五、促進社會公平保障特定群體權(quán)益
V. Promoting Social Equity and Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

全面建成小康社會，一個也不能少。中國切實維護和促進農(nóng)民權(quán)益，高度重視對婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人及少數(shù)民族等特定群體權(quán)益的保障，使他們享有均等機會，以平等身份充分參與經(jīng)濟政治文化社會生活，共享發(fā)展成果。
A moderately prosperous society is to be enjoyed by each and every one of us. China takes solid measures to protect and promote the rights and interests of rural people, and attaches great importance to protecting the rights of women, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and ethnic minority groups, ensuring their equal status and providing them with equal opportunities to participate in economic, political, cultural and social life and enjoy the fruits of development.

1.農(nóng)民權(quán)益保障全方位改善
1. Upgrading Protection of the Rights of Rural People

土地制度改革極大增進農(nóng)民財產(chǎn)性權(quán)利。改革開放后實施家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制，解決了農(nóng)民的溫飽問題；全面取消農(nóng)業(yè)稅費，減輕了農(nóng)民負擔(dān)。中共十八大以來，穩(wěn)定農(nóng)村土地承包關(guān)系并保持長久不變，實施農(nóng)村集體土地所有權(quán)、承包權(quán)、經(jīng)營權(quán)“三權(quán)分置”，賦予農(nóng)民對承包地占有、使用、收益、流轉(zhuǎn)及經(jīng)營權(quán)融資擔(dān)保權(quán)能，保障農(nóng)戶宅基地用益物權(quán)，增加農(nóng)民財產(chǎn)性收入，賦予農(nóng)民更多財產(chǎn)權(quán)利。截至2020年，31個?。▍^(qū)、市）均開展了承包地確權(quán)工作，承包地確權(quán)面積達15億畝，完善土地承包合同2億份，頒發(fā)土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)證書2億份。
Boosting rural property right through land reform. Rural people’s basic needs are ensured by the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output, introduced after the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, and their burden is eased with the abolition of agricultural taxes and fees.
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, measures have been taken to ensure that rural land contracting practices will remain stable and unchanged on a long-term basis. The system for separating the ownership, contractual, and management rights for contracted rural land has improved. Farmers have the right to possess, use and benefit from the contracted land, and can transfer or mortgage their management right. The government ensures rural households’ usufruct of their landholdings. It aims to help rural people increase income from property and endowing them with more property rights.
As of 2020, all 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units had begun to certify the rights to contracted land, confirming the contractual right to 100 million ha of land, upgrading 200 million land contracts, and issuing 200 million land contractual management certificates.

農(nóng)民工生活條件不斷改善。2012年至2020年，全國農(nóng)民工人均月收入從2290元上升到4072元。進城農(nóng)民工居住環(huán)境明顯改善，人均居住面積達到21.5平方米，住房中有洗澡設(shè)施的占85.4%，能上網(wǎng)的占94.8%，擁有電冰箱、洗衣機、汽車（包括經(jīng)營用車）的比重分別為67%、68.1%、30.8%。
Improving the lives of migrant workers. The per capita monthly income of migrant workers increased from RMB2,290 in 2012 to RMB4,072 in 2020. Migrant workers in cities now enjoy much better housing, with a per capita living area of 21.5 sq m. 85.4 percent of them have showers, 94.8 percent have access to the internet, 67 percent have refrigerators, 68.1 percent have washing machines, and 30.8 percent have automobiles for private or business use.

