國務(wù)院新聞辦公室4月6日發(fā)布《人類減貧的中國實(shí)踐》白皮書。全文如下：

人類減貧的中國實(shí)踐
Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution

（2021年4月）
中華人民共和國
國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
April 2021

目錄
Contents

前言
Preface

一、中國共產(chǎn)黨的莊嚴(yán)承諾
I. The Solemn Commitment of the CPC

二、新時(shí)代脫貧攻堅(jiān)取得全面勝利
II. Final Victory in the Fight Against Extreme Poverty

三、實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)扶貧方略
III. The Strategy of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

四、為人類減貧探索新的路徑
IV. Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation

五、攜手共建沒有貧困共同發(fā)展的人類命運(yùn)共同體
V. A Global Community of Shared Future Free from Poverty

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

附錄：中國扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化和調(diào)整
Appendix

前言
Preface

貧困是人類社會(huì)的頑疾，是全世界面臨的共同挑戰(zhàn)。貧困及其伴生的饑餓、疾病、社會(huì)沖突等一系列難題，嚴(yán)重阻礙人類對(duì)美好生活的追求。消除貧困是人類夢(mèng)寐以求的理想，人類發(fā)展史就是與貧困不懈斗爭(zhēng)的歷史。
Poverty is a chronic affliction of human society and a common challenge faced by the whole world. Poverty and its associated problems, including hunger, diseases, and social conflicts, are serious impediments to people's pursuit of a better life, so the eradication of poverty has always been a wish to be fulfilled. The history of humankind is the history of relentless struggle against poverty.

中國是擁有14億人口、世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，基礎(chǔ)差、底子薄，發(fā)展不平衡，長(zhǎng)期飽受貧困問題困擾。中國的貧困規(guī)模之大、貧困分布之廣、貧困程度之深世所罕見，貧困治理難度超乎想象。
China is the world's largest developing country, with a population of 1.4 billion. In addition to its weak foundations and uneven development, the nation had long been plagued by poverty at a scale and a level of severity that has rarely been seen anywhere else in the world. As a result, the challenge of poverty alleviation in China almost defies imagination.

今年是中國共產(chǎn)黨成立100周年。100年來，中國共產(chǎn)黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民，以堅(jiān)定不移、頑強(qiáng)不屈的信念和意志與貧困作斗爭(zhēng)。中共十八大以來，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國組織實(shí)施了人類歷史上規(guī)模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。2021年2月25日，習(xí)近平總書記在全國脫貧攻堅(jiān)總結(jié)表彰大會(huì)上莊嚴(yán)宣告，脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)取得了全面勝利，中國完成了消除絕對(duì)貧困的艱巨任務(wù)。
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the Party has united and led the Chinese people in the battle against poverty with unwavering faith and will. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party Central Committee, with General Secretary Xi Jinping at the core, has fought a decisive battle against poverty that is unprecedented in scale and intensity, and has benefited the largest number of people in human history. At a grand gathering held on February 25, 2021, to mark China's achievements in poverty alleviation and to honor its model fighters against poverty, General Secretary Xi solemnly declared: Victory in the battle against poverty is complete, and China completed the arduous task of eliminating extreme poverty.

占世界人口近五分之一的中國全面消除絕對(duì)貧困，提前10年實(shí)現(xiàn)《聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》減貧目標(biāo)，不僅是中華民族發(fā)展史上具有里程碑意義的大事件，也是人類減貧史乃至人類發(fā)展史上的大事件，為全球減貧事業(yè)發(fā)展和人類發(fā)展進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。
China is home to nearly one fifth of the world's population. Its complete eradication of extreme poverty – the first target of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – 10 years ahead of schedule, is a milestone in the history of the Chinese nation and the history of humankind, making an important contribution to the cause of global poverty alleviation.

貧窮不是命中注定，貧困并非不可戰(zhàn)勝。中國減貧的實(shí)踐表明，與貧困作斗爭(zhēng)，最重要的是勇氣、遠(yuǎn)見、責(zé)任和擔(dān)當(dāng)。只要有堅(jiān)定意志和決心并付諸實(shí)際行動(dòng)，就能夠向著擺脫貧困、實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕的美好前景不斷邁進(jìn)。
Poverty is not predestined, nor is it unconquerable. China's experience in poverty alleviation indicates that courage, vision, sense of responsibility, and the eagerness to take on challenges are the most essential. With strong will and determination, as well as practical action, one can make steady progress towards overcoming poverty and realizing common prosperity.

