五、重視保障特定群體權(quán)利
V. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups

新中國(guó)成立70年來，中國(guó)結(jié)合國(guó)情采取有針對(duì)性的措施，切實(shí)保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人的合法權(quán)益，使他們能以平等的地位和均等的機(jī)會(huì)充分參與社會(huì)生活，共享物質(zhì)文明和精神文明成果。
Over the 70 years since the founding of the PRC, China has, based on its conditions, adopted targeted measures to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities, ensuring their equal status and giving them the equal opportunity to participate in social life and enjoy the fruits of the country’s material and cultural progress.

有效保障少數(shù)民族參與國(guó)家事務(wù)管理的權(quán)利。55個(gè)少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國(guó)人大代表和全國(guó)政協(xié)委員，十三屆全國(guó)人大代表中，少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%。近年來全國(guó)公務(wù)員考試錄用少數(shù)民族考生的比例保持在13%以上，高于少數(shù)民族人口占全國(guó)人口8.49%的比例。各民族自治地方依法享有廣泛的自治權(quán)，包括政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育、科學(xué)、文化、衛(wèi)生等各項(xiàng)事業(yè)的自主管理權(quán)。民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)除享有地方國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的權(quán)力外，還有權(quán)依照當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓恼?、?jīng)濟(jì)和文化特點(diǎn)，制定自治條例和單行條例。155個(gè)民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中，均有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)或旗長(zhǎng)，均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任。
China effectively guarantees ethnic minority rights in administering state affairs. All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies at the NPC and members in the CPPCC National Committee. The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. In recent years, among the candidates passing the national civil service admission examination, ethnic minority candidates made up more than 13 percent, higher than the ethnic minority population ratio in the country (8.49 percent). The ethnic autonomous areas enjoy the right of autonomy in a wide range of fields as prescribed by law: politics, economy, education, science and technology, culture and health. In addition to the powers assigned to local authorities, the people’s congresses of ethnic autonomous areas also have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas concerned.
The standing committees of all the people’s congresses in the 155 ethnic autonomous areas have members of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas.

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少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。70年來，國(guó)家把支持少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)加快經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展作為國(guó)家發(fā)展建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容，通過實(shí)施西部大開發(fā)、興邊富民行動(dòng)、扶持人口較少民族、少數(shù)民族特色村鎮(zhèn)保護(hù)與發(fā)展、對(duì)口支援以及制定少數(shù)民族事業(yè)專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃等戰(zhàn)略舉措，加大投入力度，堅(jiān)決打贏民族地區(qū)脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，有力地促進(jìn)了少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。2018年，內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個(gè)自治區(qū)和云南、貴州、青海3個(gè)省的地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)90576億元，同比增長(zhǎng)7.2%，高于全國(guó)0.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；貧困人口減少到603萬，貧困發(fā)生率下降到4.0%。民族地區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)和百姓生活日新月異。
The ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas have leapfrogged in social and economic development. Over the last 70 years, the state has treated the social and economic development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas as an important element of national development. Through a series of strategic measures such as large-scale development of western China, actions to enrich border areas and their residents, efforts to develop smaller ethnic groups, efforts to preserve and promote ethnic minority style villages and towns, paired-up assistance, and special planning for ethnic minority undertakings, the Chinese government has increased its investment in the fight against poverty in ethnic minority areas, which has given a significant boost to local social and economic development. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai where there are a large number of ethnic minorities reached RMB9.06 trillion in 2018, an increase of 7.2 percent over 2017, which was 0.6 percentage point higher than the national average. The impoverished population in these regions dropped to 6.03 million, with the incidence of poverty reduced to 4 percent. Infrastructure, public services, and living conditions in ethnic minority areas are seeing rapid progress.