關(guān)愛農(nóng)村留守人員。隨著返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)、就業(yè)扶貧、隨遷子女就地入學(xué)等工作的持續(xù)開展，全國農(nóng)村留守兒童數(shù)量從2016年的902萬名下降到2020年的643.6萬名。印發(fā)《關(guān)于進一步健全農(nóng)村留守兒童和困境兒童關(guān)愛服務(wù)體系的意見》《關(guān)于勞動密集型企業(yè)進一步加強農(nóng)村留守兒童和困境兒童關(guān)愛服務(wù)工作的指導(dǎo)意見》等政策文件，完善農(nóng)村留守兒童關(guān)愛工作頂層設(shè)計。印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強農(nóng)村留守婦女關(guān)愛服務(wù)工作的意見》，結(jié)合各地實際，面向有困難、有需求的農(nóng)村留守婦女提供相應(yīng)關(guān)愛服務(wù)。印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛服務(wù)工作的意見》，農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛服務(wù)政策已實現(xiàn)省級層面全覆蓋，有力保障了特殊困難老年人基本生活。
Caring for family members of migrant workers left behind in rural areas. Policies have been introduced to boost employment for poverty alleviation and more people are returning to their hometowns to work or start businesses. There is also help to enable the children of migrant workers to go to school in cities where their parents work. This has resulted in a drop in the number of left-behind children, from 9 million in 2016 to 6.4 million in 2020.
The government has issued the Opinions on Further Improving the System of Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Children and Children in Need, and the Guidelines for Labor-Intensive Enterprises to Further Strengthen Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Children and Children in Need, to improve policy design in this regard. The government has also issued the Opinions on Strengthening Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Women, to provide services to rural women in need, and the Opinions on Strengthening Care and Services for Rural Left-Behind Elderly, to ensure basic needs for poor elderly people through service networks covering all provinces.

農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境極大改善。推進農(nóng)村生活垃圾治理，扎實開展農(nóng)村廁所革命，梯次推進農(nóng)村生活污水治理，提升村容村貌。截至2020年，全國95%以上村莊開展了清潔行動。2019年至2020年，累計安排144億元中央財政資金實施農(nóng)村廁所革命整村推進獎補政策，安排中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資60億元支持中西部省份以縣為單位開展農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治項目建設(shè)。中央財政對農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治成效明顯的39個縣給予激勵支持。
Enhancing the rural living environment. To improve the living environment in rural areas, proper facilities have been created for treating household waste and domestic sewage, and solid efforts have been made to enhance toilet sanitation through the “toilet revolution”. As of 2020, more than 95 percent of villages had taken action for a cleaner environment. In 2019 and 2020, the government allocated RMB14.4 billion from central finance to subsidize the “toilet revolution” in villages, and RMB6 billion from the central budget to support programs for improving the rural living environment in the counties of central and western provinces. Monetary incentives were given to the 39 best-performing counties.

2.婦女兒童老年人權(quán)益保障持續(xù)加強
2. Increasing Protection of the Rights of Women, Children and the Elderly

法律政策體系日臻完善。中國于20世紀90年代先后制定未成年人保護法、婦女權(quán)益保障法、老年人權(quán)益保障法，并對三項法律進行多次修改完善。制定母嬰保健法、反家庭暴力法、預(yù)防未成年人犯罪法等法律，頒布《女職工勞動保護特別規(guī)定》《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》《校車安全管理條例》《未成年工特殊保護規(guī)定》等行政法規(guī)及部門規(guī)章，為保障婦女兒童老年人權(quán)益奠定了法律基礎(chǔ)。印發(fā)《關(guān)于建立健全法規(guī)政策性別平等評估機制的意見》，切實從法規(guī)、規(guī)章、政策的源頭上貫徹男女平等基本國策，促進婦女全面發(fā)展。2020年頒布民法典，增設(shè)居住權(quán)，明確夫妻共同債務(wù)的范圍，增加防止和制止性騷擾等條款，進一步提高了婦女兒童老年人等群體的保護水平。中國政府先后制定實施三個周期的中國婦女發(fā)展綱要、中國兒童發(fā)展綱要和五個老齡事業(yè)發(fā)展綱要（規(guī)劃）。
Optimizing laws and policies. Since they were promulgated in the 1990s, the Law on the Protection of Minors, the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests, and the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly have undergone multiple revisions to better serve their purpose.
A series of laws and regulations, including the Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, the Special Provisions on Labor Protection for Female Employees, the Provisions on Prohibiting the Use of Child Labor, the Regulations on School Bus Safety Management, and the Special Provisions on the Protection of Juvenile Workers, have been enacted to lay down a legal basis for protecting the rights of women, children and the elderly. The government has issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Mechanism for Evaluating Gender Equality Implications in Laws, Regulations and Policies, to codify and institutionalize the basic national policy of gender equality and promote the all-round development of women.
The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 includes articles regarding the right of habitation, the common debts of spouses, and measures to prevent and stop sexual harassment, further strengthening protection for the three groups. The Chinese government has developed three outlines and plans for the development of women, three for children, and five for the elderly.

