國務(wù)院新聞辦公室7月21日發(fā)表《新疆的若干歷史問題》白皮書。全文如下：

新疆的若干歷史問題
Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang

（2019年7月）

中華人民共和國

國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
July 2019

目錄
Contents

前言
Preamble

一、新疆是中國領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分
I. Xinjiang Has Long Been an Inseparable Part of Chinese Territory

二、新疆從來不是“東突厥斯坦”
II. Xinjiang Has Never Been “East Turkistan”

三、新疆各民族是中華民族的組成部分
III. The Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang Are Part of the Chinese Nation

四、維吾爾族是經(jīng)過長期遷徙融合形成的
IV. The Uygur Ethnic Group Formed Through a Long Process of
Migration and Integration

五、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分
V. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of Chinese Culture

六、新疆歷來是多種宗教并存的地區(qū)
VI. Multiple Religions Have Long Coexisted in Xinjiang

七、伊斯蘭教不是維吾爾族天生信仰且唯一信仰的宗教
VII. Islam Is Neither an Indigenous nor the Sole Belief System
of the Uygurs

結(jié)束語
Conclusion

附件：中國歷代紀(jì)元簡表
Appendix: A Brief Chronology of Chinese History

前言
Preamble

中國新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)地處中國西北，位于亞歐大陸腹地，與蒙古國、俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度8個國家接壤，著名的“絲綢之路”在此將古代中國與世界聯(lián)系起來，使其成為多種文明的薈萃之地。
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is situated in northwest China and in the hinterland of the Eurasian Continent. It borders eight countries: Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. It was a place where the famed Silk Road connected ancient China with the rest of the world and where diverse cultures gathered.

中國是統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，新疆各民族是中華民族血脈相連的家庭成員。在漫長的歷史發(fā)展進程中，新疆的命運始終與偉大祖國和中華民族的命運緊密相連。然而，一個時期以來，境內(nèi)外敵對勢力，特別是民族分裂勢力、宗教極端勢力、暴力恐怖勢力（以下簡稱“三股勢力”），為了達到分裂、肢解中國的目的，蓄意歪曲歷史、混淆是非。他們抹殺新疆是中國固有領(lǐng)土，否定新疆自古以來就是多民族聚居、多文化交流、多宗教并存等客觀事實，妄稱新疆為“東突厥斯坦”，鼓噪新疆“獨立”，企圖把新疆各民族和中華民族大家庭、新疆各民族文化和多元一體的中華文化割裂開來。
China is a unified multiethnic country, and the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang have long been part of the Chinese nation. Throughout its long history, Xinjiang’s development has been closely related to that of China. However, in more recent times, hostile forces in and outside China, especially separatists, religious extremists and terrorists, have tried to split China and break it apart by distorting history and facts. They deny the fact that Xinjiang has been a part of China’s territory where various ethnic groups have lived together, many cultures have communicated with each other, and different religions have coexisted since ancient times. They call Xinjiang “East Turkistan” and clamor for independence. They attempt to separate ethnic groups in Xinjiang from the Chinese nation and ethnic cultures in the region from the diverse but integrated Chinese culture.

歷史不容篡改，事實不容否定。新疆是中國神圣領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分，新疆從來都不是什么“東突厥斯坦”；維吾爾族是經(jīng)過長期遷徙融合形成的，是中華民族的組成部分；新疆是多文化多宗教并存的地區(qū)，新疆各民族文化是在中華文化懷抱中孕育發(fā)展的；伊斯蘭教不是維吾爾族天生信仰且唯一信仰的宗教，與中華文化相融合的伊斯蘭教扎根中華沃土并健康發(fā)展。
History cannot be tampered with and facts are indisputable. Xinjiang has long been an inseparable part of Chinese territory; never has it been the so-called East Turkistan. The Uygur ethnic group came into being through a long process of migration and integration; it is part of the Chinese nation. In Xinjiang, different cultures and religions coexist, and ethnic cultures have been fostered and developed in the embrace of the Chinese civilization. Islam is neither an indigenous nor the sole belief system of the Uygur people. It has taken root in the Chinese culture and developed soundly in China.

