造成嚴(yán)重后果的，不承擔(dān)錯(cuò)案責(zé)任；非因法定事由、非經(jīng)法定程序，不得將法官、檢察官調(diào)離、免職、辭退或者作出降級(jí)、撤職等處分。建立健全司法人員受到侵害救濟(jì)保障機(jī)制和不實(shí)舉報(bào)澄清機(jī)制，堅(jiān)決打擊侵害司法人員合法權(quán)益的行為，推動(dòng)形成尊重司法裁判、維護(hù)司法權(quán)威的社會(huì)氛圍。完善撫恤優(yōu)待辦法，為法官、檢察官的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)等權(quán)益提供與其職業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相匹配的保障。
Improving protection for judicial personnel to perform their duties. China has improved the system under which any leading officials found to have interfered in judicial activities or the handling of specific cases, or any judicial personnel found to have attempted to influence the result of a case, will be put on record and held accountable. This aims to ensure that the judiciary is free from interference by administrative bodies, social organizations or individuals.
China has standardized methods for the evaluation, accountability and sanctioning of judicial personnel, making it clear that judges and prosecutors who perform their duties in accordance with the law are not subject to legal action, and protecting those responsible for misjudgments that result in severe consequences as long as they have not intentionally violated laws and regulations or are not guilty of gross negligence. No judge or prosecutor may be transferred, removed, dismissed, or demoted without legal procedures and other than for legal reasons.
China has improved the relief mechanism for victimized judicial personnel and the mechanism for clarifying false reports against judicial personnel, and acts resolutely against infringements of the legitimate rights and interests of judicial personnel, so as to foster a social atmosphere that respects judicial adjudication and upholds judicial authority. It has also improved compensation and preferential treatment measures to provide judges and prosecutors with personal and property guarantees that are commensurate with their occupational risks.

堅(jiān)決糾正和防范冤錯(cuò)案件。建立健全錯(cuò)案發(fā)現(xiàn)、糾正、防范和責(zé)任追究機(jī)制，堅(jiān)持程序公正和實(shí)體公正相統(tǒng)一，堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格公正司法，堅(jiān)持罪刑法定、無(wú)罪推定、證據(jù)裁判，嚴(yán)禁刑訊逼供、體罰虐待，嚴(yán)格實(shí)行非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則，堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是、有錯(cuò)必糾，落實(shí)國(guó)家賠償制度，加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障。2019年至2020年，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院分別按照審判監(jiān)督程序再審改判刑事案件1774件、1818件；依法宣告637名、656名公訴案件被告人和751名、384名自訴案件被告人無(wú)罪；審結(jié)國(guó)家賠償案件18164件、18433件，保障賠償請(qǐng)求人合法權(quán)益。2020年1月至2021年6月，各級(jí)檢察機(jī)關(guān)通過(guò)審判監(jiān)督程序提出刑事抗訴1325件，同期法院改判685件、發(fā)回重審134件；提出刑事再審檢察建議616件，同期法院改判214件、發(fā)回重審6件。“張氏叔侄強(qiáng)奸殺人案”“于英生殺妻案”“陳滿故意殺人案”等一批重大冤錯(cuò)案件得到依法糾正。
Preventing and redressing miscarriages of justice. China has established and improved mechanisms for the identification, correction and prevention of misjudged cases, and for imposing accountability on those responsible. It adheres to the unity of procedural justice and substantive justice, and safeguards judicial justice. It strictly follows the principles of legality, presumption of innocence, evidence-based verdict, and exclusion of illegally obtained evidence. It prohibits forced confessions, corporal punishments, or abuse. It also implements a state compensation system to strengthen judicial guarantee of human rights.
In 2019 and 2020, people’s courts at all levels retried 1,774 and 1,818 criminal cases respectively in accordance with trial supervision procedures and overthrew the original judgments, acquitting 637 and 656 defendants in public prosecution cases and 751 and 384 defendants in private prosecution cases, and concluded 18,164 and 18,433 state compensation cases to protect the legitimate rights and interests of compensation claimants. Between January 2020 and June 2021, prosecuting bodies at all levels lodged protests in 1,325 criminal cases through trial supervision procedures, while the courts changed 685 verdicts and remanded 134 cases for retrial in the same period. The prosecuting bodies raised 616 proposals for criminal retrial, and the courts changed 214 verdicts and remanded 6 cases for retrial over the same period. A number of major wrongful convictions were corrected in accordance with the law.