婦女經(jīng)濟社會參與能力不斷提升。全國15歲及以上女性文盲率由1979年的20.5%降至2017年的7.3%，普通高等學(xué)校本?？圃谛Ｅ荚谛Ｉ倲?shù)的比例由1978年的24.1%提高到2019年的51.7%。全國女性就業(yè)人數(shù)占全社會就業(yè)人數(shù)的比重超過四成。2018年修訂的農(nóng)村土地承包法明確規(guī)定，農(nóng)村土地承包，婦女與男子享有平等的權(quán)利。2018年十三屆全國人大代表中有742名婦女代表，占比24.9%，比1983年第六屆全國人大提高了3.7個百分點；十三屆全國政協(xié)委員中有440名女性委員，占比20.4%，比1983年第六屆全國政協(xié)提高了7.6個百分點。
Empowering women to participate in economic and social affairs. The illiteracy rate of women aged 15 years and above dropped from 20.5 percent in 1979 to 7.3 percent in 2017, and the proportion of female students in junior colleges and universities rose from 24.1 percent in 1978 to 51.7 percent in 2019. More than 40 percent of the employed are women.
The Law on Land Contract in Rural Areas amended in 2018 stipulates that women enjoy equal rights with men in undertaking land contracts. There were 742 female deputies to the 13th NPC in 2018, accounting for 24.9 percent of the total and 3.7 percentage points higher than the percentage of female deputies to the Sixth NPC in 1983. There were 440 female members in the 13th CPPCC National Committee, representing 20.4 percent of the total and 7.6 percentage points higher than that in the Sixth CPPCC National Committee in 1983.

婦女兒童健康保障水平進一步提高。2020年，全國孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前檢查率為97.4%，住院分娩率為99.9%。實施農(nóng)村婦女宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費檢查項目，將宮頸癌和乳腺癌納入國家大病救治范圍。實施貧困地區(qū)兒童營養(yǎng)改善項目，截至2020年，累計1120萬兒童從項目中受益。5歲以下兒童死亡率從1991年的61‰下降至2020年的7.5‰。
Improving health care for women and children. In 2020, the rate of prenatal care was 97.4 percent, and the rate of hospital deliveries was 99.9 percent. The government has carried out a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for women in rural areas, and brought cervical and breast cancer into the scope of national subsidies for serious illnesses.
The government has launched the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas, benefitting 11.2 million children by 2020. Between 1991 and 2020, the mortality rate of children under five decreased from 61 per thousand to 7.5 per thousand.

兒童得到特別關(guān)愛和特殊保護。2020年，全國有兒童社區(qū)服務(wù)中心2.9萬個，社區(qū)服務(wù)站24.9萬個，城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)家長學(xué)校36萬個，城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)兒童之家32萬余個。全國鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)一級配備兒童督導(dǎo)員5.6萬名，村一級配備兒童主任67.5萬名，基層兒童工作隊伍建設(shè)和兒童關(guān)愛服務(wù)水平不斷提高。進一步加強對孤兒、殘疾兒童、農(nóng)村留守兒童、困境兒童等特殊群體的關(guān)愛保護。加大孤兒保障力度。2019年，中央專項資金對孤兒基本生活補助標準提高50%，東、中、西部分別補助300元/月、450元/月和600元/月。截至2020年，全國兒童福利機構(gòu)集中養(yǎng)育孤兒6萬名，基本生活保障月平均標準達1611.3元/人；社會散居孤兒13.4萬名，基本社會保障月平均標準達1184.3元/人。印發(fā)《關(guān)于進一步加強事實無人撫養(yǎng)兒童保障工作的意見》，將事實無人撫養(yǎng)兒童全面納入制度保障范圍。截至2020年，全國共有25.4萬名事實無人撫養(yǎng)兒童納入保障范圍，全國平均保障標準達每人每月1184.3元。堅持對侵害未成年人犯罪“零容忍”。2017年至2020年，各級檢察機關(guān)共批準逮捕侵害未成年人犯罪16.02萬人，起訴21.85萬人。在司法程序中充分保障未成年被害人的合法權(quán)利，推行具備取證、心理疏導(dǎo)、司法救助等功能的“一站式”詢問、救助機制，截至2020年，全國共建成“一站式”詢問、救助辦案區(qū)1029個。加強未成年被害人多元綜合救助，2019年共向4306名未成年被害人及其家庭等發(fā)放救助金6200余萬元。
Providing special care and protection for children. In 2020, there were 29,000 community service centers and 249,000 service stations for children, 360,000 parenting schools, and 320,000 children’s activity centers in urban and rural communities. There were 56,000 child welfare supervisors in towns and townships, and 675,000 child welfare directors in villages, forming a strong grassroots force for children’s care and protection.
Greater care and protection have been given to orphans, children with disabilities, rural left-behind children whose parents work in cities, and children in need. The state has strengthened guarantee for the basic needs of orphans. In 2019, the basic living subsidies from special government funds for orphans increased by 50 percent to RMB300, RMB450 and RMB600 per person/month for eastern, central and western regions. At the end of 2020, there were 60,000 orphans in child welfare institutions, with an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,611 per person; there were 134,000 orphans not in care facilities, with an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,184 per person.
The government issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening Protection of Uncared-for Children, to bring all de facto orphans into the coverage of state support. By 2020, 254,000 uncared-for children were covered by state support, and given an average monthly living allowance of RMB1,184 per person.
The state maintains zero tolerance for crimes against minors. Between 2017 and 2020, prosecuting bodies at all levels approved the arrest of 160,200 people committing crimes against minors, and prosecuted 218,500 people. In judicial procedures, the rights of victimized minors are fully protected by promoting one-stop inquiry and assistance mechanisms integrating evidence collection, psychological counseling, and judicial assistance. By 2020, there were 1,029 one-stop inquiry and assistance sites across the country. More help is provided in different forms to minor victims. In 2019, more than RMB62 million of aid was granted to 4,306 minor victims and their families.

