三、持續(xù)提升人民生活水平
III. Continuing to Improve People’s Living Standards

中國是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。如何解決好溫飽問題，并在解決溫飽的基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)更好的發(fā)展，使人民生活得更加幸福，始終是中國共產(chǎn)黨最根本的執(zhí)政任務。中國堅持把生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，努力通過發(fā)展增進人民福祉，實現(xiàn)更加充分的人權(quán)保障。
China is the world’s largest developing country. It has always been the CPC’s most fundamental mission in governance to ensure adequate food and clothing for the people, achieve better development, and give the people a better life. Upholding the rights to subsistence and development as the primary human rights, China strives to enhance people’s wellbeing through development in order to better protect their human rights.

糧食權(quán)得到有效保障。新中國成立之初，面臨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)單薄、“靠天吃飯”、糧食產(chǎn)量較低的現(xiàn)實困難，很多人處于食物匱乏和營養(yǎng)不良的困境。多年來，中國政府通過改革農(nóng)村土地制度，穩(wěn)定和完善農(nóng)村土地承包關(guān)系，大力推進農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施建設(shè)，使農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力不斷提升，主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定增長。中國的糧食總產(chǎn)量由1949年的11318萬噸提高到2018年的65789萬噸，耕地灌溉面積由1949年的1594萬公頃擴大到2018年的6810萬公頃，谷物、肉類、花生、茶葉、水果等產(chǎn)量連續(xù)多年位居世界第一。中國以占全球6.6%的淡水資源和9%的耕地，養(yǎng)活了世界近20%的人口，從根本上消除了饑餓，持續(xù)改善了人民的營養(yǎng)水平。
The right to food is effectively guaranteed. In the early days of the PRC, the country faced many difficulties, such as a weak agricultural base dependent on the weather, and low grain yield. As a result many Chinese did not have enough to eat and suffered from malnutrition. Over the years the Chinese government has carried out rural land reforms to stabilize and improve land contracting system in rural areas. With improved irrigation infrastructure, China’s agriculture has seen a continuing rise in productivity and steady increase in the output of main agricultural products. Total grain output soared from 113.18 million tons in 1949 to 657.89 million tons in 2018, and the area of irrigated farmland from 15.94 million ha in 1949 to 68.1 million ha in 2018. China’s output of grain, meat, peanut, tea, and fruit has topped the world for many years. China feeds approximately 20 percent of the world’s population using 6.6 percent of the fresh water resources and 9 percent of the arable land of the world; it has succeeded in improving nutrition and eradicating hunger.

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絕對貧困基本消除。貧窮是中國人民實現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。國家積貧積弱、人民貧困如洗，是舊中國留給世人的深刻印象。新中國成立以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府帶領(lǐng)人民為消除貧困作出了巨大努力。改革開放以來，中國持續(xù)開展以農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)為中心的減貧行動。中共十八大以來，中共中央把貧困人口脫貧作為全面建成小康社會的底線任務和基本標志，作出打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)的決策部署，明確到2020年現(xiàn)行標準下農(nóng)村貧困人口實現(xiàn)脫貧、貧困縣全部摘帽，解決區(qū)域性整體貧困。中共十九大把精準脫貧作為決勝全面建成小康社會必須打好的三大攻堅戰(zhàn)之一，作出新的部署。中國農(nóng)村貧困人口（按照2010年貧困標準）由1978年的7.7億人減少至2018年的1660萬人，農(nóng)村貧困發(fā)生率由1978年的97.5%下降至2018年的1.7%。2012年至2018年，中國每年有1000多萬人穩(wěn)定脫貧。中國成為世界上減貧人口最多的國家，是第一個完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標減貧目標的發(fā)展中國家，對全球減貧貢獻率超過70%。
Absolute poverty eliminated. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to fulfilling the human rights of the Chinese people. In the past, the world knew an old, weak China mired in poverty, its people living in dire misery. Since the founding of the PRC, the CPC and the Chinese government have led the people in a great fight to eliminate poverty, highlighted by a campaign which since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, has focused on development-oriented poverty alleviation in rural areas. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has taken poverty elimination as the primary task, made it a defining indicator in completing a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and laid out plans to win the final battle against poverty. It has been made clear that by 2020 there must be no more rural people living below the current poverty line and no more impoverished counties, and regional poverty must be eradicated. The 19th CPC National Congress has made new plans for targeted poverty eradication, one of the three final tasks that must be accomplished to achieve all-round moderate prosperity.
Between 1978 and 2018 the number of rural poor fell from 770 million to 16.6 million calculated againstChina’s poverty line set in 2010, and the incidence of poverty in rural areas dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent. More than 10 million people rose and remained above the poverty line every year from 2012 to 2018. With the highest number of people moving out of poverty, China was the first developing country to realize one of the UN Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction. This achievement represented 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort.