加強(qiáng)對(duì)執(zhí)業(yè)律師權(quán)利的保障。完善律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利保護(hù)制度，印發(fā)《關(guān)于依法保障律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利的規(guī)定》等文件，對(duì)保障律師會(huì)見(jiàn)、閱卷、調(diào)查取證以及庭審中的發(fā)問(wèn)、質(zhì)證、辯論辯護(hù)等各項(xiàng)訴訟權(quán)利作出全面規(guī)定，健全完善了律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利救濟(jì)機(jī)制和責(zé)任追究機(jī)制。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、國(guó)家安全部、司法部和全國(guó)律協(xié)建立了維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利快速聯(lián)動(dòng)處置機(jī)制，暢通律師維權(quán)通道，確保律師權(quán)利被侵犯后能夠得到及時(shí)有效救濟(jì)。全國(guó)律協(xié)、省級(jí)和設(shè)區(qū)的市級(jí)律師協(xié)會(huì)全部設(shè)立維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利中心，專門負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利工作。最高人民檢察院開(kāi)展保障律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利專項(xiàng)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)，監(jiān)督糾正執(zhí)法司法機(jī)關(guān)阻礙律師依法行使訴訟權(quán)利問(wèn)題，保障訴訟活動(dòng)順利進(jìn)行。截至2020年，全國(guó)共有律師事務(wù)所3.4萬(wàn)多家，律師52.2萬(wàn)多人。
Strengthening protection of lawyers’ practicing rights. China has issued the Provisions on Protecting Lawyers’ Practicing Rights in Accordance with the Law, which provide comprehensive provisions protecting lawyers’ litigation rights, such as the rights to meet their clients, examine case files, investigate, and obtain evidence, as well as to ask questions, conduct cross-examination, debate, and defend during court trials. It has also improved the relief and accountability mechanisms for protecting lawyers’ rights.
The Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Justice, and the All-China Lawyers Association have set up a fast-track joint response mechanism for safeguarding lawyers’ practicing rights, to ensure that lawyers can get timely and effective relief when their rights are infringed. The All-China Lawyers Association, and lawyers associations at provincial and city levels have all set up centers for safeguarding lawyers’ practicing rights. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate has carried out special programs to supervise and correct cases where law enforcement and judicial bodies hinder lawyers from exercising their litigation rights, so as to ensure the smooth progress of litigation activities. At the end of 2020, there were more than 34,000 law firms and 522,000 lawyers in China.

全面推進(jìn)陽(yáng)光司法。深入推進(jìn)審判公開(kāi)、檢務(wù)公開(kāi)、警務(wù)公開(kāi)和獄務(wù)公開(kāi)，依法及時(shí)公開(kāi)執(zhí)法司法依據(jù)、程序、流程、結(jié)果和生效法律文書(shū)。推進(jìn)智慧司法建設(shè)，執(zhí)法司法信息化水平不斷提升，保障當(dāng)事人獲得更為高效便捷訴訟服務(wù)。截至2020年，全國(guó)98%的法院建成了信息化程度較高的訴訟服務(wù)體系，為當(dāng)事人提供全方位的訴訟服務(wù)；98%的法院開(kāi)通訴訟服務(wù)網(wǎng)，為當(dāng)事人、律師提供網(wǎng)上預(yù)約立案、案件查詢、卷宗查閱、電子送達(dá)等服務(wù)。全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)自2014年10月1日部署應(yīng)用案件信息公開(kāi)系統(tǒng)以來(lái)，截至2021年6月30日，“案件信息公開(kāi)網(wǎng)”已導(dǎo)出案件程序性信息15023598件、發(fā)布重要案件信息1142802件、公開(kāi)法律文書(shū)6597917件，接受辯護(hù)與代理網(wǎng)上預(yù)約558872人次。2019年，“案件信息公開(kāi)網(wǎng)”統(tǒng)一并入“12309中國(guó)檢察網(wǎng)”，網(wǎng)上服務(wù)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化升級(jí)，檢察機(jī)關(guān)案件信息公開(kāi)進(jìn)入信息化、常態(tài)化、規(guī)范化的快速發(fā)展軌道。
Increasing transparency in the administration of justice. China promotes openness in judicial, procuratorial, policing and prison affairs, and releases timely information on the legal basis, procedures, processes, results and effective legal documents of the judiciary and law enforcement in accordance with the law. With advances towards a smart judicial system, and increased IT application in judicature and law enforcement, people now have quicker and easier access to litigation services.
By the end of 2020, 98 percent of the courts across the country had widely applied information technology to their litigation systems, providing a full range of litigation services. 98 percent of the courts had opened service websites to provide online application for case filing, case inquiry, file access, and electronic document delivery.
From October 1, 2014, when the case information service system went online for China’s prosecuting bodies, to June 30, 2021, the website delivered procedural information on 15 million cases, published information on 1.1 million major cases and 6.6 million legal documents, and accepted 558,872 online applications for defense and litigation services. In 2019, the website was merged into 12309.gov.cn to upgrade online services, and China’s prosecuting bodies began to advance faster in regular and standardized release of case information supported by IT.

