二、完成社會(huì)主義革命和推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)
II. Socialist Revolution and Construction

社會(huì)主義革命和建設(shè)時(shí)期，黨面臨的主要任務(wù)是，實(shí)現(xiàn)從新民主主義到社會(huì)主義的轉(zhuǎn)變，進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義革命，推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興奠定根本政治前提和制度基礎(chǔ)。
In the period of socialist revolution and construction, the main tasks of the Party were to realize the transformation from new democracy to socialism, carry out socialist revolution, promote socialist construction, and lay down the fundamental political conditions and the institutional foundations necessary for national rejuvenation.

新中國成立后，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民戰(zhàn)勝政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事等方面一系列嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，肅清國民黨反動(dòng)派殘余武裝力量和土匪，和平解放西藏，實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國大陸完全統(tǒng)一；穩(wěn)定物價(jià)，統(tǒng)一財(cái)經(jīng)工作，完成土地改革，進(jìn)行社會(huì)各方面民主改革，實(shí)行男女權(quán)利平等，鎮(zhèn)壓反革命，開展“三反”、“五反”運(yùn)動(dòng)，蕩滌舊社會(huì)留下的污泥濁水，社會(huì)面貌煥然一新。中國人民志愿軍雄赳赳、氣昂昂跨過鴨綠江，同朝鮮人民和軍隊(duì)并肩戰(zhàn)斗，戰(zhàn)勝武裝到牙齒的強(qiáng)敵，打出了國威軍威，打出了中國人民的精氣神，贏得抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭偉大勝利，捍衛(wèi)了新中國安全，彰顯了新中國大國地位。新中國在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的國內(nèi)國際環(huán)境中站穩(wěn)了腳跟。
After the founding of the People’s Republic, the Party led the people in surmounting a multitude of political, economic, and military challenges. It cleared out bandits and remnant KMT reactionary forces, peacefully liberated Tibet, and unified the entire mainland. It stabilized prices, unified standards for finances and the economy, completed the agrarian reform, and launched democratic reforms in all sectors of society. It introduced the policy of equal rights for men and women, suppressed counter-revolutionaries, and launched　movements against the “three evils” of corruption, waste, and bureaucracy and against the “five evils” of bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts, and stealing of economic information. As the stains of the old society were wiped out, China took on a completely new look.
Meanwhile, the Chinese People’s Volunteers marched valiantly across the Yalu River to fight alongside the Korean people and troops. They ultimately defeated a powerful enemy that was armed to the teeth, demonstrating the gallantry of our army and our country, and the unyielding spirit of our people. China’s resounding victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea safeguarded the security of the nascent People’s Republic, and testified to its status as a major country. The new China thus gained a firm foothold amid complex domestic and international environments.

黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)建立和鞏固工人階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎(chǔ)的人民民主專政的國家政權(quán)，為國家迅速發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。一九四九年，中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議第一屆全體會(huì)議制定《中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議共同綱領(lǐng)》。一九五三年，黨正式提出過渡時(shí)期的總路線，即在一個(gè)相當(dāng)長的時(shí)期內(nèi)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)國家的社會(huì)主義工業(yè)化，并逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)國家對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)和資本主義工商業(yè)的社會(huì)主義改造。一九五四年，召開第一屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議，通過了《中華人民共和國憲法》。一九五六年，我國基本上完成對(duì)生產(chǎn)資料私有制的社會(huì)主義改造，基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)資料公有制和按勞分配，建立起社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)確立人民代表大會(huì)制度、中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度，為人民當(dāng)家作主提供了制度保證。黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)實(shí)現(xiàn)和鞏固了全國各族人民的大團(tuán)結(jié)，形成和發(fā)展各民族平等互助的社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系，實(shí)現(xiàn)和鞏固全國工人、農(nóng)民、知識(shí)分子和其他各階層人民的大團(tuán)結(jié)，加強(qiáng)和擴(kuò)大了廣泛統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。社會(huì)主義制度的建立，為我國一切進(jìn)步和發(fā)展奠定了重要基礎(chǔ)。
Under the Party’s leadership, a government of people’s democratic dictatorship was established and consolidated, which was led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. This created the conditions necessary for the country’s rapid development.

In 1949, the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was passed at the CPPCC’s first plenary session. In 1953, the Party officially set forth the general line for the transition period, namely gradually realizing the country’s socialist industrialization and socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce over a fairly long period of time. In 1954, the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was adopted at the first session of the First National People’s Congress. In 1956, China basically completed the socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production, and put into practice public ownership of the means of production and distribution according to work, thus marking the establishment of the socialist economic system.