少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。中國(guó)通過發(fā)展各級(jí)各類民族學(xué)校，舉辦內(nèi)地預(yù)科班、民族班，對(duì)少數(shù)民族考生升學(xué)予以照顧，在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育，著力辦好民族地區(qū)高等教育等舉措，促進(jìn)教育公平，保障少數(shù)民族受教育權(quán)利。目前，民族地區(qū)已全面普及從小學(xué)到初中9年義務(wù)教育，西藏自治區(qū)、新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆地區(qū)等實(shí)現(xiàn)了從學(xué)前到高中階段15年免費(fèi)教育。2018年，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)學(xué)前三年毛入園率已達(dá)到96.86%，小學(xué)凈入學(xué)率達(dá)到99.94%。
Education for ethnic minorities and in ethnic minority areas has developed rapidly. China has adopted a series of measures to improve educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities’ right to education. These measures include: opening schools for students from ethnic minority groups, opening preparatory courses and special classes for ethnic minorities at colleges and schools in other provinces and municipalities, giving preferential treatment to students from ethnic minority groups when they take exams to enter higher levels of education, running residential schools in farming and pastoral areas, and prioritizing ethnic minority areas in higher education development. Nine-year compulsory education (elementary and junior high schools) is universal in ethnic minority areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region and south Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students are exempt from charges for education for a total of 15 years from preschool to senior high school. In Xinjiang in 2018, the gross preschool education enrolment rate reached 96.86 percent and the net primary education enrolment rate was 99.94 percent.

少數(shù)民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的自由得到保障。在中國(guó)，除回族和滿族通用漢語文外，其他53個(gè)少數(shù)民族都有本民族語言，有22個(gè)少數(shù)民族共使用28種文字。國(guó)家依法保障少數(shù)民族語言文字在行政司法、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領(lǐng)域的合法使用。建設(shè)中國(guó)少數(shù)民族瀕危語言數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，設(shè)立并實(shí)施“中國(guó)語言資源保護(hù)工程”。截至2019年3月，民族自治地方共設(shè)置廣播電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)、廣播電視臺(tái)等播出機(jī)構(gòu)714個(gè)。全國(guó)各級(jí)播出機(jī)構(gòu)共開辦民族語電視頻道46套，民族語廣播56套。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)使用漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯6種語言文字出版報(bào)紙、圖書、音像制品和電子出版物，使用多語言、多文種播送電視和廣播節(jié)目等。國(guó)家在民族地區(qū)實(shí)施雙語教育，基本建立起從學(xué)前到高中階段的雙語教育體系。截至2018年，少數(shù)民族雙語教育的中小學(xué)共6521所，接受雙語教育的在校生309.3萬人，雙語教育的專任教師20.6萬人。
The freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages is fully protected. In China, with the exception of the Hui and Manchu peoples who generally use Han Chinese, the other 53 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and 22 groups use a total of 28 written scripts. The state protects by law the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education. It has established a database for the endangered languages of ethnic minority groups, and initiated the Program for Protecting China’s Language Resources. As of March 2019, there were 714 radio and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas. The broadcasting stations across the country run 46 television channels and 56 radio programs in ethnic minority languages. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region publishes newspapers, books, audios, videos, and electronic publications in Han Chinese, Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrghyz, Mongolian and Xibo languages, and uses various spoken and written languages in radio and television programs. The state provides bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, forming a basic bilingual education system that extends from preschool to senior high school. In 2018, there were 6,521 primary and middle schools catering to ethnic minority students in China, giving courses in both Han Chinese and ethnic minority languages, with 206,000 full-time teachers teaching such courses to 3.09 million students.