完善法律援助制度。發(fā)布實(shí)施《法律援助值班律師工作辦法》，在法院、看守所普遍設(shè)立法律援助工作站。加強(qiáng)刑事法律援助，落實(shí)刑事訴訟法及相關(guān)配套法規(guī)制度關(guān)于法律援助范圍的規(guī)定，積極開(kāi)展刑事案件律師辯護(hù)全覆蓋試點(diǎn)工作。擴(kuò)大民事、行政法律援助覆蓋面，與民生緊密相關(guān)的事項(xiàng)逐步納入法律援助補(bǔ)充事項(xiàng)范圍。聚焦打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，以法治扶貧為切入點(diǎn)，擴(kuò)充法律援助事項(xiàng)、擴(kuò)大法律援助范圍，惠及更多困難群眾。提升法律援助服務(wù)質(zhì)量，發(fā)布并落實(shí)全國(guó)刑事、民事和行政法律援助服務(wù)規(guī)范，制定法律援助案件質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2020年，全國(guó)組織辦理法律援助案件近140萬(wàn)件，受援人達(dá)216萬(wàn)余次，提供法律咨詢1466余萬(wàn)人次；值班律師提供法律援助（不含法律咨詢）74萬(wàn)余件，其中參與認(rèn)罪認(rèn)罰從寬案件68萬(wàn)余件。截至2020年，在全國(guó)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）司法所及仲裁、法院、信訪等矛盾糾紛相對(duì)集中的部門設(shè)立法律援助工作站7萬(wàn)余個(gè)，方便群眾就近獲得法律援助服務(wù)。
Improving the legal aid system. China has implemented the Measures for the Work of Legal Aid Duty Lawyers, and set up legal aid stations at courts and detention centers. It has strengthened legal aid in criminal cases, implemented provisions on the scope of legal aid stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law and related regulations, and carried out pilot programs to achieve full legal defense coverage in criminal cases.
China has expanded the coverage of legal aid in civil and administrative proceedings, and brought matters closely related to people’s lives into the scope of legal aid. China has worked to alleviate poverty through legal empowerment, and expanded the scope and coverage of legal aid to benefit more people in need. To improve the quality of legal aid services, China has also issued and implemented norms for legal aid services in criminal, civil and administrative cases, and established standards for evaluating the efficacy of legal aid cases.
In 2020, 1.4 million legal aid cases were handled nationwide, helping 2.2 million people and providing legal advice to 14.7 million people; duty lawyers provided legal aid in 740,000 cases, including 680,000 cases where the rule of clemency applied to suspects and defendants who confessed to their crimes. By the end of 2020, more than 70,000 legal aid stations had been set up at courts, arbitral institutions, public complaints agencies, and township-level judicial offices to provide citizens with easy access to legal aid to address their concerns and solve disputes as early as possible.

5.保障宗教信仰自由
5. Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

憲法規(guī)定公民有宗教信仰自由。中國(guó)政府支持各宗教堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主自辦的原則，在法律范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行各種宗教活動(dòng)；依法對(duì)涉及國(guó)家利益和社會(huì)公共利益的宗教事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理，不干涉各宗教內(nèi)部事務(wù)，宗教工作法治化水平不斷提高。2017年修訂《宗教事務(wù)條例》，貫徹實(shí)施《中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)外國(guó)人宗教活動(dòng)管理規(guī)定》，依法保障中國(guó)公民及境內(nèi)外國(guó)人的宗教信仰自由。依法打擊宗教極端主義以及打著宗教活動(dòng)名義開(kāi)展的“邪教”活動(dòng)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有依法登記的宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所14.4萬(wàn)處，宗教院校92所，信仰佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教等宗教的公民近2億人，宗教教職人員38萬(wàn)余人。不斷加大宗教教職人員社會(huì)保障力度，宗教教職人員醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)96.5%，養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)89.6%，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了宗教教職人員社保體系全覆蓋。公民的宗教信仰自由得到充分保障，呈現(xiàn)出宗教和順、社會(huì)和諧的良好局面。
The Constitution provides that the citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief. The Chinese government upholds the principle that all religious groups should operate independently and carry out religious activities within the law. It administers religious affairs involving state and public interests, but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. China has advanced the rule of law in the administration of religious affairs.
In 2017, China amended the Regulations on Religious Affairs to better protect citizen’s freedom of religious belief. It has implemented the Rules on the Administration of Religious Activities of Foreigners in the People’s Republic of China to protect foreigners’ freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law.
China resolutely fights religious extremism and cults acting under the guise of religion. It now has 144,000 registered sites for religious activities, 92 religious academies, nearly 200 million citizens who believe in Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholic and Protestant Christianity, and other religions, and more than 380,000 clerical personnel.
China has improved social security for clerical personnel, with medical insurance covering 96.5 percent and old-age insurance covering 89.6 percent. With the citizens’ freedom of religious belief fully protected, China enjoys religious and social harmony.