老年人生活和權(quán)益保障狀況持續(xù)改善。中國大力發(fā)展養(yǎng)老服務(wù)，逐步建立居家社區(qū)機構(gòu)相協(xié)調(diào)、醫(yī)養(yǎng)康養(yǎng)相結(jié)合的養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系，大力開展農(nóng)村留守老年人關(guān)愛服務(wù)，推進老年人家庭適老化改造和老年宜居環(huán)境建設(shè)，將贍養(yǎng)老人支出納入個人所得稅抵扣范圍，努力讓老年人老有所養(yǎng)、老有所依、老有所樂、老有所安。2020年，國家將1834萬困難老年人及時納入最低生活保障范圍，388萬老年人納入特困人員救助供養(yǎng)范圍。經(jīng)濟困難的高齡失能等老年人補貼制度實現(xiàn)省級全覆蓋。截至2020年，全國享受高齡津貼、護理補貼、服務(wù)補貼的老年人分別為3058.9萬、81萬和23.5萬。截至2020年，全國建成各類養(yǎng)老機構(gòu)3.8萬個，社區(qū)養(yǎng)老服務(wù)機構(gòu)和設(shè)施有28萬個，養(yǎng)老床位合計823.8萬張。國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)文件，強調(diào)堅持傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)方式與智能化服務(wù)創(chuàng)新并行，切實解決老年人在運用智能技術(shù)方面遇到的困難。
Guaranteeing the lives and rights of the elderly. The Chinese government is developing an old-age service network that coordinates home, community and facility care, and combines medical care with health preservation. It has strengthened care and services for left-behind elderly people in rural areas, and adapted home and public environments to make life easier for the elderly. Individual income tax deduction applies to expenses for taking care of elderly family members. The government aims to ensure care, support, recreation, and security for the elderly.
In 2020, the government brought 18.3 million poor elderly people into the scope of subsistence allowances, and covered 3.9 million elderly people living in extreme poverty with government support. Subsidies are ensured at the provincial level nationwide for poor elderly people who cannot perform essential self-care. As of 2020, 30.6 million elderly people enjoyed old-age allowances, 810,000 enjoyed nursing subsidies, and 235,000 enjoyed service subsidies. There were 38,000 care institutions and 280,000 community care facilities for the elderly across the country, with a total of 8.2 million beds.
The State Council has issued policies supporting the provision of both traditional and digital public services to ensure ease of access for elderly people.

