三、提升生物多樣性治理能力
III. Improving Biodiversity Governance

中國將生物多樣性保護上升為國家戰(zhàn)略，把生物多樣性保護納入各地區(qū)、各領域中長期規(guī)劃，完善政策法規(guī)體系，加強技術保障和人才隊伍建設，加大執(zhí)法監(jiān)督力度，引導公眾自覺參與生物多樣性保護，不斷提升生物多樣性治理能力。
Biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. There has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance.

（一）完善政策法規(guī)
1. Improving Relevant Policies, Laws and Regulations

中國不斷建立健全生物多樣性保護政策法規(guī)體系，制定相應的中長期規(guī)劃和行動計劃，為生物多樣性保護和管理提供制度保障。
China is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management.

強化組織領導。成立由分管生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的國務院副總理任主任、23個國務院部門為成員的中國生物多樣性保護國家委員會，統(tǒng)籌推進生物多樣性保護工作?！吨腥A人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展第十四個五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠景目標綱要》明確將實施生物多樣性保護重大工程、構筑生物多樣性保護網(wǎng)絡作為提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質量和穩(wěn)定性的重要工作內(nèi)容。發(fā)布并實施《中國生物多樣性保護戰(zhàn)略與行動計劃》（2011－2030年），從建立健全生物多樣性保護與可持續(xù)利用的政策與法律體系等10個優(yōu)先領域，以及完善跨部門協(xié)調機制等30個行動方面對加強生物多樣性保護進行有力指導。北京、江蘇、云南等22個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定了省級生物多樣性保護戰(zhàn)略與行動計劃。建立生態(tài)文明建設考核目標體系，將生物多樣性保護相關指標納入地方考核，壓實生物多樣性保護責任。
Strengthening organization and leadership. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. It is composed of 23 departments under the State Council, and headed by a Vice Premier who is in charge of environmental protection. To strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network.

The China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. Beijing, Jiangsu, Yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly.

China has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation.

加強生物多樣性法制建設。近10年來，頒布和修訂森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、野生動物保護法、環(huán)境保護法、海洋環(huán)境保護法、種子法、長江保護法和生物安全法等20多部生物多樣性相關的法律法規(guī)，覆蓋野生動植物和重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護、生物安全、生物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享等領域，為生物多樣性保護與可持續(xù)利用提供了堅實的法律保障。修訂調整國家重點保護野生動植物名錄，為拯救珍稀瀕危野生動植物，維護生物多樣性奠定基礎。2020年，第十三屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第十六次會議通過了《關于全面禁止非法野生動物交易、革除濫食野生動物陋習、切實保障人民群眾生命健康安全的決定》。各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）結合當?shù)貙嶋H頒布了相關法律法規(guī)，云南省制定了全國第一部生物多樣性保護的地方性法規(guī)《云南省生物多樣性保護條例》。
Strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. Over the past decade, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the Yangtze River, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources.

China has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. In 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted at its 16th session the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People.

Different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. Yunnan Province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country.

（二）強化能力保障
2. Extending Guarantees

組織開展全國生物多樣性調查，建立完善生物多樣性監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡，不斷加大資金投入和科技研發(fā)力度，生物多樣性保護和治理能力全面提升。
China has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. It has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance.

開展全國生物多樣性調查與評估。大力推進生物多樣性保護重大工程實施，結合自然資源調查、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測評估等工作，不斷完善生物多樣性調查與評估能力，首次將生物多樣性指標納入生態(tài)質量綜合評價指標體系，引導地方加強生態(tài)文明建設與生物多樣性保護。開展自然資源調查，包括森林、草原、水、濕地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然資源調查評價監(jiān)測制度。構建了涵蓋2376個縣級行政單元、樣線總長超過3.4萬公里的物種分布數(shù)據(jù)庫，建立物種資源調查及收集信息平臺，準確反映野生動植物空間分布狀況。完成長江經(jīng)濟帶、京津冀等國家戰(zhàn)略區(qū)域180多個縣級行政區(qū)生物多樣性調查與評估。組織開展近海漁業(yè)資源調查，初步掌握近海漁業(yè)資源狀況。陸續(xù)發(fā)布《中國植物紅皮書》《中國瀕危動物紅皮書》《中國物種紅色名錄》《中國生物多樣性紅色名錄》，基本掌握生物多樣性總體情況，為加強生物多樣性保護奠定了科學基礎。
Conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. To improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, China has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. It has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. A system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out.

China has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. An information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife.

China has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and some other national strategic areas. Offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources.

China has released the China Red Data Book of Plants, China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, China Species Red List, and China’s Red List of Biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation.