一、新疆是中國領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分
I. Xinjiang Has Long Been an Inseparable Part of Chinese Territory

中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的形成，是經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的歷史必然。歷史上，養(yǎng)育中華民族及其先民的東亞大陸，既有農(nóng)耕區(qū)，也有游牧區(qū)等。各種生產(chǎn)生活方式族群的交流互補、遷徙匯聚、沖突融合，推動了中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的形成和發(fā)展。
A unified multiethnic country, China came into being as a result of economic and social development. Historically, the East Asia continent that nurtured the ancestors of today’s Chinese nation had both farming and nomadic herding areas. Different ethnic groups with diverse livelihoods and lifestyles communicated with and complemented each other, and migrated and lived together. They experienced both conflict and integration, and pushed China to move forward and become a unified multiethnic country.

中國歷史上最早的幾個王朝夏、商、周先后在中原地區(qū)興起，與其周圍的大小氏族、部落、部落聯(lián)盟逐漸融合形成的族群統(tǒng)稱為諸夏或華夏。經(jīng)春秋至戰(zhàn)國，華夏族群不斷同王朝周邊的氏族、部落、部落聯(lián)盟交流融合，逐漸形成了齊、楚、燕、韓、趙、魏、秦等7個地區(qū)，并分別聯(lián)系著東夷、南蠻、西戎、北狄等周邊諸族。公元前221年，秦始皇建立第一個統(tǒng)一的封建王朝。公元前202年，漢高祖劉邦再次建立統(tǒng)一的封建王朝。
Xia, Shang, and Zhou, the three earliest dynasties in Chinese history, emerged successively in the Central Plains, a vast area covering the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. They integrated with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances into bigger ethnic groups, called by the joint name Zhuxia or Huaxia. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, Huaxia groups continued to communicate and blend with neighboring clans, tribes, and tribal alliances, and gradually seven regions – Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin – came into being. These maintained contact with neighboring ethnic groups such as Yi in the east, Man in the south, Rong in the west, and Di in the north. In 221 BC, the First Emperor of Qin founded the first unified feudal dynasty. In 202 BC, Liu Bang, later known as Emperor Gaozu, set up another unified feudal dynasty – Han.

從漢代至清代中晚期，包括新疆天山南北在內(nèi)的廣大地區(qū)統(tǒng)稱為西域。自漢代開始，新疆地區(qū)正式成為中國版圖的一部分。漢朝以后，歷代中原王朝時強時弱，和西域的關(guān)系有疏有密，中央政權(quán)對新疆地區(qū)的管治時緊時松，但任何一個王朝都把西域視為故土，行使著對該地區(qū)的管轄權(quán)。在中國統(tǒng)一多民族國家的歷史演進中，新疆各族人民同全國人民一道共同開拓了中國的遼闊疆土，共同締造了多元一體的中華民族大家庭。中國多民族大一統(tǒng)格局，是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全體中華兒女共同奮斗造就的。
From the Han to the middle and late Qing, the vast areas both north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang were called the Western Regions. Xinjiang was formally included in Chinese territory in the Han Dynasty. Later dynasties in the Central Plains, some strong, some weak, kept closer or looser contact with the Western Regions, and the central authorities exercised tighter or slacker administration over Xinjiang. But all of these dynasties regarded the Western Regions as part of Chinese territory and exercised the right of jurisdiction over Xinjiang. Through the long formative process of turning China into a unified multiethnic country, many ethnic groups worked together to develop its vast territories and build the diverse Chinese nation. The unification of multiethnic China was a result of common efforts made by the whole Chinese nation, including the ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

西漢前期，中國北方游牧民族匈奴控制西域地區(qū)，并不斷進犯中原地區(qū)。漢武帝即位后，采取一系列軍事和政治措施反擊匈奴。公元前138年、公元前119年，派遣張騫兩次出使西域，聯(lián)合月氏、烏孫等共同對付匈奴。公元前127年至公元前119年，3次出兵重創(chuàng)匈奴，并在內(nèi)地通往西域的咽喉要道先后設(shè)立武威、張掖、酒泉、敦煌四郡。公元前101年，在輪臺等地進行屯田，并設(shè)置地方官吏管理。公元前60年，控制東部天山北麓的匈奴日逐王降漢，西漢統(tǒng)一西域。同年，設(shè)西域都護府作為管理西域的軍政機構(gòu)。公元123年，東漢改西域都護府為西域長史府，繼續(xù)行使管理西域的職權(quán)。
In the early Western Han Dynasty, the nomadic Xiongnu people in northern China controlled the Western Regions, and attacked the Central Plains from time to time. After Emperor Wudi took the throne, he adopted a series of military and political responses. In 138 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han government dispatched Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions, who convinced the Rouzhi and Wusun peoples to form an alliance to fight the Xiongnu. On three occasions between 127 BC and 119 BC, the Western Han authorities dispatched forces that inflicted heavy losses on the Xiongnu. They then set up four prefectures – Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang – on key passageways from the Central Plains to the Western Regions. In 101 BC, the Western Han began to send garrison troops to transform wastelands to arable land in Luntai and some other places, and appointed local officers to command them. In 60 BC, the Xiongnu king who ruled the areas north of the eastern Tianshan Mountains surrendered to the Han government, which thereby incorporated the Western Regions into Han’s territory. In the same year, the Western Regions Frontier Command was established to exercise military and political administration over the Western Regions. In 123, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Regions Frontier Command was replaced by the Western Regions Garrison Command, which continued to administer the Western Regions.