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人民生活水平大幅提升。1952年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值僅為679億元，人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值僅為119元。2018年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達到900309億元，按不變價計算，比1952年增長174倍；人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達到64644元；人均國民總收入達到9732美元，高于中等收入國家平均水平。1956年，全國居民人均可支配收入僅為98元，人均消費支出僅為88元。2018年，全國居民人均可支配收入達到28228元，比1956年實際增長36.8倍；人均消費支出為19853元，比1956年實際增長28.5倍；全國居民恩格爾系數(shù)為28.4%，比1978年降低35.5個百分點。2018年，城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭平均每百戶家用汽車擁有量達41輛，農(nóng)村居民家庭平均每百戶家用汽車擁有量達22.3輛；全國居民每百戶移動電話擁有量為249.1部。中共十八大以來，農(nóng)村居民可支配收入實際增速連續(xù)多年快于城鎮(zhèn)居民，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距不斷縮小，城鄉(xiāng)居民人均可支配收入之比2018年已下降至2.69。
Living standards improved markedly. In 1952, China’s GDP was RMB67.9 billion, with a per capita GDP of RMB119. In 2018, China’s GDP reached RMB90 trillion, 175 times that of the 1952 figure in real terms. The per capita GDP was RMB64,644, and the per capita gross national income was US$9,732 – above the average level of middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens in 1956 was RMB98, and the per capita consumer spending was RMB88. In 2018, the per capita disposable income reached RMB28,228, a 36.8-fold increase in real terms over that of 1956; the per capita consumer spending was RMB19,853, a 28.5-fold increase over 1956 in real terms; the Engel coefficient was 28.4 percent, 35.5 percentage points lower than that of 1978. In 2018, every 100 urban households had 41 family cars, and every 100 rural households had 22.3 family cars; every 100 households had 249.1 mobile phones. Following the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the real growth in disposable rural income has outpaced urban income. The gap between urban and rural incomes has narrowed, with the ratio falling to 2.69 in 2018.

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飲水安全獲得切實保障。實施農(nóng)村飲水安全工程建設(shè)，2005年至2018年，全國累計解決5.2億農(nóng)村居民和4700多萬農(nóng)村學校師生的飲水安全問題，鞏固提升了1.73億農(nóng)村人口供水保障水平，農(nóng)村集中供水率和農(nóng)村自來水普及率分別達到86%和81%。中國于2009年提前6年完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標提出的“飲水不安全人口減少一半”的目標。截至2018年，全國農(nóng)村供水工程1100多萬處，建立了比較完整的農(nóng)村供水工程體系，農(nóng)村供水服務總?cè)丝谶_到9.4億人。開展全國重要飲用水水源地安全保障達標建設(shè)和檢查評估，將618個供水人口20萬以上地表水飲用水水源地及年供水量2000萬立方米以上地下水飲用水水源地納入《全國重要飲用水水源地名錄（2016）》管理。按照水源地數(shù)量統(tǒng)計，2018年全國地級及以上城市871個在用集中式生活飲用水水源地中，達標水源地比例為90.9%。2018年全國居民有管道供水入戶的戶比重為90.0%，有安全飲用水的戶比重為95.2%，獲取飲用水無困難的戶比重為96.3%。
Safe drinking water. A program was launched in 2005 to guarantee safe drinking water in rural areas. By the end of 2018, a total of 520 million rural residents and 47 million teachers and students in rural areas had gained access to safe drinking water, 173 million rural residents had a better and more steady supply of drinking water, and the percentages of centralized water supply and running water supply reached 86 percent and 81 percent in rural areas. In 2009 China attained one of the UN Millennium Development Goals – halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water – six years ahead of schedule. As of 2018, there were more than 11 million water supply facilities in rural areas, and a complete rural water supply system had been formed to serve 940 million people. The government has conducted examination and assessment of key drinking water sources nationwide, to ensure they meet safety standards. In 2016, 618 surface water sources, each supplying drinking water for 200,000 people or more, and all ground water sources, each supplying 20 million or more cu m of drinking water annually, were incorporated into the Catalogue of China’s Major Drinking Water Sources. In 2018, 90.9 percent of the 871 drinking water sources serving cities at the prefecture level and above reached the required standard. In 2018, 90 percent of all households had piped water supply, 95.2 percent had access to safe drinking water, and 96.3 percent had convenient access to drinking water.

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人民基本居住條件顯著改善。改革開放前，在十分困難的條件下，城鎮(zhèn)以單位為主體、農(nóng)村以農(nóng)戶為主體，努力解決住房問題。改革開放后，開展城鎮(zhèn)住房制度改革，穩(wěn)步推進住房商品化、社會化，住房保障體系不斷完善，住房保障能力持續(xù)提升，城鄉(xiāng)居民住房條件大幅改善。2018年，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均住房建筑面積達到39.0平方米，比1956年增加33.3平方米，增長5.8倍；農(nóng)村居民人均住房建筑面積達到47.3平方米，比1978年增加39.2平方米，增長4.8倍。自2008年以來，大規(guī)模實施城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程，開展農(nóng)村危房改造工作。截至2018年，全國城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程累計開工建設(shè)約7000萬套，累計約2200萬困難群眾領(lǐng)取了公租房租賃補貼，合計幫助約2億困難群眾改善了住房條件；幫助數(shù)千萬貧困農(nóng)民告別原來的破舊泥草房、土坯房、樹皮房等危房，住上基本安全房，農(nóng)房抗震防災能力和居住舒適度得到顯著提升。改善城市和農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境，開展生態(tài)修復、城市修補，推進建筑節(jié)能、綠色建筑及既有建筑節(jié)能改造，推進農(nóng)村生活污水治理和農(nóng)村生活垃圾收運處置體系建設(shè)。截至2018年，全國已有84%的行政村實現(xiàn)生活垃圾收運處置體系基本覆蓋。
Improved housing conditions. Before the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, despite great difficulties, the government endeavored to address housing problems. At that time, housing was mainly provided by employers for workers in urban areas, while rural residents built their own houses. After 1978, urban housing reform was introduced to commercialize the sector, while the housing supply system was gradually improved. The housing conditions of urban and rural residents have improved markedly. In 2018, the per capita floor space of urban residents was 39.0 sq m, up by a factor of 5.8 from 1956, and that of rural residents was 47.3 sq m, up by a factor of 4.8 from 1978.
Since 2008, the government has introduced major construction projects to provide affordable housing to urban residents, and renovated dilapidated rural housing. By 2018, government subsidies had been used to build 70 million housing units in urban areas, 22 million poor people had received public rental subsidies, and 200 million poor people had received help for improving their housing conditions. The state has helped tens of millions of rural households move into proper accommodation, leaving their dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth mixed with straw, adobe, timber and bark. There has been significant improvement in the capacity of rural housing to resist earthquakes and other natural disasters, and in the comfort level.
Efforts have been made in several areas:
? improving the living environment in cities and the countryside;
? carrying out environmental remediation and urban repair;
? promoting energy-saving architecture and green architecture;
? renovating existing buildings with energy-saving facilities;
? furthering domestic sewage treatment and building a system of collecting, transporting and disposing of household garbage in rural areas.
By 2018, 84 percent of all administrative villages were provided with garbage treatment.