完善監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡。中國建立起各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種的監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡，在生物多樣性理論研究、技術示范與推廣以及物種與生境保護方面發(fā)揮了重要作用，為科研、教育、科普、生產(chǎn)等各領域提供了多樣化的信息服務與決策支持。其中，中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡（CERN）、國家陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)定位觀測研究網(wǎng)絡（CTERN）涵蓋所有生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和要素，中國生物多樣性監(jiān)測與研究網(wǎng)絡（Sino BON）覆蓋動物、植物、微生物等多種生物類群，中國生物多樣性觀測網(wǎng)絡（China BON）構建了覆蓋全國的指示物種類群觀測樣區(qū)。
Improving monitoring and observation networks. China has put in place monitoring and observation networks for various ecosystems and species. These networks have played an important role in supporting biodiversity research, demonstrating and promoting relevant technology, and protecting species and their habitats, thereby providing diverse information services and decision-making support for scientific research and education, popularizing science and exploiting resources. Among them, the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and the Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (CTERN) cover all ecosystems and elements; the China Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON) covers a variety of biological groups such as animals, plants and microorganisms; the China Biodiversity Observation Network (China BON) has designated plots for the observation of indicator species all over the country.

加強資金保障。近年來，中國持續(xù)加大投入生物多樣性保護領域的資金，為加強生物多樣性保護提供重要保障。2017－2018年，連續(xù)兩年安排超過2600億資金投入生物多樣性相關工作，是2008年投入的6倍。同時，利用財稅激勵措施，積極調動民間資本投入生物多樣性保護。2020年，設立國家綠色發(fā)展基金，首期募資規(guī)模885億元。
Increasing financial support. China has expanded funding for biodiversity conservation in recent years. More than RMB260 billion was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes in each of 2017 and 2018, six times the figure of 2008. Meanwhile, China has used fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital to invest in biodiversity conservation. In 2020, a national green development fund was set up, raising RMB88.5 billion as a start.

強化科技與人才支撐。設立生物多樣性保護領域研究專項，構建數(shù)據(jù)庫和信息平臺，完善生物多樣性調查、觀測和評估等相關技術和標準體系，為生物多樣性保護提供有力科技支撐。通過“生物多樣性保護專項”“典型脆弱生態(tài)修復與保護研究”“物種資源保護專項”“珍稀瀕危野生動物保護專項”等一批基礎科研項目，加強瀕危野生動植物恢復與保護、種質資源和遺傳資源保存、生物資源可持續(xù)利用和產(chǎn)業(yè)化等技術研發(fā)，逐步構建生物多樣性保護和生物資源可持續(xù)利用技術體系。發(fā)揮高校和科研院所優(yōu)勢，推進科教融合，加強生物多樣性人才培養(yǎng)。
Strengthening technical and talent support. China has set up special projects on biodiversity research, developed database and information platforms, and improved technologies and standards for survey, observation and assessment to provide strong technical support for biodiversity conservation. Through some basic scientific research projects on biodiversity conservation, restoration and protection of typical vulnerable ecosystems, conservation of species, and protection of rare and endangered wildlife, China has stepped up technology research and development in the restoration and protection of endangered wildlife, conservation of germplasm and genetic resources, and sustainable and profitable use of biological resources. This way, it has gradually built a technical system for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. China has taken full advantage of the strengths of universities and research institutes, and integrated science and education to reinforce the training of professionals on biodiversity.

（三）加強執(zhí)法監(jiān)督
3. Strengthening Law Enforcement and Supervision

開展中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護督察，解決突出生態(tài)環(huán)境問題，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質量，推動經(jīng)濟社會高質量發(fā)展。組織打擊野生動植物非法貿(mào)易等專項執(zhí)法行動，持續(xù)加大涉及生物多樣性違法犯罪問題的打擊整治力度，堅決制止和懲處破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和生物資源的行為。
China has conducted central environmental protection inspections to solve outstanding problems, improve eco-environmental quality, and promote high-quality economic and social development. It has organized special actions against illegal wildlife trade, and increased its effort to combat illegal and criminal activities concerning biodiversity. It has taken tough steps to stop and punish all activities that do damage to ecosystems, species and biological resources.

加大中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護督察力度。2015年起，建立中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護督察制度，逐步覆蓋31個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和國務院有關部門、部分中央企業(yè)。堅持問題導向，重點圍繞生物多樣性保護、應對氣候變化、長江十年禁漁、海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境保護等重大任務開展督察，推動解決一批生態(tài)環(huán)境領域的突出問題。中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護督察制度有力推動各級政府和部門承擔起保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的責任，為生物多樣性保護提供強大的制度保障。
Strengthening central inspection on eco-environmental protection. The system of central inspection on eco-environmental protection was established in 2015. Since then, it has been developed to cover 31 provincial-level administrative units, relevant departments under the State Council and some state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. To solve prominent environmental problems, China has carried out inspections focusing on major issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change, the 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, and marine environmental protection. The system serves to push governments at all levels and relevant departments to take responsibility for protecting the eco-environment, providing strong institutional guarantees for conserving biodiversity.