三國曹魏政權(quán)繼承漢制，在西域設(shè)戊己校尉。西晉在西域設(shè)置西域長史和戊己校尉管理軍政事務(wù)。三國兩晉時期，北方匈奴、鮮卑、丁零、烏桓等民族部分內(nèi)遷并最后與漢族融合。327年，前涼政權(quán)首次將郡縣制推廣到西域，設(shè)高昌郡（吐魯番盆地）。從460年到640年，以吐魯番盆地為中心，建立了以漢人為主體居民的高昌國，歷闞、張、馬、麴諸氏。隋代，結(jié)束了中原長期割據(jù)狀態(tài)，擴大了郡縣制在新疆地區(qū)的范圍。突厥、吐谷渾、黨項、嘉良夷、附國等周邊民族先后歸附隋朝。唐代，中央政權(quán)對西域的管理大為加強，先后設(shè)置安西大都護府和北庭大都護府，統(tǒng)轄天山南北。于闐王國自稱唐朝宗屬，隨唐朝國姓李。宋代，西域地方政權(quán)與宋朝保持著朝貢關(guān)系。高昌回鶻尊中朝（宋）為舅，自稱西州外甥?？雇醭啻闻墒钩枷蛩纬?。元代，設(shè)北庭都元帥府、宣慰司等管理軍政事務(wù)，加強了對西域的管轄。1251年，西域?qū)嵭行惺≈?。明代，中央政?quán)設(shè)立哈密衛(wèi)作為管理西域事務(wù)的機構(gòu)，并在嘉峪關(guān)和哈密之間先后建立安定、阿端、曲先、罕東、赤斤蒙古、沙州6個衛(wèi)，以此支持管理西域事務(wù)。清代，清政府平定準(zhǔn)噶爾叛亂，中國西北國界得以確定。此后，對新疆地區(qū)實行了更加系統(tǒng)的治理政策。1762年設(shè)立伊犁將軍，實行軍政合一的軍府體制。1884年在新疆地區(qū)建省，并取“故土新歸”之意，改稱西域為“新疆”。1912年新疆積極響應(yīng)辛亥革命，成為中華民國的一個行省。
The Kingdom of Wei of the Three Kingdoms Period adopted the Han system, stationing a garrison commander to rule the Western Regions. The Western Jin Dynasty stationed a garrison commander and a governor to exercise military and political administration over the Western Regions. In the Three Kingdoms Period and the Jin Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Dingling, and Wuhuan in northern China moved inland and finally integrated with the Han ethnic group. In 327, the Former Liang regime spread the system of prefectures and counties to the Western Regions and set up the Gaochang Prefecture in the Turpan Basin. From 460 to 640, the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochangcentered in the Turpan Basin and with the Han people as the main population was ruled successively by the Kan, Zhang, Ma, and Qu families. The Sui Dynasty ended the long-term division of the Central Plains, and expanded the areas in the Western Regions that adopted the system of prefectures and counties. The Turk, Tuyuhun, Dangxiang, Jialiangyi, Fuguo and some other ethnic groups submitted to the authority of the Sui. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government strengthened its rule over the Western Regions by establishing the Grand Anxi Frontier Command and the Grand Beiting Frontier Command to administer the Western Regions. The ruling clan of the Kingdom of Khotan (232 BC-AD 1006) asserted that it was related by blood to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and changed its surname to Li, the surname of the Tang emperor. In the Song Dynasty, local regimes of the Western Regions paid tribute to the Song. The king of Uighur Kingdom of Gaochanghonored the Song emperor as “Uncle” and called himself “Nephew in the Western Regions”, while the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1212) sent envoys many times to pay tribute to the Song court. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central government strengthened administration over the Western Regions by establishing the Beiting Command and the Pacification Commissioner’s Office to manage military and political affairs. In 1251, the system of administrative provinces was adopted in the Western Regions. In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court set up the Hami Garrison Command to manage local affairs, and then set up six garrison cities – Anding, Aduan, Quxian, Handong, ChijinMengu, and Shazhou – between the Jiayu Pass and Hami to support local administration. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court quelled a rebellion launched by the Junggar regime, defining the northwestern border of China. It then adopted more systematic policies for governing Xinjiang. In 1762, the Qing government established the post of Ili General and adopted a mechanism combining military and political administration. In 1884, it established a province and renamed the Western Regions as “Xinjiang”, meaning “l(fā)and newly returned”. In 1912, as a response to the Revolution of 1911, Xinjiang became a province of the Republic of China.