為記錄中國消除絕對(duì)貧困的偉大歷程，介紹人類減貧的中國探索和實(shí)踐，分享中國扶貧脫貧的經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
This white paper is being issued to record the course of the Chinese people's great fight in eliminating extreme poverty, introduce China's approach, and share its experience and actions in poverty alleviation.

一、中國共產(chǎn)黨的莊嚴(yán)承諾
I. The Solemn Commitment of the CPC

中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創(chuàng)造了輝煌燦爛的中華文明。中華民族又是飽經(jīng)苦難的民族，廣大勞動(dòng)人民長(zhǎng)期處于貧困狀態(tài)。幾千年來，中國人民始終為擺脫貧困艱難求索。近代以后，在封建腐朽統(tǒng)治和西方列強(qiáng)侵略下，中國淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)，億萬民眾處于貧困甚至赤貧狀態(tài)。中國人民始終不屈不撓、奮力抗?fàn)帲冀K夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)國家富強(qiáng)、民族復(fù)興，始終夢(mèng)想過上幸福美好的生活。
The Chinese nation has a long history, diligent and intelligent people and splendid civilization. Over the history of thousands of years, eliminating poverty has been the persistent goal of the Chinese people, who suffered hardships and difficulties frequently. From the middle of the 19th century, foreign aggression and the decadence of the imperial dynasty reduced China to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, and hundreds of millions of its people were plunged into poverty or even extreme poverty. But the Chinese people have fought with fortitude to realize their dream – achieving economic prosperity, national rejuvenation, and a happy and better life.

（一）中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民奪取革命勝利，建立新中國，開啟了實(shí)現(xiàn)國家富強(qiáng)、人民富裕的嶄新歷程
1. The CPC Led the People to Win Victory in the Revolution, Build the People's Republic of China (PRC), Opening a New Journey Towards Prosperity

1921年7月，中國共產(chǎn)黨誕生。中國產(chǎn)生了共產(chǎn)黨，這是開天辟地的大事變。從誕生之日起，中國共產(chǎn)黨就把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復(fù)興作為初心使命，團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民為創(chuàng)造自己的美好生活進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期艱辛奮斗。以毛澤東同志為核心的第一代中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體，把農(nóng)民翻身解放作為革命的基本問題，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民進(jìn)行土地革命、實(shí)行“耕者有其田”，推翻了帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的反動(dòng)統(tǒng)治，取得新民主主義革命勝利，建立了新中國，結(jié)束了中國人民長(zhǎng)期以來遭受壓迫與剝削的歷史，結(jié)束了國家戰(zhàn)亂頻仍、四分五裂的局面，實(shí)現(xiàn)了民族獨(dú)立和人民解放，為中國擺脫貧窮落后、實(shí)現(xiàn)繁榮富強(qiáng)掃清了障礙、創(chuàng)造了根本政治條件。
The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epochal event in China's history. The CPC has taken the happiness of the people and rejuvenation of the nation as its aspiration since its founding, and united and led the people to fight for a better life over the decades. The Party's first generation of central collective leadership under Mao Zedong regarded the liberation of peasants as the fundamental issue of the revolution, led the people to launch the Agrarian Revolution to realize the goal of "the land to the tiller", overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, and won victory in the New Democratic Revolution and established the PRC, bringing an end to sustained oppression, exploitation of the people, frequent wars, and partitioning of the country, and realizing the goals of national independence and people's liberation. This helped to remove the obstacles to China's progress, and created the political conditions it needed to eradicate poverty, regain national strength, and realize prosperity for everyone.