Under the Party’s leadership, China established the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy, providing institutional guarantees for ensuring that it is the people who run the country. Under the Party’s leadership, China also forged and strengthened unity among people of all ethnic groups, established and developed socialist ethnic relations based on equality and mutual assistance, and achieved and cemented unity between workers, peasants, intellectuals, and people from other social strata across the country. As a result, a broad united front was consolidated and expanded. The establishment of the socialist system laid the foundation for all of China’s subsequent progress and development.

黨的八大根據(jù)我國社會(huì)主義改造基本完成后的形勢(shì)，提出國內(nèi)主要矛盾已經(jīng)不再是工人階級(jí)和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的矛盾，而是人民對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)文化迅速發(fā)展的需要同當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)文化不能滿足人民需要的狀況之間的矛盾，全國人民的主要任務(wù)是集中力量發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)國家工業(yè)化，逐步滿足人民日益增長的物質(zhì)和文化需要。黨提出努力把我國逐步建設(shè)成為一個(gè)具有現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、現(xiàn)代工業(yè)、現(xiàn)代國防和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的社會(huì)主義強(qiáng)國，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民開展全面的大規(guī)模的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)。經(jīng)過實(shí)施幾個(gè)五年計(jì)劃，我國建立起獨(dú)立的比較完整的工業(yè)體系和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件顯著改變，教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育事業(yè)有很大發(fā)展?！皟蓮椧恍恰钡葒兰舛丝萍疾粩嗳〉猛黄?，國防工業(yè)從無到有逐步發(fā)展起來。人民解放軍得到壯大和提高，由單一的陸軍發(fā)展成為包括海軍、空軍和其他技術(shù)兵種在內(nèi)的合成軍隊(duì)，為鞏固新生人民政權(quán)、確立中國大國地位、維護(hù)中華民族尊嚴(yán)提供了堅(jiān)強(qiáng)后盾。
In light of the domestic situation following socialist transformation, the Party propounded at its Eighth National Congress that the main contradiction in China was no longer the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie, but rather that between the demand of the people for rapid economic and cultural development and the reality that the country’s economy and culture fell short of the needs of the people. Therefore, the major task facing the nation was to concentrate on developing the productive forces and realize industrialization in order to gradually meet the people’s growing material and cultural needs. The Party called on the people to redouble their efforts to build China step by step into a strong socialist country with modern agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology, and it led them in carrying out large-scale socialist construction across the board.

Through the execution of several five-year plans, an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic framework were established, the conditions of agricultural production were markedly improved, and impressive progress was made in social programs such as education, science, culture, health, and sports. With continuous breakthroughs in cutting-edge technologies, including nuclear weapons, missiles, and satellites, China’s defense industries underwent steady growth after starting from scratch. The People’s Liberation Army continued to grow in strength, expanding from ground forces alone into a composite military force comprised of the navy, air force, and other specialized units. This provided firm support for the People’s Republic to consolidate the newborn people’s government, establish China’s position as a major country, and defend the nation’s dignity.

黨堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，倡導(dǎo)和堅(jiān)持和平共處五項(xiàng)原則，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)國家獨(dú)立、主權(quán)、尊嚴(yán)，支持和援助世界被壓迫民族解放事業(yè)、新獨(dú)立國家建設(shè)事業(yè)和各國人民正義斗爭，反對(duì)帝國主義、霸權(quán)主義、殖民主義、種族主義，徹底結(jié)束了舊中國的屈辱外交。黨審時(shí)度勢(shì)調(diào)整外交戰(zhàn)略，推動(dòng)恢復(fù)我國在聯(lián)合國的一切合法權(quán)利，打開對(duì)外工作新局面，推動(dòng)形成國際社會(huì)堅(jiān)持一個(gè)中國原則的格局。黨提出劃分三個(gè)世界的戰(zhàn)略，作出中國永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸的莊嚴(yán)承諾，贏得國際社會(huì)特別是廣大發(fā)展中國家尊重和贊譽(yù)。
The Party adhered to an independent foreign policy of peace, championed and upheld the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and firmly defended China’s independence, sovereignty, and dignity. It provided support and assistance for other oppressed nations in seeking liberation, for newly independent countries in their pursuit of development, and for various peoples as they put up just struggles, and stood opposed to imperialism, hegemonism, colonialism, and racism. The humiliating diplomacy of the old China was put to an end.

The Party adjusted its diplomatic strategies in light of evolving circumstances, worked to restore all lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations, opened up new horizons for China’s diplomacy, and fostered commitment to the one-China principle among the international community. The Party put forward the theory of the differentiation of the three worlds and made the promise that China would never seek hegemony, earning respect and acclaim from the international community and developing countries in particular.