3.少數(shù)民族權(quán)益保障進一步完善
3. Furthering Protection of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities

少數(shù)民族參與國家事務(wù)管理權(quán)利得到有效保障。嚴格落實憲法法律關(guān)于民族自治地方的自治機關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員中配備少數(shù)民族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的規(guī)定，以及關(guān)于少數(shù)民族人大代表選舉的規(guī)定。選舉法明確規(guī)定，人口特少的民族，至少應(yīng)有全國人大代表一人。55個少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國人大代表和全國政協(xié)委員。十三屆全國人大代表中，少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%。
Guaranteeing the right of ethnic minority groups to participate in the administration of state affairs. The provisions in the Constitution and laws regarding the representation of ethnic minority groups in the leadership of organs exercising regional autonomy and the election of ethnic minority deputies to the people’s congresses are strictly implemented.
The Electoral Law stipulates that ethnic groups with a small population shall have at least one deputy to the NPC. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies to the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 ethnic minority deputies, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total.

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)生活水平大幅提升。國家制定專項規(guī)劃，實施西部大開發(fā)、興邊富民行動、對口支援以及扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展、少數(shù)民族特色村鎮(zhèn)保護與發(fā)展等一系列政策措施，促進民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展。內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆五個自治區(qū)和貴州、云南、青海三個多民族省份2018年至2020年的總體經(jīng)濟增長幅度超過全國平均增長水平，居民人均可支配收入從1978年的150多元增長到2020年的24534元。
Raising the living standards of ethnic minority groups and areas. Special programs have been launched, and policies and measures have been implemented to boost the economy of ethnic minority areas, such as the development of the western region, the action plan to bring prosperity to border areas and their residents, paired assistance between developed areas and less developed ethnic autonomous areas, special support for ethnic groups with small populations, and preservation and development of ethnic minority villages and towns.
Between 2018 and 2020, the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai with large ethnic minority populations recorded faster economic growth than the national average. The per capita disposable income of their residents increased from RMB150 in 1978 to RMB24,534 in 2020.

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。中國通過發(fā)展民族地區(qū)各級各類學(xué)校，舉辦預(yù)科班、民族班，在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育，著力辦好民族地區(qū)高等教育等舉措，促進教育公平，保障少數(shù)民族受教育權(quán)利。民族地區(qū)已全面普及從小學(xué)到初中9年義務(wù)教育，西藏自治區(qū)和新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆阿克蘇地區(qū)、克孜勒蘇柯爾克孜自治州、喀什地區(qū)、和田地區(qū)四地州實現(xiàn)了從學(xué)前到高中階段15年免費教育。
Developing education in ethnic minority areas. China has adopted a series of measures to promote educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities’ right to education. These measures include opening more schools in ethnic minority areas, offering preparatory courses or special classes at secondary schools and universities to ethnic minority students, running boarding schools in farming and pastoral areas, and developing higher education in ethnic minority areas.
All ethnic minority areas have enforced nine-year compulsory education from primary school to junior high school. In the Tibet Autonomous Region and in Hotan, Kashgar, and Aksu prefectures and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students enjoy 15 years of free education from preschool to senior high school.

少數(shù)民族文化事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。在民族地區(qū)推廣普及國家通用語言文字，依法保障各民族使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由，促進民族團結(jié)和社會和諧。截至2020年，民族自治地方共設(shè)置廣播電臺、電視臺、廣播電視臺等播出機構(gòu)729個。全國各級播出機構(gòu)共開辦民族語電視頻道279套，民族語廣播188套。元上都遺址、土司遺址、紅河哈尼梯田文化景觀、拉薩布達拉宮歷史建筑群（含羅布林卡和大昭寺）、“絲綢之路：長安－天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”等列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。中國入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄（名冊）的42項非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)中，少數(shù)民族項目有15項，占37.5%。在少數(shù)民族地區(qū)設(shè)立了11個國家級文化生態(tài)保護（實驗）區(qū)。全國25個?。▍^(qū)、市）已建立民族古籍整理與研究機構(gòu)，截至2020年，搶救、整理散藏民間的少數(shù)民族古籍約百萬種（不含館藏及寺院藏書），包括很多珍貴的孤本和善本。組織實施《中國少數(shù)民族古籍總目提要》編纂工程，全部完成后將收錄書目約30萬種。
Boosting cultural undertakings of ethnic minority groups. While promoting standard spoken and written Chinese, the state protects the right of ethnic minority groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages to consolidate ethnic unity and social harmony. As of 2020, there were 729 radio and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas. The broadcasting stations across the country run 279 television channels and 188 radio programs in ethnic minority languages.
The Site of Xanadu, the Tusi Sites, the Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, the Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace of Lhasa, and Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor are all included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of the 42 items from China included in the UNESCO Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage, 15 are from ethnic minority areas.
China has established 11 national (pilot) cultural reserves in ethnic minority areas. A total of 25 provinces and equivalent administrative units have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and records of ethnic minorities. By 2020, about 1 million privately-held ethnic minority ancient classics and records (excluding books collected in museums and temples), including many rare editions and single extant copies, had been rescued and catalogued. China has launched the compilation of Collection of Ancient Classics and Records of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, which will include about 300,000 books upon completion.