少數(shù)民族文化遺產(chǎn)、文物古跡得到有效保護(hù)。少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)文化是中華文化的重要組成部分，是中國(guó)各族人民的共同精神財(cái)富。中國(guó)政府制定相關(guān)法律，設(shè)立專門機(jī)構(gòu)，加大資金投入，推動(dòng)少數(shù)民族文化傳承發(fā)展。拉薩布達(dá)拉宮歷史建筑群、麗江古城、元上都遺址、紅河哈尼梯田文化景觀、土司遺址等被列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。中國(guó)列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄（名冊(cè)）的項(xiàng)目中有21項(xiàng)與少數(shù)民族相關(guān)；中國(guó)前四批共計(jì)1372項(xiàng)國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄中，與少數(shù)民族相關(guān)的有492項(xiàng)，占36%；在五批3068名國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人中，少數(shù)民族傳承人有862名，約占28%；設(shè)立21個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)文化生態(tài)保護(hù)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)，其中有11個(gè)位于民族地區(qū)；25個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）已建立民族古籍整理與研究機(jī)構(gòu)。截至2018年，搶救、整理的散藏民間的少數(shù)民族古籍約百萬種（不含館藏及寺院藏書），包括很多珍貴的孤本和善本。組織實(shí)施《中國(guó)少數(shù)民族古籍總目提要》編纂工程，共收書目約30萬種。
Cultural heritage and relics of ethnic minorities are effectively protected. Traditional ethnic minority cultures are important components of Chinese culture, and the common cultural wealth of the whole nation. The Chinese government has promulgated laws, established specialized government bodies, and increased spending to inherit, pass on, and develop the cultures of ethnic minority groups. The Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace of Lhasa, Old Town of Lijiang, Site of Xanadu, Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, and Tusi Sites are all included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of all the cultural items from China included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, 21 are related to ethnic minorities. At national level, 492 (36 percent) of the 1,372 cultural items included to date in China’s intangible cultural heritage list are related to ethnic minorities. Of the 3,068 representative trustees of China’s intangible cultural heritage, 862 (28 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. China has set up 21 national-level cultural preservation experimental areas, 11 of which are located in ethnic minority areas. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and recordings of ethnic minorities. By 2018, about one million privately-held ethnic minority ancient classics and recordings (excluding books collected in museums and temples), including many rare editions, some of which only had a single extant copy, had been rescued and catalogued. China has launched the compilation of Collection of Ancient Classics and Recordings of Chinese Ethnic Minorities, including about 300,000 books.

少數(shù)民族宗教信仰自由得到保障。少數(shù)民族正常的宗教活動(dòng)和宗教信仰依法受到保護(hù)，正常宗教需求得到滿足。以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍。西藏自治區(qū)有藏傳佛教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所1787處，住寺僧尼4.6萬多人。頒布《藏傳佛教活佛轉(zhuǎn)世管理辦法》，活佛轉(zhuǎn)世制度作為藏傳佛教所特有的信仰和傳承方式，得到國(guó)家和西藏自治區(qū)各級(jí)政府的尊重。西藏自治區(qū)現(xiàn)有活佛358名，其中91位新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定。不斷完善藏傳佛教僧人學(xué)經(jīng)制度，國(guó)家頒布了《藏傳佛教學(xué)銜授予辦法（試行）》，截至2018年，西藏自治區(qū)已有117名學(xué)經(jīng)僧人獲得了格西“拉讓巴”學(xué)位，68名僧人獲得了中國(guó)藏語系高級(jí)佛學(xué)院“拓然巴”高級(jí)學(xué)銜。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)有清真寺、教堂、寺院、道觀等宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所2.48萬座，其中清真寺有2.44萬多座，教職人員2.93萬人，學(xué)生可在伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學(xué)院接受本科教育，《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓(xùn)實(shí)錄精華》等出版發(fā)行達(dá)176萬余冊(cè)。實(shí)行有組織、有計(jì)劃的朝覲政策，加強(qiáng)服務(wù)保障，確保朝覲活動(dòng)安全有序。
Religious freedoms of ethnic minority groups are protected. Normal religious activities and religious beliefs of ethnic minorities are protected by law, and their normal religious needs are satisfied. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages. Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,787 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and over 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The state has issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, 91 of whom have been approved and confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. The state has issued the Measures on the Conferment of Academic Titles in Tibetan Buddhism (Trial). By 2018 a total of 117 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 68 from the High-level Tibetan Buddhism College of China, Beijing. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 24,800 venues for practicing religious activities, including 24,400 mosques, and 29,300 clerical personnel. Students can receive undergraduate education in Xinjiang Islamic Institute. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Sahih of al-Buhari have been distributed. The hajj is well planned, organized and conducted to ensure a safe and orderly pilgrimage.