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人民出行更加便利快捷。新中國成立初期，國家迅速修復了被破壞的運輸路線，恢復了水陸空交通。1953年至1977年，交通運輸業(yè)全民所有制單位基本建設(shè)投資累計完成840億元，先后建設(shè)了青藏公路、武漢長江大橋、首都國際機場、京滬鐵路等重大項目，改變了落后閉塞的交通面貌。20世紀90年代后，國家將加快交通運輸發(fā)展作為重要戰(zhàn)略目標，持續(xù)加大投資力度，大力推進綜合運輸體系建設(shè)，交通網(wǎng)絡日益完善，運輸能力和運輸效率明顯提升，不斷滿足人民出行需求。截至2018年，全國鐵路營業(yè)里程達13.1萬公里，比1949年增長5倍，其中高速鐵路達2.9萬公里，占世界高鐵總量60%以上，2018年鐵路客運發(fā)送量達33.75億人次，其中動車組列車發(fā)送旅客20.05億人次；全國公路實現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展，總里程達485萬公里，其中高速公路通車里程達14.3萬公里，2018年全國道路營運客運量達136.7億人次，97.1%的建制村通了客車；農(nóng)村地區(qū)有99.9%的戶所在自然村通公路，實現(xiàn)“縣縣通公路”；內(nèi)河航道里程達12.7萬公里；定期航班航線里程達838萬公里，比1950年增長736倍。
More convenient public transport. After 1949, the newly founded PRC took quick action to repair the transport routes damaged in war, and restored transport by water, land and air. From 1953 to 1977, a total investment of RMB84 billion was made in the construction of transport businesses owned by the people. Key projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Capital International Airport, and Beijing-Shanghai Railway were completed, significantly improving the country’s transport links. Since the 1990s China has accelerated construction of transport infrastructure and made it a key strategic goal, and continued to increase investment to build a comprehensive transport system. With an improved transport network, the country’s transport capacity and efficiency have seen marked growth, enabling better services to travellers.
By the end of 2018, China’s rail network had grown to 131,000 km, up by 500 percent from 1949, and the high-speed rail network had reached 29,000 km, accounting for more than 60 percent of the world’s total. In 2018, the number of passengers travelling by rail reached 3.38 billion, 2.01 billion of whom travelled by CRH (China Railways High-speed) trains. China has achieved leapfrog development in its road network, which, by 2018, had reached 4.85 million km in length, including 143,000 km of expressways. In 2018 13.67 billion individual trips were made by road in China, and 97.1 percent of administrative villages had bus services. Every county in China now has road access, and 99.9 percent of villages are connected to the road network. Total inland waterway mileage had reached 127,000 km. The mileage of regular flights had reached 8.38 million km, a 736-fold increase over 1950.

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國民健康水平持續(xù)提高。新中國成立前，中國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平很低，廣大農(nóng)村和邊遠地區(qū)缺醫(yī)少藥。70年來，中國政府建立健全醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系，不斷加大公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域投入，提高醫(yī)療科技水平，推進健康中國建設(shè)，努力為人民群眾提供全生命周期的衛(wèi)生與健康服務。中國人均預期壽命從新中國成立之初的35歲提高到2018年的77歲，提前完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標確定的指標，居民健康水平總體上優(yōu)于高收入國家平均水平。2018年，全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)99.7萬個，比1949年增長271.78倍；共有衛(wèi)生人員1230萬人，比1949年增長22.73倍。2018年與1949年相比，每千人口衛(wèi)生人員數(shù)由1.00人增長到8.81人，每千人口醫(yī)療機構(gòu)床位數(shù)由0.16張增長到6.03張，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系基本建成。國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務項目持續(xù)推進，2014年5歲以下兒童乙肝病毒感染率降至0.32%以下，2015年適齡兒童國家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率達90%以上。重點傳染病和地方病防治工作取得歷史性成就，2000年實現(xiàn)了無脊髓灰質(zhì)炎目標、基本消除碘缺乏病目標，2007年實現(xiàn)了消除絲蟲病目標，2012年消除了新生兒破傷風。加強癌癥防治工作，近10年間全國總體癌癥的5年生存率由30.9%提高至40.5%。全民健身運動蓬勃發(fā)展，截至2018年，全國體育場地總數(shù)超過315.8萬個，人均體育場地面積超過1.84平方米，超過4億人經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉。
Better health for the people. Before 1949 China suffered from a very low level of medical and health services, and doctors and medicine were rare resources in the countryside and remote areas. Over the past 70 years, the Chinese government has established a sound medical and health care system, continued to increase financial input for advancing public health and medical technology, and launched the Health China initiative, increasing public access to health services throughout the life cycle. Life expectancy in China rose from 35 in the early 1950s to 77 in 2018, meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule, and the people generally enjoy better health than people in high-income countries.
In 2018, the number of health service institutions increased to 997,000, a 271.78-fold increase from 1949, with health professionals growing 22.73-fold to 12.3 million. From 1949 to 2018, the number of health professionals per 1,000 people increased from 1 to 8.81, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people grew from 0.16 to 6.03. A community-level health service system covering urban and rural areas is in place.
Basic public health services have improved, with the HBV infection rate among children under five dropping below 0.32 percent in 2014, and the national vaccination coverage among children topping 90 percent in 2015. Historic progress has been made in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases and endemic diseases, eliminating polio and basically eliminating iodine deficiency in 2000, filariasis in 2007, and neonatal tetanus in 2012. The prevention and treatment of cancer has been strengthened. The five-year cancer survival rate in the past decade grew from 30.9 percent to 40.5 percent.
The national fitness program has thrived. As of 2018, China had more than 3.2 million sports venues (a floor space of 1.84 sq m per capita) across the country, and more than 400 million people took part in regular exercises.