1949年10月1日，中華人民共和國成立，中國人民從此站立起來、當(dāng)家做主，真正成為新國家新社會(huì)的主人。面對(duì)一窮二白、百業(yè)凋敝的困難局面，中國共產(chǎn)黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)人民自力更生、艱苦奮斗，發(fā)奮圖強(qiáng)、重整山河。在全國開展轟轟烈烈的土地改革，延續(xù)2000多年的封建土地制度被廢除，消除了造成農(nóng)民貧困的主要制度因素。對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)和資本主義工商業(yè)進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義改造，建立起社會(huì)主義基本制度，為從根本上解決貧困問題提供了最基本制度保證。開展大規(guī)模社會(huì)主義建設(shè)，建立獨(dú)立的、比較完整的工業(yè)體系和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，大力發(fā)展集體經(jīng)濟(jì)，大興農(nóng)田水利。大辦農(nóng)村教育和合作醫(yī)療，探索建立以集體經(jīng)濟(jì)為基礎(chǔ)、以“五?！敝贫群吞乩后w救濟(jì)為主體的農(nóng)村初級(jí)社會(huì)保障體系。社會(huì)主義建設(shè)在曲折中向前推進(jìn)，人民物質(zhì)生活和文化水平逐步提高，占世界近四分之一人口的中國人民特別是農(nóng)民的基本生活需求得到初步滿足。
The founding of the PRC on October 1, 1949, allowed the Chinese people to stand upright and become the true masters of the country. To change the backward situation starting from scratch, the CPC united and led the people to rely on themselves and strived to build their homeland with strong determination and concerted effort. Land reform was rolled out across the country, abolishing the feudal land system that had endured for over 2,000 years. This removed the major institutional obstacle to eliminating poverty. Socialist transformation was carried out in agriculture, individual craft industries, and capitalist industry and commerce. The establishment of the socialist system provided a basic institutional guarantee for addressing the root causes of poverty. Socialist development was carried out on all fronts, creating an independent and rather complete industrial system and economic system. Efforts were made to develop the collective economy, improve farmland irrigation and water conservation, and develop rural education and cooperative medical services. A preliminary social security system took shape, with the collective economy at the base, and the "five guarantees"[ The National Agricultural Development Program (1956-1967) specified that agricultural cooperatives should give proper care to commune members who could not work and had no family to support them, by providing them with proper food, clothing, fuel, and education (for children and teenagers), and by paying their burial expenses. ] and relief for people in extreme poverty as the core. The Chinese people – including the farmers – who made up nearly one quarter of the world's population, saw their basic living needs met. Their living standards and educational level improved. Socialist building during this period pressed ahead amidst successes and setbacks.

（二）改革開放極大促進(jìn)了中國發(fā)展，中國減貧進(jìn)程加快推進(jìn)
2. Reform and Opening Up Accelerated Development and Poverty Alleviation in China

1978年12月，中共中央召開十一屆三中全會(huì)，開啟了中國改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新時(shí)期。改革開放是中國人民和中華民族發(fā)展史上的又一次偉大革命，為中國注入了創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力。中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)快速發(fā)展，中國減貧進(jìn)程加快推進(jìn)，貧困人口大幅度減少。
Held in December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of reform and opening up and socialist modernization in China. Reform and opening up has been another great revolution in the history of the Chinese people and Chinese nation, injecting momentum and innovation. The rapid socioeconomic development that ensued gave a vigorous boost to poverty alleviation, and resulted in a sharp decline in the impoverished population.