民族地區(qū)人民生活安寧祥和。在統(tǒng)一多民族的中國，不斷鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，堅持共同團結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，各民族共建美好家園，共創(chuàng)美好未來。在各族人民群眾共同支持下，國家依法打擊民族分裂勢力、宗教極端勢力、暴力恐怖勢力，維護民族團結(jié)和社會穩(wěn)定，人民的生活安寧權(quán)、生命健康權(quán)、財產(chǎn)權(quán)等得到有效保障，獲得感、幸福感、安全感不斷提升。
Safeguarding peace and stability in ethnic minority areas. In this unified multiethnic country, the sense of identity of the Chinese nation is heightened to unite all the people in pressing forward for common prosperity and a bright future. With strong support from all ethnic groups, the government takes lawful actions to combat terrorists, separatists and religious extremists, to safeguard ethnic unity and social stability. People’s rights to a peaceful existence, to life and health, and to property are effectively protected, and their sense of gain, happiness and security continues to grow.

4.殘疾人權(quán)益保障更加有力
4. Strengthening Guarantee of the Rights of People with Disabilities

殘疾人社會保障體系不斷完善。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補貼和重度殘疾人護理補貼制度。截至2020年，享受困難殘疾人生活補貼人數(shù)有1212.6萬人，享受重度殘疾人護理補貼人數(shù)有1473.8萬人。截至2020年，共有2699.2萬殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險，其中1140.5萬殘疾人領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金；1076.8萬殘疾人獲得城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障，其中重度殘疾人641.4萬人；680.1萬重度殘疾人中政府代繳養(yǎng)老保險費比例達到96.7%；另有303.7萬非重度殘疾人享受全額或部分代繳養(yǎng)老保險費的優(yōu)惠政策。
Improving social security. China has established a subsidy system to provide for the living expenses of disabled people in need and to pay the nursing costs of people with severe disabilities. By 2020, the system had benefitted 12.1 million poor disabled people and 14.7 million with severe disabilities in need of nursing. A total of 27 million people with disabilities were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 11.4 million receiving pensions. 10.8 million people with disabilities received urban or rural subsistence allowances, including 6.4 million with severe disabilities. The government paid basic old-age insurance premiums for 96.7 percent of the 6.8 million people with severe disabilities. The government also fully or partly paid the premiums for 3 million people with mild or moderate disabilities.

殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)普惠可及。殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)納入基本公共服務(wù)規(guī)劃，建立殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度，實施殘疾人精準康復(fù)服務(wù)行動，發(fā)展精神障礙社區(qū)康復(fù)服務(wù)，推進康復(fù)輔助器具產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，為殘疾兒童和持證殘疾人提供基本康復(fù)服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品。2020年，1077.7萬名殘疾兒童及持證殘疾人得到基本康復(fù)服務(wù)，242.6萬名殘疾人得到各類輔助器具適配服務(wù)。自2018年建立實施殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度以來，全國接受康復(fù)救助的殘疾兒童達67.6萬人次。殘疾預(yù)防工作取得積極成效。2017年國務(wù)院批準將每年8月25日設(shè)立為“殘疾預(yù)防日”，提高公眾殘疾預(yù)防意識。制定發(fā)布《國家殘疾預(yù)防行動計劃（2016－2020年）》，有效控制出生缺陷和發(fā)育障礙致殘、著力防控疾病致殘、努力減少傷害致殘和顯著改善康復(fù)服務(wù)等四項行動取得積極進展，主要任務(wù)目標基本實現(xiàn)。
Making rehabilitation universally available. The government has included rehabilitation services for the disabled in plans for basic public services, and carried out targeted rehabilitation programs to help those in need. It has established a rehabilitation assistance mechanism for disabled children, developed community rehabilitation services for people with mental illnesses, and boosted the industry of rehabilitation assistive devices. Basic rehabilitation services and products are provided to disabled children and people with certified disabilities.
In 2020, 10.8 million disabled children and people with certified disabilities received basic rehabilitation services, and 2.4 million people with disabilities benefited from adaption services for assistive devices. About 676,000 disabled children have benefited from a rehabilitation assistance mechanism that was initiated in 2018.
Efforts to prevent disability have paid off. In 2017, the State Council approved the establishment of August 25 as the Disability Prevention Day, to promote public awareness of disability prevention. The National Disability Prevention Action Plan (2016-2020) laid out effective measures for controling the occurrence of birth defects and disabilities caused by development disorders, preventing disabilities caused by illnesses, reducing injuries that cause disabilities, and improving rehabilitation services. Substantial progress has been made in these four areas, and the main targets have been reached.