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社會救助制度不斷完善。新中國成立之初，各地經(jīng)濟停滯、民生凋敝，災民、貧民、無依無靠的孤老殘幼等城鄉(xiāng)貧困人口眾多。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府及時開展臨時性、應急性救助，為貧困人口發(fā)放款物，妥善解決了歷史遺留問題。此后，城市的就業(yè)單位和農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)大隊承擔了主要的社會保障功能，國家和集體對五保戶、孤殘人員等特殊困難群體進行救濟。改革開放后，中國進一步建立完善城鄉(xiāng)救濟制度，對特殊困難群體給予救濟。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國的社會救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養(yǎng)、受災人員救助、醫(yī)療救助、教育救助、住房救助、就業(yè)救助以及臨時救助為主體，以社會力量參與為補充的制度體系。截至2019年3月，城市低保平均標準為每人每月590.6元，農(nóng)村低保平均標準為每人每年4953.1元，所有涉農(nóng)縣市農(nóng)村低保標準全部達到或超過國家扶貧標準；農(nóng)村特困人員基本生活平均標準為每人每年6693元，城市特困人員基本生活平均標準為每人每年9096元。中共十八大以來，截至2019年8月15日，針對各種重特大自然災害共啟動國家救災應急響應157次，累計下?lián)苤醒胴斦匀粸暮ι钛a助資金602.65億元。2013年至2018年，年均緊急轉(zhuǎn)移安置900余萬人次，救助受災群眾7000多萬人次，恢復重建因災倒損民房50余萬間。2018年，共資助7673.9萬困難群眾參加基本醫(yī)療保險，實施住院和門診救助5361萬人次，救助生活無著的流浪乞討人員155萬人次。
Improved social assistance. In the early 1950s, China was in a state of economic stagnation. The people were poor. There was a large number of victims of natural disasters or disability; many were old people or orphans who had no family to turn to. The CPC and the Chinese government carried out emergency assistance, giving money and supplies to the poor and cleaning the mess left by old China. Later, social security was mainly provided by employers in urban areas and production brigades in rural areas, and the state and collectives offered assistance to special groups including orphans, people with disabilities, and rural people eligible for the “Five Guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses). Since 1978, the year when reform and opening up was launched, China has further improved its assistance system in both urban and rural areas, and provided relief to groups with special difficulties. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system supplemented by public participation, with subsistence allowances, disaster relief, medical assistance, education assistance, housing assistance, employment assistance, temporary assistance, and assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty.
As of March 2019, the average subsistence allowance for urban residents was RMB591 per month, and that for rural residents was RMB4,953 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at county (city) level reached or exceeded the national poverty line. People living in extreme difficulty received RMB6,693 per person per annum in rural areas, and RMB9,096 per person per annum in urban areas. From the 18th CPC National Congress to August 15, 2019 China launched 157 national emergency responses in the wake of major natural disasters, issuing a total of RMB60.27 billion as living subsidies for disaster relief from central funds. Between 2013 and 2018, on a yearly basis the government temporarily relocated more than 9 million people affected by disasters, provided relief to more than 70 million people, and restored and rebuilt more than 500,000 damaged houses. In 2018, the government offered subsidies for 76.74 million poor people on subscribing to the basic medical insurance system, medical assistance to 53.61 million inpatients and outpatients, and assistance to 1.55 million homeless persons and beggars.