開展生物多樣性保護執(zhí)法檢查。開展跨部門、跨區(qū)域和跨國聯(lián)合執(zhí)法行動，嚴厲打擊珍稀瀕危野生動植物走私，對涉及野生動植物交易等違法活動采取零容忍態(tài)度。健全野生動物保護執(zhí)法監(jiān)管長效機制，開展“綠盾”自然保護地強化監(jiān)督、“碧?！焙Ｑ笊鷳B(tài)環(huán)境保護、“中國漁政亮劍”、“昆侖行動”等系列執(zhí)法行動，對影響野生動植物及其棲息地保護的行為進行嚴肅查處。建立長江禁捕退捕的跨區(qū)域跨部門聯(lián)合執(zhí)法聯(lián)動協(xié)作機制，加大非法捕撈專項整治力度，對相關違法犯罪行為形成高壓態(tài)勢。
Carrying law enforcement inspections on biodiversity conservation. Adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife trade, China has carried out trans-department, cross-region and cross-border joint actions to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife. It has improved the long-term mechanism for monitoring law enforcement concerning wild animal protection. Special law enforcement campaigns have been launched to combat illegal activities threatening wildlife and their habitats, including the Green Shield inspections of nature reserves, the Blue Sea initiative for marine environmental protection, the Sword campaigns targeting fisheries, and the Kunlun actions against crimes and violations in the fields of food, drugs and the environment. In a tough stand against illegal activities, China has established collaboration mechanisms for cross-region and trans-department joint actions on enforcing the Yangtze River fishing ban and withdrawal of fishermen concerned, and has conducted special campaigns against illegal fishing.

（四）倡導全民行動
4. Encouraging Public Engagement

中國不斷加強生物多樣性保護宣傳教育，政府加強引導、企業(yè)積極行動、公眾廣泛參與的行動體系基本形成，公眾參與生物多樣性保護的方式更加多元化，參與度全面提高。持續(xù)開展生物多樣性保護宣傳教育和科普活動，在國際生物多樣性日、世界野生動植物日、世界濕地日、六五環(huán)境日、水生野生動物保護科普宣傳月等重要時間節(jié)點舉辦系列活動，調動全社會廣泛參與，進一步增強公眾保護意識。創(chuàng)新宣傳模式，拓寬參與渠道，完善激勵政策，邀請公眾在生物多樣性政策制定、信息公開與公益訴訟中積極參與、建言獻策，營造生物多樣性保護的良好氛圍。發(fā)布《“美麗中國，我是行動者”提升公民生態(tài)文明意識行動計劃（2021－2025年）》《關于推動生態(tài)環(huán)境志愿服務發(fā)展的指導意見》，為各類社會主體和公眾參與生物多樣性保護工作提供指南和規(guī)范。成立長江江豚、海龜、中華白海豚等重點物種保護聯(lián)盟，為各方力量搭建溝通協(xié)作平臺。加入《生物多樣性公約》秘書處發(fā)起的“企業(yè)與生物多樣性全球伙伴關系”（GPBB）倡議，鼓勵企業(yè)參與生物多樣性領域工作，積極引導企業(yè)參與打擊野生動植物非法貿(mào)易。
China continues to strengthen publicity and education on biodiversity conservation. An action system involving stronger government guidance, corporate action, and extensive public participation is taking shape. Public participation in biodiversity conservation has grown and become more diversified.

Public awareness activities and dissemination of knowledge on biodiversity are being carried out. On important occasions such as the International Day for Biological Diversity, World Wildlife Day, World Wetlands Day, World Environment Day, and Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Public Awareness Month, events will be held to encourage broad social participation and raise public awareness of eco-environmental conservation.

China has explored new publicity models, broadened participation channels, improved incentives, and invited public participation in policy making, information disclosure and public-interest litigation related to biodiversity, creating a positive environment for biodiversity conservation. Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor – Action Plan to Raise Public Awareness of Ecological Conservation (2021-2025), and Guidelines on Advancing Volunteer Service in Eco-environmental Protection have been released to provide guidelines and norms for entities and individuals to participate in biodiversity conservation.

China has formed alliances for protecting key species including the Yangtze finless porpoise, the turtle and the Chinese white dolphin, which serve as platforms of communication and cooperation for all stakeholders.

In 2015, China joined the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity (GPBB), initiated by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Enterprises are encouraged to take part in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions against illegal wildlife trade.