婦女兒童保護(hù)力度持續(xù)加強(qiáng)。婦女權(quán)益保障法、未成年人保護(hù)法奠定了保障婦女兒童權(quán)益的法律基礎(chǔ)。中國(guó)政府先后制定實(shí)施了三個(gè)中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要和三個(gè)中國(guó)兒童發(fā)展綱要，積極倡導(dǎo)并切實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)男女平等，加強(qiáng)兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)。不斷加大女職工勞動(dòng)就業(yè)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)、生育保障等權(quán)益的保護(hù)力度。有力懲處性侵、虐待未成年人、拐賣婦女兒童等犯罪行為，推動(dòng)落實(shí)性違法犯罪人員從業(yè)禁止、校園性侵強(qiáng)制報(bào)告等制度。頒布實(shí)施反家庭暴力法，通過強(qiáng)制報(bào)告、公安告誡、人身安全保護(hù)令、緊急庇護(hù)等制度的實(shí)施，保障包括婦女在內(nèi)的家庭成員的合法權(quán)益。維護(hù)校園安全，整治校園暴力和學(xué)生欺凌行為。強(qiáng)化留守兒童父母或受委托監(jiān)護(hù)人的監(jiān)護(hù)主體責(zé)任，嚴(yán)厲打擊侵害農(nóng)村留守兒童的違法犯罪活動(dòng)。充分運(yùn)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等先進(jìn)科技手段解救被拐賣兒童，建立打拐DNA信息庫(kù)，推出公安部?jī)和й櫺畔⒕o急發(fā)布平臺(tái)，建立失蹤兒童快速救助聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制。
The protection of women and children is improving. The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests and the Law on the Protection of Minors lay the legal foundations in this area. The Chinese government has enacted three guidelines on women’s development and three on children’s development, advocating and ensuring gender equality and strengthening the protection of children’s rights. It works harder to protect the rights and interests of women employees, such as the right to work and to safety at work, and maternity benefits. It forcefully punishes sexual assaults on and maltreatment of minors, and trafficking of women and children. It promotes mechanisms preventing sexual criminals from engaging in restricted occupations, and compulsory reporting of campus sexual assaults. The state has promulgated the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which protects the legal rights and interests of woman and other family members through compulsory reporting, admonition from public security organs, personal protection order, emergency protection and other measures. The government makes every effort to ensure school safety, punishing school violence and bullying. It intensifies supervision over the duties of the parents or other entrusted guardians of left-behind children whose parents work in other places and takes strict action on any crimes against this group of children. China makes full use of advanced technologies like the internet to rescue abducted children. It has established a DNA bank for abducted children, set up a missing children information release platform managed by the Ministry of Public Security, and activated a joint urgent rescue mechanism for missing children.