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郵電通信水平全面提升。新中國成立之初，郵路總長度僅為70.6萬公里，長途明線僅為14.6萬對公里。70年來，郵電通信業(yè)規(guī)模不斷擴大，電信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)加快推進，信息化網(wǎng)絡化高速發(fā)展，人民通信權(quán)利得到切實保障。截至2018年，全國郵政和快遞營業(yè)網(wǎng)點達27.5萬處，比1949年增長9.6倍；郵路和快遞服務網(wǎng)路總長度達3945萬公里，比1949年增長近55倍；全國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)達8.29億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達59.6%，網(wǎng)民通過手機接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的比例高達98.6%。截至2019年6月，光纜線路總長度達4545萬公里，光纖用戶占比超90%，4G基站數(shù)達444.8萬個，全球最大規(guī)模的固定寬帶網(wǎng)絡和4G網(wǎng)絡基本建成；全國移動電話用戶達15.86億戶，其中移動寬帶用戶（即3G和4G用戶）總數(shù)達13.55億戶，4G用戶規(guī)模為12.3億戶；固定寬帶家庭普及率達91.8%，移動寬帶用戶普及率達97.1%；行政村通光纖比例、通4G比例均超過98%，位居全球先進行列。2019年6月6日，工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)放了5G商用牌照，正式開啟5G商用。
Improved postal and telecommunications services. At the beginning of the PRC, China had only 706,000 km of postal routes, with 146,000 km of parallel, long-distance open-wire lines. Over the past 70 years, postal and telecommunications services have kept expanding, with quick progress in telecommunications infrastructure. IT applications and the internet have been developing rapidly, and people’s right to communication has been fully guaranteed.
As of 2018, China had 275,000 postal and courier outlets, a 9.6-fold increase over 1949. The total length of postal routes ahd courier service networks reached 39.45 million km, about a 55-fold increase over 1949. Some 829 million people accessed the internet, 59.6 percent of citizens used the internet, and 98.6 percent went online via mobile phone. As of June 2019, the total length of fiber optic cable lines reached 45.45 million km, and 90 percent of internet users were fiber broadband subscribers. With 4.45 million 4G base stations, China has established the world’s largest fixed broadband network and 4G network. Of the 1,586 million mobile phone users (3G and 4G users), 1,230 million were 4G users. Fixed broadband networks connected 91.8 percent of all households, and 97.1 percent of the population was using mobile broadband services. More than 98 percent of administrative villages had access to fiber optic cables and 4G services, taking the lead in the world in this regard. On June 6, 2019, with the issuing of the 5G commercial license by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 5G services entered the market.

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四、切實保障人民各項權(quán)利
IV. Effectively Ensuring That People Enjoy Their Rights

新中國成立70年來，人民的經(jīng)濟、政治、社會、文化、環(huán)境權(quán)利保障水平不斷提升，各項人權(quán)實現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展。
Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has continued to improve its protection of the people’s economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental rights, and ensured the development of human rights in all respects.

尊重和保障人身權(quán)利和人格尊嚴。人身權(quán)利和人格尊嚴是人權(quán)保障的基本內(nèi)容。70年來，中國始終注重人身權(quán)利和人格權(quán)利的保障。憲法確認了公民人格權(quán)。中共十九大再次強調(diào)保護人民人身權(quán)、財產(chǎn)權(quán)、人格權(quán)，彰顯了保護人格尊嚴、促進人的全面發(fā)展的人文關(guān)懷。民法對人格權(quán)作了專門規(guī)定。大力推進戶籍制度改革，放寬戶口遷徙政策限制，促進有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的常住人口有序?qū)崿F(xiàn)市民化。嚴格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。
Personal rights and dignity are well respected and protected. Personal rights and dignity are the basic components of human rights, so China has consistently attached great importance to protecting such rights over the past 70 years. The Constitution of the PRC states that the personal dignity of citizens of the PRC is inviolable. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting people’s personal dignity and promoting the well-rounded development of the individual person. The Civil Law in particular elaborates the right to dignity. China is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. It has relaxed restrictions on the change of domicile, enabling eligible permanent residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and security of information are fully protected by law.

充分保障勞動者各項權(quán)利。新中國成立前，城鎮(zhèn)勞動力多數(shù)處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)。1949年末，全國城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)人員18082萬人，其中城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員僅有1533萬人，城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率高達23.6%。70年來，就業(yè)狀況不斷改善。1978年末，就業(yè)人員達到40152萬人。改革開放以來，隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和就業(yè)優(yōu)先政策的實施，就業(yè)總量大幅增加。特別是中共十八大以來，連續(xù)6年實現(xiàn)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1300萬人以上。2018年，全國就業(yè)人數(shù)增加到77586萬人。城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率長期處于4.1%以內(nèi)的較低水平。勞動者工資支付保障、同工同酬、休息休假、職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生、女性勞動者特別保護、依法參加和組織工會、參與企事業(yè)單位民主管理等各項權(quán)利得到依法保障。各地普遍建立最低工資標準調(diào)整機制和評估機制，保障了勞動者及其贍養(yǎng)人口的基本生活。目前，勞動者每年共享有115日的休息日和節(jié)假日，以及5日至15日的帶薪年休假，還按規(guī)定享受產(chǎn)假、婚喪假、探親假等假期。全國已建立基層工會組織數(shù)由1952年的20.7萬個增加到2018年的273.1萬個，工會會員由1952年的1002.3萬人增加到2018年的2.95億人。
China fully safeguards workers’ rights. Before the founding of the PRC, a large part of the urban workforce was unemployed. At the end of 1949 there were 180.82 million people across the country in employment, of whom only 15.33 million worked in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate was 23.6 percent. The employment situation has steadily improved over the past 70 years. By the end of 1978, the year when the policy of reform and opening up was adopted, the employed population had reached 401.52 million. After that, thanks to rapid economic growth and a policy that prioritizes employment, China’s employed population expanded rapidly. During the six years from the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 to 2018, over 13 million new jobs were created each year, and the total employed population in 2018 reached 775.86 million. The registered unemployment rate remained at a low level below 4.1 percent for a long period of time.
The guarantee for remuneration for labor, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest and leisure, right to occupational safety and health, right to join in and organize a labor union, and right to participate in the democratic management of businesses and public institutions are protected by law, as is women workers’ right to special protection. Universal mechanisms to adjust and assess the minimum wage have been established across the country, so as to ensure the basic living conditions of workers and their dependents. At present, each worker is entitled to 115 rest days and public holidays, and 5 to 15 days of paid holidays each year, as well as maternity leave, wedding leave, funeral leave and family reunion leave in line with the regulations. The number of primary-level labor unions rose from 207,000 in 1952 to 2.73 million in 2018 and their members grew from 10 million to 295 million during the same period.