黨充分預(yù)見到在全國執(zhí)政面臨的新挑戰(zhàn)，早在解放戰(zhàn)爭取得全國勝利前夕召開的黨的七屆二中全會(huì)就向全黨提出，務(wù)必繼續(xù)保持謙虛、謹(jǐn)慎、不驕、不躁的作風(fēng)，務(wù)必繼續(xù)保持艱苦奮斗的作風(fēng)。新中國成立后，黨著重提出執(zhí)政條件下黨的建設(shè)的重大課題，從思想上組織上作風(fēng)上加強(qiáng)黨的建設(shè)、鞏固黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。黨加強(qiáng)干部理論學(xué)習(xí)和知識(shí)培訓(xùn)，提高黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平，要求全黨特別是黨的高級(jí)干部增強(qiáng)維護(hù)黨的團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一的自覺性。黨開展整風(fēng)整黨，加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)教育，整頓基層黨組織，提高黨員條件，反對(duì)官僚主義、命令主義和貪污浪費(fèi)。黨高度警惕并著力防范黨員干部腐化變質(zhì)，堅(jiān)決懲治腐敗。這些重要舉措，增強(qiáng)了黨的純潔性和全黨的團(tuán)結(jié)，密切了黨同人民群眾的聯(lián)系，積累了執(zhí)政黨建設(shè)的初步經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
The Party fully foresaw the new challenges it would face after assuming power over the whole country. As early as at the second plenary session of its Seventh Central Committee which was held shortly before nationwide victory was attained in the War of Liberation, the Party called on all members to remain modest, prudent, and free from arrogance and rashness in their work, and to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle. After the founding of the People’s Republic, the Party focused on the major issue of Party building in the context of governing, and worked to strengthen the Party and consolidate Party leadership ideologically, organizationally, and in terms of conduct. The Party bolstered efforts to encourage officials to study theory and increase their knowledge, improved its capacity for exercising leadership, and demanded that all members, especially high-ranking officials, act with a greater sense of purpose to safeguard Party unity and solidarity. Rectification campaigns were carried out throughout the Party to strengthen education within the Party, consolidate primary-level organizations, raise membership requirements, and oppose bureaucratism, commandism, graft, and waste. The Party was on high alert against corruption, worked hard to prevent degeneracy among officials, and responded to corruption with firm punishment. These important measures strengthened the integrity of the Party and the solidarity of all Party members, built closer ties between the Party and the people, and accumulated essential starting experience for building a governing party.

在這個(gè)時(shí)期，毛澤東同志提出把馬克思列寧主義基本原理同中國具體實(shí)際進(jìn)行“第二次結(jié)合”，以毛澤東同志為主要代表的中國共產(chǎn)黨人，結(jié)合新的實(shí)際豐富和發(fā)展毛澤東思想，提出關(guān)于社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的一系列重要思想，包括社會(huì)主義社會(huì)是一個(gè)很長的歷史階段，嚴(yán)格區(qū)分和正確處理敵我矛盾和人民內(nèi)部矛盾，正確處理我國社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的十大關(guān)系，走出一條適合我國國情的工業(yè)化道路，尊重價(jià)值規(guī)律，在黨與民主黨派的關(guān)系上實(shí)行“長期共存、互相監(jiān)督”的方針，在科學(xué)文化工作中實(shí)行“百花齊放、百家爭鳴”的方針等。這些獨(dú)創(chuàng)性理論成果至今仍有重要指導(dǎo)意義。
During this period, Comrade Mao Zedong proposed a second round of efforts to integrate the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with China’s realities. Chinese communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, enriched and developed Mao Zedong Thought by taking stock of new realities, and put forward a series of important theories for socialist construction. These included recognizing that socialist society was a long historical period; strictly differentiating between two types of contradictions, namely those between the people and the enemy and those among the people, and properly dealing with these contradictions; handling the ten major relationships in China’s socialist construction appropriately; finding a path to industrialization suited to China’s realities; respecting the law of value; implementing the principle of long-term coexistence and mutual oversight between the Communist Party and other political parties; and applying the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend to scientific and cultural work. These creative theoretical achievements maintain important guiding significance to this day.

毛澤東思想是馬克思列寧主義在中國的創(chuàng)造性運(yùn)用和發(fā)展，是被實(shí)踐證明了的關(guān)于中國革命和建設(shè)的正確的理論原則和經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)，是馬克思主義中國化的第一次歷史性飛躍。毛澤東思想的活的靈魂是貫穿于各個(gè)組成部分的立場、觀點(diǎn)、方法，體現(xiàn)為實(shí)事求是、群眾路線、獨(dú)立自主三個(gè)基本方面，為黨和人民事業(yè)發(fā)展提供了科學(xué)指引。
Mao Zedong Thought represents a creative application and advancement of Marxism-Leninism in China. It is a summation of theories, principles, and experience on China’s revolution and construction that has been proven correct through practice, and its establishment marked the first historic step in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. The living soul of Mao Zedong Thought is the positions, viewpoints, and methods embodied in its constituent parts, which are reflected in three basic points—seeking truth from facts, following the mass line, and staying independent. These have provided sound guidance for developing the cause of the Party and the people.