殘疾人受教育水平穩(wěn)步提高。著力辦好特殊教育，大力發(fā)展融合教育，努力保障殘疾人享有平等受教育權(quán)。2020年全國共有特殊教育學(xué)校2244所，專任教師6.62萬人，在校學(xué)生88.08萬人，比2013年增加51.27萬人，增長139.3%。不斷完善隨班就讀支持保障體系，在普通學(xué)校隨班就讀的殘疾學(xué)生規(guī)模不斷擴大，由2013年的19.1萬人增加到2020年的43.58萬人，增長128.2%。近10年來，殘疾學(xué)生在普通學(xué)校就讀的比例均接近或超過50%。全國實現(xiàn)了家庭經(jīng)濟困難殘疾學(xué)生從小學(xué)到高中階段教育的12年免費教育。
Creating better access to education. People with disabilities have an equal right to education that is guaranteed through special education and inclusive education. In 2020, there were 2,244 special education schools with 66,200 full-time teachers and 880,800 students, an increase of 512,700 students or 139 percent from 2013. Continued efforts have also been made to provide the necessary support for students with disabilities to go to regular schools, and the number of students with disabilities attending regular schools has seen a steady increase, from 191,000 in 2013 to 435,800 in 2020, an increase of 128 percent. Over the past decade, about 50 percent of students with disabilities have been able to study at regular schools. Free 12-year education from primary school to senior high school has been ensured for disabled students from poor families.

殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利得到更好保障。中國通過完善法律法規(guī)、拓展就業(yè)渠道、完善服務(wù)體系，促進殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)。截至2020年，全國共有殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機構(gòu)2811家，國家級殘疾人職業(yè)培訓(xùn)基地478家，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)855.2萬人。積極開展殘疾人扶貧。2015年至2020年，全國共建立4581個殘疾人扶貧基地，扶持近40.9萬殘疾人就業(yè)增收；建檔立卡貧困殘疾人家庭人均純收入由2015年的2776.2元增長到2019年的8726.2元。
Guaranteeing the right to work. China promotes the employment of people with disabilities by improving relevant laws and regulations, expanding employment channels, and improving services. In 2020, there were 2,811 employment service agencies and 478 vocational training centers for people with disabilities, and the number of employed people with certified disabilities reached 8.6 million.
Efforts have been made to help people with disabilities emerge from poverty. Between 2015 and 2020, China built 4,581 poverty alleviation centers for people with disabilities, helping 409,000 disabled people find jobs and increase income. The per capita net income of registered poor household with disabled members grew from RMB2,776 in 2015 to RMB8,726 in 2019.