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建立起世界上覆蓋人口最多的社會保障制度。新中國成立之初，社會保障尚屬空白。20世紀50年代至70年代，開始由國家和單位對城鎮(zhèn)職工提供勞保等福利，并由集體對農(nóng)民實行一定保障。改革開放以來，逐步建立了覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的社會保障體系，形成了世界上規(guī)模最大的社會保障安全網(wǎng)，社會保障水平不斷提高。截至2019年3月，全國參加基本養(yǎng)老保險人數(shù)達94118萬人，參加工傷保險人數(shù)達23894萬人，參加失業(yè)保險人數(shù)達19697萬人，參加生育保險人數(shù)超過2億人，包括職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)療保險在內(nèi)的基本醫(yī)療保險覆蓋超過13億人，基本實現(xiàn)全民醫(yī)保。自2005年起，連續(xù)15年大幅提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金水平。城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)保人均財政補助標準由2012年的240元提高到2019年的520元。自2016年起，探索建立長期護理保險制度。社會保障領(lǐng)域公共服務能力不斷提高，2016年啟動跨省異地就醫(yī)直接結(jié)算，越來越多群眾享受到直接結(jié)算便利。截至2019年3月，社會保障卡持卡人數(shù)約12.5億人，覆蓋全國89.6%人口。
China has established a social security system that covers the largest population in the world. There was no social security system in China when the PRC was founded. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, the state and employers began providing labor protection and other forms of welfare, and rural collectives provided peasants with a certain level of social security. After launching reform and opening up China gradually set up the world’s largest social security system covering people of both rural and urban areas. It has continued to make improvements. By March 2019 basic endowment insurance covered 941 million people, work-related injury insurance 239 million, unemployment insurance 197 million, and birth insurance more than 200 million. The basic medical insurance system, including basic medical insurance for workers and for rural and non-working urban residents, now covers more than 1.3 billion people – almost China’s entire population. China has substantially raised the amount of the basic pension of enterprise retirees every year since 2005. Per capita government subsidies for basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents rose from RMB240 in 2012 to RMB520 in 2019. China pioneered a long-term nursing insurance system in 2016. China is improving its capacity to offer social security services. In 2016, it launched a real-time settlement of medical expenses for medical treatment incurred outside the provincial-level administrative area where the patient’s medical insurance is registered, and this benefited a growing number of people. By March 2019, there were about 1.25 billion social security card holders, covering 89.6 percent of China’s population.

教育普及水平大幅提高。新中國成立之初，教育水平低，人口文化素質(zhì)差，小學凈入學率和初中毛入學率僅分別為20%和3%，高校在校生僅有11.7萬人，全國80%的人口是文盲。新中國高度重視發(fā)展教育事業(yè)，到1978年，學齡兒童入學率達到95.5%；1982年，粗文盲率降至22.8%。改革開放以來，中國大力實施教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，加快推進教育現(xiàn)代化，切實保障公民平等接受教育的權(quán)利。2018年，學前三年毛入園率達81.7%，普惠性幼兒園在園幼兒覆蓋率達73.1%；小學學齡兒童凈入學率達99.95%，初中階段毛入學率達100.9%，九年義務教育鞏固率達94.2%。高中階段教育基本普及，2018年全國高中階段在校生3934.7萬人。高等教育即將跨入普及化發(fā)展階段，2018年全國普通本?？普猩?91萬人，高等教育在學總規(guī)模達3833萬人，毛入學率達48.1%。建成現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育和繼續(xù)教育體系，2018年全國共有1.16萬所職業(yè)學校，中、高職招生達925.9萬人，在校生達2689萬人。
Universal education expands remarkably. In the early days of the PRC, China’s education system was poor and the general level of education was low. The net primary education enrolment rate was 20 percent and the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was only 3 percent. There were only 117,000 college students and 80 percent of the population was illiterate. The new Chinese government paid close attention to the development of education. The enrolment rate of school-age children reached 95.5 percent in 1978, and the overall rate of illiteracy had dropped to 22.8 percent by 1982. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has invested an enormous effort in implementing the education-first strategy, to modernize education and guarantee equal access to education for all. In 2018 the gross three-year preschool education enrolment rate reached 81.7 percent, and the children enrolled in government-funded and privately-run non-profit kindergartens accounted for 73.1 percent of all kindergarteners. The net primary education enrolment rate was 99.95 percent, the gross junior secondary education enrolment rate was 100.9 percent, and the completion rate of the free nine-year compulsory education was 94.2 percent. Availability of senior secondary education in China is now basically universal. In 2018, senior high schools had a total of 39.35 million students on campus. Higher education is becoming universal. In 2018, with 7.91 million newly enrolled students, there were a total of 38.33 million students studying in colleges and universities, representing a gross college enrolment rate of 48.1 percent. A modern vocational education and continuing education system has been established. In 2018, there were 11,600 vocational schools across China, with a total of 26.89 million students, including 9.26 million newly enrolled.