遺憾的是，黨的八大形成的正確路線未能完全堅(jiān)持下去，先后出現(xiàn)“大躍進(jìn)”運(yùn)動(dòng)、人民公社化運(yùn)動(dòng)等錯(cuò)誤，反右派斗爭也被嚴(yán)重?cái)U(kuò)大化。面對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)嚴(yán)峻復(fù)雜的外部環(huán)境，黨極為關(guān)注社會(huì)主義政權(quán)鞏固，為此進(jìn)行了多方面努力。然而，毛澤東同志在關(guān)于社會(huì)主義社會(huì)階級(jí)斗爭的理論和實(shí)踐上的錯(cuò)誤發(fā)展得越來越嚴(yán)重，黨中央未能及時(shí)糾正這些錯(cuò)誤。毛澤東同志對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)我國階級(jí)形勢(shì)以及黨和國家政治狀況作出完全錯(cuò)誤的估計(jì)，發(fā)動(dòng)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了“文化大革命”，林彪、江青兩個(gè)反革命集團(tuán)利用毛澤東同志的錯(cuò)誤，進(jìn)行了大量禍國殃民的罪惡活動(dòng)，釀成十年內(nèi)亂，使黨、國家、人民遭到新中國成立以來最嚴(yán)重的挫折和損失，教訓(xùn)極其慘痛。一九七六年十月，中央政治局執(zhí)行黨和人民的意志，毅然粉碎了“四人幫”，結(jié)束了“文化大革命”這場災(zāi)難。
Regrettably, the correct line adopted at the Party’s Eighth National Congress was not fully upheld. Mistakes were made such as the Great Leap Forward and the people’s commune movement, and the scope of the struggle against Rightists was also made far too broad. Confronted with a grave and complex external environment at the time, the Party was extremely concerned about consolidating China’s socialist state power, and made a wide range of efforts in this regard. However, Comrade Mao Zedong’s theoretical and practical errors concerning class struggle in a socialist society became increasingly serious, and the Central Committee failed to rectify these mistakes in good time. Under a completely erroneous appraisal of the prevailing class relations and the political situation in the Party and the country, Comrade Mao Zedong launched and led the Cultural Revolution. The counter-revolutionary cliques of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing took advantage of Comrade Mao Zedong’s mistakes, and committed many crimes that brought disaster to the country and the people, resulting in ten years of domestic turmoil which caused the Party, the country, and the people to suffer the most serious losses and setbacks since the founding of the People’s Republic. This was an extremely bitter lesson. Acting on the will of the Party and the people, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee resolutely smashed the Gang of Four in October 1976, putting an end to the catastrophic Cultural Revolution.

從新中國成立到改革開放前夕，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民完成社會(huì)主義革命，消滅一切剝削制度，實(shí)現(xiàn)了中華民族有史以來最為廣泛而深刻的社會(huì)變革，實(shí)現(xiàn)了一窮二白、人口眾多的東方大國大步邁進(jìn)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的偉大飛躍。在探索過程中，雖然經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重曲折，但黨在社會(huì)主義革命和建設(shè)中取得的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性理論成果和巨大成就，為在新的歷史時(shí)期開創(chuàng)中國特色社會(huì)主義提供了寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)、理論準(zhǔn)備、物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。
From the founding of the People’s Republic to the eve of reform and opening up, the Party led the people in completing the socialist revolution, eliminating all systems of exploitation, and bringing about the most extensive and profound social change in the history of the Chinese nation and a great transformation from a poor and backward Eastern country with a large population to a socialist country. Despite the serious setbacks it encountered in the process of exploration, the Party made creative theoretical achievements and great progress in socialist revolution and construction, which provided valuable experience, theoretical preparation, and material foundations for launching socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new historical period.

中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國人民以英勇頑強(qiáng)的奮斗向世界莊嚴(yán)宣告，中國人民不但善于破壞一個(gè)舊世界、也善于建設(shè)一個(gè)新世界，只有社會(huì)主義才能救中國，只有社會(huì)主義才能發(fā)展中國。
Through tenacious struggle, the Party and the people showed the world that the Chinese people were not only capable of dismantling the old world, but also of building a new one, that only socialism could save China, and that only socialism could develop China.