改革開放初期，面對(duì)中國農(nóng)村貧困人口基數(shù)大、貧困發(fā)生率高的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)，以鄧小平同志為核心的第二代中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體，作出“貧窮不是社會(huì)主義，社會(huì)主義要消滅貧窮”的重要論斷，提出到20世紀(jì)末人民生活達(dá)到小康水平的目標(biāo)，制定“三步走”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，提出“兩個(gè)大局”的戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想，實(shí)施一系列農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村重大改革，從國家層面開展大規(guī)模、有計(jì)劃、有組織的扶貧開發(fā)。在農(nóng)村實(shí)施以家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包為主的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任制和統(tǒng)分結(jié)合的雙層經(jīng)營體制，理順了農(nóng)村最基本的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系，調(diào)動(dòng)了農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)積極性，使農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)迅速扭轉(zhuǎn)了長(zhǎng)期徘徊不前的局面。實(shí)施農(nóng)產(chǎn)品流通體制改革，大力發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)，促進(jìn)了農(nóng)村整體收入水平提高。成立專門扶貧機(jī)構(gòu)，確定了扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、重點(diǎn)片區(qū)和貧困縣，啟動(dòng)實(shí)施“三西”農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)。通過一系列重大舉措，解放了農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)力，釋放了農(nóng)村活力，推動(dòng)了農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了農(nóng)民收入增加和觀念更新，中國扶貧開發(fā)進(jìn)入歷史新時(shí)期。
In the initial period of reform and opening up, confronted by the grim challenge of a large rural impoverished population base and a high incidence of poverty, the second generation of the central collective leadership headed by Deng Xiaoping issued a declaration that "Poverty is not socialism; socialism means eliminating poverty". It set the goal of ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life by the end of the 20th century, formulated a three-step strategic plan[ The 13th CPC National Congress proposed that a three-step strategic plan for China's economic development would be laid out after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee: doubling the 1980 GNP by the end of the 1980s and ensuring that the people would have adequate food and clothing as the first step; doubling the 1990 GNP by the end of the 20th century and ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life as the second step; and increasing the per capita GNP level to that of moderately developed countries, ensuring the people a relatively affluent life, and realizing basic modernization by the middle of the 21st century as the third step. ], and articulated the vision of "Two Development Strategies"[ In 1988, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "The coastal areas, which comprise a vast region with a population of 200 million, should accelerate their opening to the outside world, and we should help them develop rapidly first; afterwards they can promote the development of the interior. The development of the coastal areas is of overriding importance, and the interior provinces should subordinate themselves to it. When the coastal areas have developed to a certain extent, they will be required to give more help to the interior. Then, the development of the interior provinces will be of overriding importance, and the coastal areas will in turn have to subordinate themselves to it." (Source: "The Central Leadership Must Have Authority", Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol III.) ]. A swathe of major reforms involving agriculture and rural areas were launched, providing for a massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation effort at the national level. The two-tier management system adopted in the rural areas, integrating cooperative management with household contract management, clarified the most basic production relations and inspired the farmers' enthusiasm, bringing an end to a period of protracted stagnation in agricultural output. Reform of the distribution system for agricultural products was enacted. A major effort was made to develop township enterprises in order to increase overall incomes in rural areas. Special poverty alleviation agencies were set up, poverty standards were set, key impoverished areas and counties were identified, and a special plan for agricultural development in the three western regions[ The three western regions were Hexi Region and Dingxi Region in Gansu Province and the mountainous region in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the most impoverished contiguous areas in the country at the beginning of reform and opening up. In December 1982, China launched poverty alleviation initiatives in these regions to boost their agricultural development. This involved 47 counties, cities and districts (which expanded to 57 in 1992). It was a groundbreaking project in China's poverty alleviation efforts. It set a precedent in regional poverty alleviation, accumulating rich experience in moving from relief-based poverty alleviation to development-driven poverty alleviation, pooling resources for the development of impoverished areas, for poverty alleviation through relocation, and for combining development-driven poverty alleviation with developing the eco-economy. These successful measures have had a profound influence on massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation efforts across the country starting from 1986. ] was launched. These measures liberated the rural productive forces, released vitality, boosted economic development, increased farmers' incomes, and updated their mindsets. Development-driven poverty alleviation opened a new chapter in China.