公共文化服務更好惠及人民。新中國成立之初，文化事業(yè)極其落后，公共文化服務設(shè)施極其短缺，1949年全國只有55個公共圖書館、896個文化館、21個博物館。經(jīng)過70年的持續(xù)努力，社會主義文化事業(yè)全面繁榮，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化體系逐步建立，公共文化設(shè)施逐步實現(xiàn)免費開放，文化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。截至2018年，全國共有公共圖書館3176個，比1949年增長56.7倍；文化館（群眾藝術(shù)館）3328個、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）文化站41193個、村（社區(qū)）綜合性文化服務中心340560個，每萬人擁有公共圖書館面積和群眾文化設(shè)施面積分別為114.4平方米和306.9平方米；博物館總數(shù)達5354家，約每26萬人擁有1座博物館，其中4743家博物館免費開放。2018年，全國廣播、電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率分別達98.94%、99.25%；全年出版各類圖書95億冊（張），比1950年增長34倍。公共數(shù)字文化服務能力大幅提升，截至2018年，公共圖書館電子圖書達8.08億冊，計算機22.35萬臺，其中供讀者使用的電子閱覽終端達14.63萬臺；公共數(shù)字文化工程累計建設(shè)公共數(shù)字文化資源總量約1200TB。加強科普工作，提升公民科學文化素質(zhì)。
Public cultural services benefit more people. When the PRC was founded in 1949, provision of public cultural services was quite backward, with few public cultural facilities across the whole country – only 55 public libraries, 896 cultural centers, and 21 museums. Thanks to a constant effort over the past 70 years, socialist cultural undertakings in China are flourishing in every respect. A public cultural service system is in place, an increasing number of public cultural facilities are open to the public for free, and the cultural industry is developing rapidly.
In 2018 China had the following facilities and infrastructure:
? 3,176 public libraries (57.7 times of that in 1949)
? 3,328 cultural centers (art centers)
? 41,193 township (sub-district) cultural stations
? 340,560 community (village) centers
? 11.4 sq m of public library space per 1,000 people
? 30.7 sq m of public cultural facilities per 1,000 people
? 5,354 museums (4,743 open to the public for free) – one museum per 260,000 head of population
? 98.94 percent of the total population was covered by the broadcasting network
? 99.25 percent had access to television
? 9.5 billion copies of books were published (35 times of that in 1950).
It also had a significant capability to provide digital cultural services through public libraries, including 808 million e-books, 223,500 computers (including 146,300 e-reading terminals), and 1,200 terabytes of public digital cultural resources created through public digital cultural service projects. Work to popularize science has been further intensified to improve the public’s understanding and appreciation of science and culture.

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人民獲得了真正的民主權(quán)利。中國憲法明確規(guī)定，中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。人民當家作主，是社會主義民主政治的本質(zhì)和核心。人民行使國家權(quán)力的機關(guān)是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。堅持選舉實行普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉的原則，凡年滿18周歲的中國公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。根據(jù)國情和實際不斷完善選舉制度，逐步實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，并保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當數(shù)量的代表。在2016年開始的全國縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人民代表大會換屆選舉中，登記選民10億多人，直接選舉產(chǎn)生近250萬名縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人民代表大會代表。城鄉(xiāng)基層民主有序發(fā)展，以城鄉(xiāng)村（居）民自治為核心，民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督為主要內(nèi)容的基層群眾自治制度基本建立并不斷完善。
Chinese people enjoy real democracy. The Constitution clearly provides that all power in the PRC belongs to the people. The essence and the core principle of the socialist democratic political system is that the people are the masters of the country. The NPC and local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The principles of universality, equality, direct election, indirect election, and competitive election are applied. All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law. In line with the national conditions and reality, China has improved the election system to gradually ensure that both rural and urban areas have the same proportion of deputies from the represented population in elections of people’s congress deputies, and that all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies. In the elections of deputies to the people’s congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, more than 1 billion constituents cast votes for nearly 2.5 million deputies.
Orderly development is seen in community-level democracy. A community-level self-governance system, featuring self-governance by urban and rural residents, and democratic election, consultation, decision-making, management, and supervision, is now in place and continues to improve.

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切實保障人民知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、表達權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)。70年來，中國建立健全常態(tài)化的法律草案公開征求意見工作機制，不斷完善政務公開制度體系，拓寬公眾參與立法和重大行政決策的渠道。截至2018年，國家立法機關(guān)共有172件法律草案向社會公開征求意見，收到1.5億多人次提出的510多萬條意見。健全依法決策機制，把公眾參與、專家論證、風險評估、合法性審查、集體討論決定確定為重大行政決策法定程序，提高決策科學化、民主化、法治化水平。推動協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展，不斷規(guī)范協(xié)商內(nèi)容、協(xié)商程序，拓展協(xié)商民主形式，增加協(xié)商密度，提高協(xié)商成效，以事關(guān)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展全局和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題為內(nèi)容，開展廣泛協(xié)商。截至2019年3月，全國政協(xié)共收到141807件提案，立案130299件，編刊及轉(zhuǎn)送社情民意信息12096件，大多數(shù)提案的建議得到采納和落實。建立健全信訪制度，國家信訪信息系統(tǒng)聯(lián)通了全國各級信訪機構(gòu)、9萬多個職能部門和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、41個中央和國家機關(guān)部委，建立人民建議征集制度。暢通民意表達渠道，創(chuàng)新群眾監(jiān)督方式，建立便捷高效的網(wǎng)絡表達平臺，公民在網(wǎng)絡上積極建言獻策，表達訴求，有序參與社會管理。堅持和發(fā)展“小事不出村，大事不出鎮(zhèn)，矛盾不上交”的楓橋經(jīng)驗，不斷深化人民調(diào)解、行政調(diào)解、行業(yè)性專業(yè)性調(diào)解、司法調(diào)解銜接聯(lián)動，完善矛盾糾紛多元化解機制，讓群眾及時、就地解決問題。全國人大常委會開展執(zhí)法檢查，人民政協(xié)積極探索和完善民主監(jiān)督機制，就決策執(zhí)行中的問題提出批評和建議。
China protects people’s rights to know, to participate, to express, and to supervise. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been set up and improved. Transparency of administrative work of the government is enhanced, and the channels for public participation in legislation and major administrative decision-making are constantly broadening. By 2018 the state legislatures had solicited public opinion on 172 draft laws, receiving 5.1 million comments from 150 million people.
A mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved. This takes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, review of legality, and group discussion as legal procedures in major administrative decision-making, so as to make decision-making more reasonable, democratic and law-based. Democratic consultation is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The content and procedure of consultation are regulated, and the forms, frequency, and effect of consultation are extending and increasing. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people. By March 2019, the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) had received 141,807 proposals and 130,299 of them were placed on file, published and transmitted 12,096 samples of public opinion, and adopted and carried out most of the proposals.
A public complaints reporting system has been established and improved. The national public complaints information system links public complaints and proposals administrative organs at all levels with more than 90,000 functional departments, town and township governments and sub-district offices, and 41 departments of the CPC and ministries of the central government. A people’s proposal soliciting system has been set up. China provides smooth channels through which people express their opinion, offers innovative ways of public supervision, and puts in place convenient and effective online platforms for citizens to offer their views and advice, express their demands, and participate in social management in an orderly manner.
The Experience of Fengqiao, a town in Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, is a good example of successful dispute resolution, by which “trivial matters are solved in the villages, major problems are settled in the town, and no conflict are passed on to the higher authorities.” This model is being rolled out. People’s mediation is closely linked to and synergizes with administrative, industry- and profession-based, and judicial mediation, and a diverse conflict and dispute solving mechanism is being improved, so that people can solve their problems quickly and on the site. The NPC Standing Committee carries out examinations of law enforcement. The CPPCC actively explores and improves the democratic supervision system and offers criticism and suggestions regarding problems arising in implementation of the decisions made by the Party or government.