1949年中華人民共和國成立，新疆和平解放。1955年成立新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)。在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，新疆各族人民同全國人民共同團結(jié)奮斗，新疆進入歷史上最好的繁榮發(fā)展時期。
In 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and Xinjiang was liberated peacefully. In 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, all ethnic groups in Xinjiang united and worked with other groups across the country, opening a period of unprecedented prosperity for the region.

在長期的歷史進程中，中國疆土既有割據(jù)時期又有統(tǒng)一時期，統(tǒng)一與割據(jù)交替循環(huán)，國家統(tǒng)一發(fā)展始終是主流方向。同中原地區(qū)不同時期曾經(jīng)存在諸侯國或割據(jù)政權(quán)一樣，新疆地區(qū)也多次出現(xiàn)地方政權(quán)割據(jù)情況，但不論這些政權(quán)割據(jù)時間有多長、局面有多嚴(yán)重，最終都走向重新統(tǒng)一。歷史上，西域不同時期曾經(jīng)存在的“國”，包括城郭諸國、行國、封國、王國、汗國、王朝、屬國、朝貢國等形態(tài)，無論是漢代西域三十六國，還是宋代喀喇汗王朝、高昌回鶻王國等，元代察合臺汗國，明代葉爾羌汗國，都是中國疆域內(nèi)的地方政權(quán)形式，都不是獨立的國家。即便是地方割據(jù)政權(quán)，也都有濃厚的中國一體意識，或認(rèn)為自己是中原政權(quán)的分支，或臣屬于中原政權(quán)。宋代著名歷史文獻《突厥語大詞典》將當(dāng)時中國分為上秦、中秦和下秦3部分，上秦為北宋，中秦是遼朝，下秦為喀什噶爾一帶，三位一體為完整的秦。在《長春真人西游記》中漢人被稱為桃花石，相應(yīng)在《突厥語大詞典》詞條里，回鶻人被稱為塔特·桃花石，也有的直譯為中國回鶻人。在喀喇汗王朝錢幣上，常有桃花石·布格拉汗、秦之王以及秦與東方之王等稱呼，標(biāo)示是中國的一部分。
In the long history, Chinese territory has experienced periods of division and unification, but unification and development have always been the overall trend. Small kingdoms or separatist regimes existed in the Central Plains in different periods; similarly, Xinjiang also witnessed several local regimes dividing the region. Nevertheless, no matter how long these regimes divided Xinjiang and however serious the situation was, the region was ultimately united. In different periods in Xinjiang there were city-states, nomadic states, princedoms, kingdoms, khanates, vassal states, tributary states and some other forms of local regime, such as the 36 states of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang in the Song Dynasty, the Chagatai Khanate in the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yarkant Khanate in the Ming Dynasty. But these were all local regimes within the territory of China; they were never independent countries. These local regimes had a strong sense of national identity, and acknowledged themselves as branches or vassals of the Central Plains authorities. A Comprehensive Dictionary of Turkic Languages, written by Turkic scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari in the 11th century, states that China [often referred to as Qin in ancient times] was composed of three parts, namely Upper Qin (the area of the Northern Song Dynasty), Middle Qin (the area of the Liao Dynasty), and Lower Qin (the area of the Kara-Khanid Khanate). In the Travels to the West of Master of Eternal Spring QiuChuji, the Han people were called the Tavghaq; and in A Comprehensive Dictionary of Turkic Languages, the Uighur people were called Tat Tavghaq, or the Uighurs of China. The coins of the Kara-Khanid Khanate were often inscribed with such titles as TavghaqBughra Khan, King from Qin, and King from Qin and the East to indicate that the khanate was part of China.