上世紀(jì)90年代初，在農(nóng)村貧困問題大大緩解的同時(shí)，貧困問題由普遍性分布呈現(xiàn)分層、分塊、分化等新特征，區(qū)域間發(fā)展不均衡問題凸顯。以江澤民同志為核心的第三代中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體，制定新的“三步走”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，提出全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)目標(biāo)，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)國家行動(dòng)。1994年，中國國務(wù)院印發(fā)《國家八七扶貧攻堅(jiān)計(jì)劃（1994－2000年）》，這是新中國歷史上第一個(gè)有明確目標(biāo)、明確對(duì)象、明確措施和明確期限的全國扶貧開發(fā)工作綱領(lǐng)。“八七計(jì)劃”提出，從1994年到2000年，力爭(zhēng)用7年左右的時(shí)間，基本解決當(dāng)時(shí)全國農(nóng)村8000萬貧困人口的溫飽問題。1996年，中共中央召開扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議，進(jìn)一步明確到20世紀(jì)末基本解決貧困人口溫飽問題的目標(biāo)絕不動(dòng)搖，確定了由救濟(jì)式扶貧轉(zhuǎn)向開發(fā)式扶貧的基本方針。1999年，中共中央召開扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議，對(duì)奪取“八七計(jì)劃”的勝利作出部署。2001年，中共中央召開扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議，中國國務(wù)院印發(fā)《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2001－2010年）》。中國的扶貧開發(fā)在取得重要階段性進(jìn)展基礎(chǔ)上，繼續(xù)向縱深推進(jìn)。按照當(dāng)時(shí)的扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，2000年底，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口減少到3209萬人，貧困發(fā)生率降低到3.5%。
By the early 1990s, there had been visible progress in poverty alleviation in rural areas. In the meantime, poverty had evolved from a widespread problem into one afflicting particular regions, groups and populations, highlighting the problem of uneven regional development. The Party's third generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core formulated a three-step development strategic plan[ The 15th CPC National Congress held in 1997 drew up a new three-step strategic plan. The first step involved doubling the 2000 GNP, giving the people greater prosperity, and putting in place a relatively complete socialist market economy system, all by the end of 2010. The second step involved working hard for another decade to further develop the economy by the centenary of the CPC, and to improve all relevant systems. The third step involved realizing basic modernization and developing China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, and culturally advanced by the time we celebrate the centenary of the PRC in the middle of the 21st century. ], put forward the goal of achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, and continued to press ahead with massive national campaigns on poverty alleviation. In 1994, the State Council launched the Priority Poverty Alleviation Program (1994-2000), China's first ever national poverty alleviation program with definite goals, targets, measures and deadlines. It committed to ensuring that the basic needs of 80 million impoverished rural residents would be met in the seven years from 1994 to 2000. In 1996, the central authorities held the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, further clarifying the steadfast commitment to the goal of being able to provide adequate food and clothing for the impoverished people by the end of the 20th century and confirming the shift from relief-based poverty alleviation to development-driven poverty alleviation. In 1999, the central authorities held the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, making plans to ensure success of the Priority Poverty Alleviation Program. Another conference on poverty alleviation was convened in 2001, and the State Council issued the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2001-2010). On the basis of initial progress of China's poverty alleviation, the campaign continued with further measures. By the end of 2000, the impoverished population in rural areas had been reduced to 32.09 million and the incidence of poverty down to 3.5%, based on the poverty alleviation standard at the time.

進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，以胡錦濤同志為總書記的中共中央，堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)，提出全面建成小康社會(huì)目標(biāo)，推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，制定實(shí)施一系列扶貧開發(fā)新政策新舉措。對(duì)扶貧工作重點(diǎn)與瞄準(zhǔn)對(duì)象作出重大調(diào)整，把中西部地區(qū)作為扶貧工作重點(diǎn)區(qū)域，在592個(gè)國家扶貧工作重點(diǎn)縣的基礎(chǔ)上，選定15萬個(gè)貧困村作為扶貧對(duì)象，實(shí)施參與式“整村推進(jìn)”扶貧。大力推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧和勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)轉(zhuǎn)移，積極開展易地搬遷扶貧和生態(tài)移民。實(shí)施西部大開發(fā)、振興東北地區(qū)等老工業(yè)基地、中部地區(qū)崛起等國家區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，促進(jìn)區(qū)域、城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。取消農(nóng)業(yè)稅，建立新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療等一系列農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度，農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)重的狀況得到根本性改變。2011年，中共中央召開扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011－2020年）》。中國的扶貧開發(fā)，從以解決溫飽為主要任務(wù)的階段轉(zhuǎn)入鞏固溫飽成果、加快脫貧致富、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、提高發(fā)展能力、縮小發(fā)展差距的新階段。按照當(dāng)時(shí)的扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，2010年底，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口減少到2688萬人，貧困發(fā)生率降為2.8%；2011年，中國將扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高到2300元，在新的扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，中國貧困人口為1.22億。
In the 21st century, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary embraced the Scientific Outlook on Development. Its goals were to advance the development of a harmonious society, build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and facilitate the development of a new socialist countryside. It enacted a new series of poverty alleviation policies and measures. This resulted in major adjustments to the focus and targets of poverty alleviation work, listing the central and western regions as the priority region, and choosing as individual targets 150,000 impoverished villages besides the 592 key counties, where the full participation of villagers in poverty alleviation efforts was encouraged. A whole range of efforts were directed to business development, the training and transfer of rural labor, poverty alleviation through relocation, and relocation for the development of the eco-economy. State strategy of regional development was implemented, such as developing west China, revitalizing old industrial bases in the northeast, and stimulating the rise of the central region. These achieved coordinated development between regions and between rural and urban areas. The Agricultural Tax was abolished and a series of rural social security systems such as the new cooperative medical care system were established, greatly easing the burden on farmers. The National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in 2011 made plans for a new phase in the battle against poverty to ensure that moderate prosperity in all respects would be achieved by 2020. After the meeting, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020). China's poverty alleviation effort had evolved from its primary mission – meeting the basic needs of the poor – to a new stage of consolidating this achievement, accelerating poverty alleviation, improving the eco-environment, increasing development capacity, and bridging the development gap. By the end of 2010, according to the poverty standard, the impoverished rural population had been reduced to 26.88 million, and the incidence of poverty had fallen to 2.8%. In 2011, the standard was raised to RMB2,300, and accordingly the poor population was 122 million.