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依法保障宗教信仰自由。中國實行宗教信仰自由政策，堅持從本國國情和宗教實際出發(fā)，保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，構(gòu)建積極健康的宗教關(guān)系，維護宗教和睦與社會和諧。中國政府依照憲法和法律，支持各宗教堅持獨立自主自辦原則，各宗教團體、宗教教職人員和信教公民自主辦理宗教事業(yè)；對涉及國家利益和社會公共利益的宗教事務進行管理，但不干涉宗教內(nèi)部事務。國家對待各宗教一律平等，一視同仁，不以行政力量發(fā)展或禁止某個宗教，任何宗教都不能超越其他宗教在法律上享有特殊地位。中國有佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2億人，宗教教職人員38萬余人，依法登記的宗教活動場所14.4萬處，宗教院校92所。
China protects freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. China follows policies on freedom of religious belief. Based on the conditions of the country and reality of its religions, China protects citizens’ freedom of religious belief, builds active and healthy religious relations, and maintains religious and social harmony. In accordance with the Constitution and the law, the Chinese government supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management. It also supports religious groups, clerical personnel, and believers in managing their own religious affairs. The government manages religious affairs involving national and public interests but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. The state treats all religions fairly and equally, and does not exercise administrative power to encourage or ban any religion. No religion is given preferential treatment over other religions or enjoys special legal privileges. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, with nearly 200 million believers and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. At present, there are about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities and 92 religious schools in China.

環(huán)境權(quán)利保障日益加強。70年來，隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和工業(yè)化加速推進，中國將環(huán)境保護工作納入各級政府的職能范圍，及時確立了保護環(huán)境的基本國策，建立并不斷完善生態(tài)環(huán)境保護體制機制和法律法規(guī)政策制度體系，提出走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，大力發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟，不斷加快清潔低碳化進程。特別是中共十八大以來，中國將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入“五位一體”總體布局，堅持人與自然和諧共生，大力倡導綠色發(fā)展，加強生態(tài)環(huán)境治理，全面打響大氣、水、土壤污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)，實施環(huán)保督察，“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的理念深入人心，生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)改善。2018年，天然氣、水電、核電、風電、太陽能發(fā)電等清潔能源消費量占能源消費總量的比重為22.1%，比1978年提高15.5個百分點；全國338個地級及以上城市可吸入顆粒物（PM10）平均濃度比2013年下降26.8%，首批實施《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標準》的74個城市細顆粒物（PM2.5）平均濃度比2013年下降42%，二氧化硫平均濃度比2013年下降68%；全國地表水優(yōu)良水質(zhì)斷面比例增至71%，劣Ⅴ類比例降至6.7%。全國生態(tài)保護紅線初步劃定，保護了約95%珍稀瀕危物種及其棲息地，以及約45%全國植被固碳量。
Environmental rights are better protected. Over the past 70 years, with rapid economic growth and industrialization, China has determined environmental protection as a national policy and included it in the functions and work of government. It has set up and continued to improve the mechanisms, policies, and legal system required for environmental protection. It advocates sustainable development, promotes a circular economy, and accelerates the process of clean and low-carbon transformation. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has determined environmental progress as a point of the Five-point Strategy. China advocates green development and harmony between human and nature. It is intensifying environmental governance, addressing the thorniest problems in the fight against air, water and soil contamination, and carrying out strict supervision over environmental protection work. The idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets has ingrained into people’s minds. Through such efforts, China is rapidly improving the quality of its environment.
In 2018 clean energy resources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and solar energy, made up 22.1 percent of China’s total energy consumption, an increase of 15.5 percentage points over 1978. Between 2013 and 2018, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level fell by 26.8 percent, and the average PM2.5 and SO2 intensity in the 74 cities that took the lead in implementing the Ambient Air Quality Standards fell by 42 percent and 68 percent respectively. The proportion of excellent and good quality surface water increased to 71 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 6.7 percent. An environmental protection zoning map has been drawn up that covers 95 percent of China’s rare and endangered species and their habitats and about 45 percent of carbon sequestration by vegetation.