二、新疆從來不是“東突厥斯坦”
II. Xinjiang Has Never Been “East Turkistan”

突厥是6世紀(jì)中葉興起于阿爾泰山地區(qū)的一個游牧部落，于552年消滅柔然汗國，建立突厥汗國。583年，突厥汗國以阿爾泰山為界，分為東、西兩大勢力。630年，唐朝發(fā)兵擊敗東突厥汗國。657年，唐朝聯(lián)合回紇滅西突厥汗國，中央政權(quán)完全統(tǒng)一西域。682年，安置在北方的東突厥部眾反叛唐朝，一度建立了后突厥汗國政權(quán)。744年，唐朝與漠北回紇、葛邏祿等聯(lián)手平定了后突厥汗國?；丶v首領(lǐng)骨力裴羅因功被冊封為懷仁可汗，在漠北建立回紇汗國。突厥作為我國古代的一個游牧民族，也隨著汗國的消亡于8世紀(jì)中后期解體，并在西遷中亞西亞過程中與當(dāng)?shù)夭孔迦诤希纬啥鄠€新的民族，新的民族與古突厥民族有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。從此，突厥在我國北方退出歷史舞臺。
The Turks (Tujue in Chinese) were nomads who originated in the Altai Mountains in the middle of the 6th century. The Turks annihilated the Rouran and established a Turkic khanate in 552, which split into two forces, settling on either side of the Altai in 583. The Tang Dynasty defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (583-630) in 630, and joined forces with the Ouigours to eliminate the Western Turkic Khaganate (583-657) in 657, thus uniting the Western Regions under central rule. In 682, the remnants of the Eastern Turks that were relocated in the north rebelled against the Tang court and established the Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744). This was quelled by the Tang in 744 with the help of the Ouigour and Karluk peoples in Mobei (the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau). Kutlug Bilge Khagan, leader of the Ouigours, was granted a title by the Tang court, and established a khanate in Mobei. In the late 8th century, the nomadic Turks dissolved as its last khanate collapsed. They mixed with local tribes during their migration to Central and West Asia, but these newly formed peoples were fundamentally different to the ancient Turks. Ever since then, Turks have disappeared from China’s northern regions.

中國歷史上從來沒有把新疆稱為“東突厥斯坦”，更不存在所謂的“東突厥斯坦國”。18世紀(jì)至19世紀(jì)上半葉，隨著西方對阿爾泰語系突厥語族各種語言的劃分，一些國家的學(xué)者和作家頻繁使用“突厥斯坦”一詞，指代天山以南到阿富汗北部，大體包括新疆南部到中亞的地域，并且習(xí)慣以帕米爾高原為界，將這一地理區(qū)域分為“西突厥斯坦”和“東突厥斯坦”。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初，“泛突厥主義”“泛伊斯蘭主義”思潮傳入新疆以后，境內(nèi)外分裂勢力將這個地理名詞政治化，將其內(nèi)涵擴大化，鼓噪所有使用突厥語族語言和信奉伊斯蘭教的民族聯(lián)合起來，組成政教合一的“東突厥斯坦國”。所謂的“東突厥斯坦”論調(diào)，成為境內(nèi)外民族分裂勢力、國外反華勢力企圖分裂中國、肢解中國的政治工具和行動綱領(lǐng)。
Never in Chinese history has Xinjiang been referred to as “East Turkistan”, and there has never been any state known as “East Turkistan”. From the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, as the West made a distinction between the various Turkic languages (branches of the Altaic languages), some foreign scholars and writers coined the term “Turkistan” to refer to the region south of the Tianshan Mountains and north of Afghanistan, which roughly covered the area from southern Xinjiang to Central Asia. They called the two areas on either side of the Pamirs “West Turkistan” and “East Turkistan”. At the turn of the 20th century, as “Pan-Turkism” and “Pan-Islamism” made inroads into Xinjiang, separatists in and outside China politicized the geographical concept and manipulated its meaning, inciting all ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages and believing in Islam to join in creating the theocratic state of “East Turkistan”. The advocacy of this so-called state has become a political tool and program for separatists and anti-China forces attempting to split China.