（三）中國發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，中國減貧進(jìn)入脫貧攻堅(jiān)歷史新階段
3. China in a New Era and a New Battle Against Poverty

中共十八大以來，中國發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，全面建成小康社會(huì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)百年奮斗目標(biāo)進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵階段。經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)快速發(fā)展，綜合國力明顯增強(qiáng)，社會(huì)保障體系更加健全，國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化加快推進(jìn)，為減貧事業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的人力、財(cái)力、物力基礎(chǔ)，提供了有力制度支撐。同時(shí)，中國仍然面臨嚴(yán)峻的貧困形勢(shì)，面對(duì)的都是貧中之貧、堅(jiān)中之堅(jiān)，減貧進(jìn)入啃硬骨頭、攻堅(jiān)拔寨的沖刺階段，采用常規(guī)思路和辦法、按部就班推進(jìn)難以完成任務(wù)，必須以更大的決心、更明確的思路、更精準(zhǔn)的舉措、超常規(guī)的力度，眾志成城實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧攻堅(jiān)目標(biāo)。
China marched into a new era after the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. The country reached a critical stage in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving the First Centenary Goal. Rapid economic and social development, a marked increase in comprehensive national strength, a better social security system, and progress in modernizing China's system and capacity for governance provided solid manpower, material, and financial foundations and strong institutional support for its poverty alleviation efforts. But the country still faced a daunting challenge since it had to solve the most difficult problems in raising the poorest population out of poverty in the coming period. China's battle against extreme poverty had entered the toughest stage. It was hard to complete the task with conventional approaches and ideas. To achieve the goal of poverty alleviation, the nation had to pull together with greater determination, sharper thinking, more targeted measures, and extraordinary efforts.