殘疾人無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)大力推進。制定實施《無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)條例》。截至2020年，1753個市、縣開展無障礙建設(shè)，全國累計創(chuàng)建469個無障礙市縣村鎮(zhèn)。全國村（社區(qū)）綜合服務(wù)設(shè)施中有81.05%的出入口、56.58%的服務(wù)柜臺、38.66%的廁所進行了無障礙建設(shè)和改造。2016年至2020年，全國共有65萬貧困重度殘疾人家庭得到了無障礙改造。截至2019年，全國已建成各級殘疾人綜合服務(wù)設(shè)施2341個，康復(fù)設(shè)施1006個，托養(yǎng)服務(wù)設(shè)施887個；共有省級殘疾人專題廣播節(jié)目25個、電視手語欄目32個；設(shè)立盲文及盲文有聲讀物閱覽室1174個。全面推進信息無障礙建設(shè)，增強信息無障礙終端產(chǎn)品供給，推進無障礙產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用，拓寬殘疾人參與信息社會的渠道，推動信息化與無障礙環(huán)境的深度融合，消除“數(shù)字鴻溝”，助力社會包容性發(fā)展。
Building an accessible environment. The Regulations on the Building of an Accessible Environment have come into effect. As of 2020, 1,753 cities and counties had initiated efforts to improve accessibility and remove barriers, and 469 cities, counties, towns, and villages had been recognized by the state as barrier-free. Among comprehensive service facilities in villages or communities across the country, 81 percent of entrances and exits, 56.6 percent of service counters and 38.7 percent of restrooms had been upgraded for accessibility. Between 2016 and 2020, home adaptation was carried out for 650,000 poor families with severely disabled members. As of 2019, there were 2,341 comprehensive service facilities, 1,006 rehabilitation facilities, and 887 care facilities for people with disabilities; at the provincial level, 25 radio programs and 32 sign language television programs serviced people with disabilities; and there were 1,174 reading rooms with Braille and audio books.
A variety of measures have been taken to promote information accessibility, increasing the supply of accessible terminal products, and applying accessible products and technologies for better services. By expanding the channels for people with disabilities to engage in an information society, and facilitating the application of information technology to build an accessible environment, China is trying hard to eliminate the digital divide and create a more inclusive society.

全面小康，貴在全面。中國始終把人民安危冷暖、安居樂業(yè)放在首位，全力解決好人民群眾關(guān)心的問題，在幼有所育、學(xué)有所教、勞有所得、病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)、住有所居、弱有所扶上取得顯著進展。全面建成小康社會惠益了全體人民，使中國人民享有了比任何時候都更為充分的人權(quán)。
Moderate prosperity covers every aspect. The Chinese government gives top priority to ensuring people’s wellbeing, and spares no effort in addressing concerns of the people. Significant progress has been made in ensuring access to childcare, education, employment, housing, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. Moderate prosperity in all respects benefits all Chinese people and enables them to enjoy greater human rights than ever before.

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

全面建成小康社會，是全體中國人民在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下拼搏奮斗的一項偉大壯舉。
Under the CPC’s leadership, the Chinese people have achieved moderate prosperity in all respects, a historic undertaking completed through consistent hard work.

全面建成小康社會的偉大實踐，積累了尊重和保障人權(quán)的寶貴經(jīng)驗。這就是在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，在中國特色社會主義制度中，堅持人權(quán)的普遍性與中國國情相結(jié)合，堅持以人民為中心的人權(quán)理念，堅持生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)，堅持以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，堅持人民幸福生活是最大的人權(quán)，堅持人權(quán)法治保障，堅持促進人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體。
In this process, China has respected and protected human rights within the institutional framework of Chinese socialism under CPC leadership:
? applying the principle of universality of human rights in China’s context;
? taking a people-centered approach to human rights;
? protecting the rights to subsistence and development as the primary task;
? promoting human rights through development;
? with a happy life as the ultimate goal;
? providing legal guarantee for the protection of human rights;
? promoting comprehensive progress in human rights;
? building a global community of shared future.

中國人口占世界總?cè)丝诘慕宸种?。中國全面建成小康社會，是世界人?quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展史上的重要里程碑。中國在全面建成小康社會的偉大進程中，所創(chuàng)造的尊重和保障人權(quán)的成功做法和經(jīng)驗，為增進人類福祉貢獻了中國智慧、提供了中國方案。
China’s population is about one fifth of the world’s total. China’s success in realizing moderate prosperity is a milestone in the history of global human rights. China’s approach and experience have provided a distinctive path forward for human progress.

人權(quán)保障沒有最好，只有更好。全面建成小康社會，奠定了中國人權(quán)發(fā)展進步的新起點。在全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程中，中國共產(chǎn)黨將把握新發(fā)展階段，貫徹新發(fā)展理念，構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，繼續(xù)帶領(lǐng)全體人民為享有更加幸福安康的生活和更高水平的人權(quán)而奮斗。中國必將為世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展作出新的更大貢獻。
There is no end to improving human rights. Moderate prosperity is a new starting point on China’s quest for human rights. To fully build China into a modern socialist country, the CPC will practice the new development philosophy, build a new development dynamic, and pursue high-quality development, to ensure the Chinese people live a happier life and enjoy more extensive human rights. As a commitment to the world, China will make a greater contribution to global human rights.