以習(xí)近平同志為核心的中共中央，把人民對(duì)美好生活的向往作為奮斗目標(biāo)，提出實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢(mèng)，推進(jìn)決勝全面建成小康社會(huì)，把貧困人口全部脫貧作為全面建成小康社會(huì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)百年奮斗目標(biāo)的底線任務(wù)和標(biāo)志性指標(biāo)，將脫貧攻堅(jiān)納入“五位一體”總體布局和“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，明確到2020年現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下農(nóng)村貧困人口實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧、貧困縣全部摘帽、解決區(qū)域性整體貧困的目標(biāo)任務(wù)，匯聚全黨全國全社會(huì)之力打響脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。習(xí)近平總書記時(shí)刻掛念貧困地區(qū)和困難群眾，把扶貧作為治國理政的重要內(nèi)容，花的精力最多，提出一系列重要思想重要論述，作出一系列重大決策部署。2012年，中共十八大提出全面建成小康社會(huì)奮斗目標(biāo)，十八大召開后不久，習(xí)近平總書記就指出“小康不小康，關(guān)鍵看老鄉(xiāng)，關(guān)鍵在貧困的老鄉(xiāng)能不能脫貧”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“決不能落下一個(gè)貧困地區(qū)、一個(gè)貧困群眾”，拉開了新時(shí)代脫貧攻堅(jiān)的序幕。2013年，習(xí)近平總書記赴湖南省花垣縣十八洞村考察時(shí)，首次提出“實(shí)事求是、因地制宜、分類指導(dǎo)、精準(zhǔn)扶貧”的理念。2014年，習(xí)近平總書記在參加十二屆全國人大二次會(huì)議貴州代表團(tuán)審議時(shí)指出，“看真貧、扶真貧、真扶貧”。2015年，習(xí)近平總書記出席中央扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議時(shí)指出，“要立下愚公移山志，咬定目標(biāo)、苦干實(shí)干”，吹響了脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的沖鋒號(hào)。2017年，習(xí)近平總書記在中共十九大報(bào)告中指出，“讓貧困人口和貧困地區(qū)同全國一道進(jìn)入全面小康社會(huì)是我們黨的莊嚴(yán)承諾”“堅(jiān)決打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)”，動(dòng)員全黨全國全社會(huì)聚力攻克深度貧困堡壘、決戰(zhàn)決勝脫貧攻堅(jiān)。2020年，面對(duì)突如其來的新冠肺炎疫情，習(xí)近平總書記主持召開決戰(zhàn)決勝脫貧攻堅(jiān)座談會(huì)進(jìn)行再部署再動(dòng)員，指出農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧“必須如期實(shí)現(xiàn)，沒有任何退路和彈性。這是一場(chǎng)硬仗，越到最后越要緊繃這根弦，不能停頓、不能大意、不能放松”，要求全黨全國以更大的決心、更強(qiáng)的力度，做好“加試題”、打好收官戰(zhàn)，信心百倍向著脫貧攻堅(jiān)的最后勝利進(jìn)軍。
The CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core takes the desire of the people for a better life as its goal. It has committed to realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Poverty alleviation, a key task and index of the realization of the First Centenary Goal, has been included in the Five-sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy. The CPC set the goals that by 2020 it would help all the rural population out of poverty as defined by the existing standard, raise all impoverished counties out of poverty, and eliminate poverty over entire regions – mobilizing the whole Party, the whole country, and all sectors of society to engage in this battle. President Xi Jinping, always concerned about impoverished regions and families in straitened circumstances, has always put poverty alleviation at the top of his work agenda and devoted much of his energy to it. He has presented a series of important ideas and proposals, and made some major policy decisions. The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 set the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Soon after that, Xi enunciated, "To achieve initial prosperity in the countryside, it is essential to raise rural living standards and particularly those of impoverished villagers." Launching the campaign against poverty in the new era, he also emphasized, "No single poor area or single poor person should be left behind in achieving this goal." In 2013, on his inspection tour to Shibadong Village, Huayuan County, Hunan Province, Xi proposed for the first time the concept of "giving differentiated guidance for targeted poverty alleviation in line with local conditions by seeking truth from facts". In 2014, while attending the deliberation session of the Guizhou delegation at the Second Plenary Session of the 12th National People's Congress, Xi stated, "Inspection tours must be conducted to identify the truly poor. Poverty alleviation must reach those who truly need it, and poverty must be fully eliminated." In 2015, at the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, he sounded the bugle call to battle, "We should be determined, dedicate ourselves, and work hard towards the goal." In 2017, in the report to the 19th CPC National Congress, Xi emphasized the need to mobilize the energies of the whole Party, the whole country, and the whole of society to win the battle against extreme poverty and eradicate it, "Ensuring that poor people and poor areas will enter the moderately prosperous society together with the rest of the country is a solemn promise made by our Party… We must win the battle against poverty." In 2020, faced with the sudden attack of Covid-19, Xi mapped out new plans for mobilization at a seminar on poverty alleviation, emphasizing that lifting poor people in the rural areas out of poverty "must be achieved as scheduled". "It is non-negotiable. This is a tough battle with no route of retreat. We must double our efforts till the last minute. We must not pause, slacken off or be negligent." He asked the whole Party to perform well in this "difficult test", to apply more determination and more vigor, and to be confident of bringing the battle to a successful end.

習(xí)近平總書記親自指揮、親自部署、親自督戰(zhàn)，出席中央扶貧開發(fā)工作會(huì)議，7次主持召開中央扶貧工作座談會(huì)，50多次調(diào)研扶貧工作，連續(xù)5年審定脫貧攻堅(jiān)成效考核結(jié)果，連續(xù)7年在全國扶貧日期間出席重要活動(dòng)或作出重要指示，連續(xù)7年在新年賀詞中強(qiáng)調(diào)脫貧攻堅(jiān)，每年在全國兩會(huì)期間下團(tuán)組同代表委員共商脫貧攻堅(jiān)大計(jì)，多次回信勉勵(lì)基層干部群眾投身減貧事業(yè)。習(xí)近平總書記走遍全國14個(gè)集中連片特困地區(qū)，考察了20多個(gè)貧困村，深入貧困家庭訪貧問苦，傾聽貧困群眾意見建議，了解扶貧脫貧需求，極大鼓舞了貧困群眾脫貧致富的信心和決心。2021年2月25日，習(xí)近平總書記在全國脫貧攻堅(jiān)總結(jié)表彰大會(huì)上莊嚴(yán)宣告中國脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)取得了全面勝利，完成了消除絕對(duì)貧困的艱巨任務(wù)，創(chuàng)造了又一個(gè)彪炳史冊(cè)的人間奇跡。
President Xi Jinping has assumed leadership, made plans, and directed the battle in person. He has attended the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, and presided over seven seminars on poverty elimination. He has made over 50 fact-finding trips. In every one of the last five years, he has reviewed the evaluation reports of the poverty alleviation work. In every one of the last seven years, he has attended important events or issued directives on the National Poverty Alleviation Day. In every one of the last seven years, he has expounded on the fight against extreme poverty in his New Year address. In every one of the last eight years, he has discussed plans for the battle against poverty with delegates during the Two Sessions and written letters to encourage grassroots officials and communities to engage in the great fight. He has visited every one of the 14 contiguous poor areas across the country and over 20 poor villages, and sat in the homes of impoverished households to hear of their difficulties, suggestions, and needs, building up their confidence and determination, and their belief that they can work their way out of poverty. On February 25, 2021, at the National Poverty Alleviation Summary and Commendation Conference, he declared that China had secured a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty, and completed the arduous task of eradicating extreme poverty – an outstanding and historic achievement.

回顧中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民消除絕對(duì)貧困的艱辛歷程，極不平凡，極不容易。100年來，中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅(jiān)守初心使命，擔(dān)當(dāng)起對(duì)人民的責(zé)任，踐行對(duì)人民的承諾，為實(shí)現(xiàn)民族獨(dú)立、人民解放和國家富強(qiáng)、人民富裕接續(xù)奮斗，付出巨大犧牲，贏得了人民的擁護(hù)和信賴。100年來，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國人民自強(qiáng)不息、艱苦奮斗，依靠自己的雙手，付出難以想象的辛勞和汗水，擺脫了絕對(duì)貧困，走上了全面小康、共同富裕的康莊大道。100年來，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國迎來了從站起來、富起來到強(qiáng)起來的偉大飛躍，人民的生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)充分保障，社會(huì)公平正義有力彰顯，為更好實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。
The strenuous process whereby the CPC has led the Chinese people in the battle against poverty has been extraordinary and difficult. Over the past 100 years, the Party has committed itself to the original aspiration of seeking happiness for the people, taken on its responsibility for the people, honored its promise to the people, and made huge sacrifices in fighting to win national independence and people's liberation, to make China prosperous and strong, and to bring common prosperity to all. In the process it has won the support and trust of the people. Over the past 100 years the Chinese people, under the leadership of the CPC, have never faltered in pursuit of progress, have put in unimaginable efforts, and have relied on themselves to eradicate extreme poverty, and march towards shared all-round prosperity. Over the past 100 years, under the leadership of the CPC, China has stood tall, become prosperous, and grown in overall national strength. The protection of the rights to subsistence and development, and the promotion of equality and justice have laid solid foundations for well-rounded human development.