婦女兒童健康權(quán)益保障水平不斷提高。新中國(guó)成立前，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率高達(dá)1500/10萬，嬰兒死亡率高達(dá)200‰，婦女的平均預(yù)期壽命僅有36.7歲。新中國(guó)成立后，婦女兒童健康水平不斷提高，2015年婦女平均預(yù)期壽命達(dá)79.43歲；2018年孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率下降到18.3/10萬，嬰兒死亡率下降到6.1‰。2012年起，實(shí)施貧困地區(qū)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善項(xiàng)目，改善貧困地區(qū)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康狀況，截至2018年，項(xiàng)目覆蓋21個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）14個(gè)國(guó)家集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)715個(gè)貧困縣，共有722萬兒童受益。實(shí)施婦女宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費(fèi)檢查項(xiàng)目，將宮頸癌和乳腺癌納入國(guó)家大病救治范圍，截至2018年，累計(jì)開展宮頸癌免費(fèi)檢查近1億人次，乳腺癌免費(fèi)檢查超過3000萬人次。按照每人救助1萬元的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，累計(jì)發(fā)放中央專項(xiàng)彩票公益金和籌集的社會(huì)資金13億多元，救助貧困患病婦女13.22萬名。增加農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)婦幼衛(wèi)生經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，實(shí)施農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩補(bǔ)助項(xiàng)目，累計(jì)補(bǔ)助7400余萬人。實(shí)施“母親水窖”供水工程和“母親健康快車”醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生健康項(xiàng)目，著力解決西部干旱地區(qū)婦女安全飲水及貧困地區(qū)婦女兒童健康服務(wù)等問題。
The protection of women and children’s right to health is improving. Before the founding of the PRC in 1949, the maternal and perinatal mortality rate was over 1,500 per 100,000, the infant mortality rate was 200 per 1,000, and the anticipated life expectancy of women was only 36.7 years. After 1949, the situation improved considerably. The anticipated life expectancy of women in 2015 rose to 79.43 years. In 2018 the maternal and perinatal mortality rate dropped to 18.3 per 100,000, and the infant mortality rate fell to 6.1 per 1,000. Nutritional improvement projects for children in impoverished areas were launched in 2012, benefiting 7.22 million children from 715 impoverished counties in 14 national contiguous impoverished regions of 21 provinces and equivalent administrative units. The government has launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for women, and brought the two into the scope of national subsidies for serious illnesses. By 2018 China had provided free cervical cancer checkups for 100 million and free breast cancer checkups for 30 million, and subsidized 132,200 impoverished rural women with diseases using over RMB1.3 billion collected through public welfare lotteries and social funds, to the sum of RMB10,000 each person. It has increased the investment for health care of women and children in rural, remote or border areas, and has subsidized more than 74 million rural women for their expenses of hospitalization during childbirth. The government has initiated the “Water Cellar for Mothers” program to provide reliable sources of drinking water for people, especially women, in the western regions of China, and the “Health Express for Mothers” program to provide medical and health services to the women and children in impoverished areas.

切實(shí)保障婦女參與公共事務(wù)管理和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的權(quán)利。保障婦女參政議政權(quán)，十三屆全國(guó)人大代表中有742名女性，占比24.9%，比1954年第一屆全國(guó)人大女性代表占比提高12.9個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；十三屆全國(guó)政協(xié)委員中有440名女性，占比20.4%，比1949年第一屆全國(guó)政協(xié)女性委員占比提高14.3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，歷次黨代會(huì)報(bào)告都明確要求重視培養(yǎng)選拔女干部。1950年全國(guó)干部隊(duì)伍中女干部人數(shù)為6.5萬人；2018年全國(guó)公務(wù)員中女干部人數(shù)為192.8萬人，占比26.8%。
Women’s rights to participation in the administration of public affairs and social and economic development are protected. Women are guaranteed the right to participate in the administration and deliberation of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies, accounting for 24.9 percent of the total, 12.9 percentage points higher than the figure for the First NPC in 1954. And the 13th CPPCC National Committee has 440 female members, making up 20.4 percent of the total, 14.3 percentage points higher than that for the First CPPCC National Committee in 1949. Since the 1990s, every CPC National Congress has attached importance to training and selecting female officials. The number of female civil servants was 65,000 in 1950; this figure had increased to 1.93 million, or 26.8 percent of all civil servants, by 2018.

老年人權(quán)益保障機(jī)制逐步健全。中國(guó)發(fā)展老齡事業(yè)，在全社會(huì)弘揚(yáng)中華民族敬老、養(yǎng)老、助老的美德。截至2018年，中國(guó)60周歲及以上老年人口24949萬人，占總?cè)丝诘?7.9%。制定并修訂老年人權(quán)益保障法，建立養(yǎng)老法規(guī)政策體系。養(yǎng)老服務(wù)逐步從以機(jī)構(gòu)集中照料為主，拓展到以居家為基礎(chǔ)、社區(qū)為依托、機(jī)構(gòu)為補(bǔ)充、醫(yī)養(yǎng)相結(jié)合的養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系建設(shè)和以家庭養(yǎng)老支持、互助養(yǎng)老為新突破點(diǎn)的融合發(fā)展。全國(guó)各類養(yǎng)老服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)和設(shè)施從1978年的7000個(gè)增長(zhǎng)到2019年3月的16.81萬個(gè)，各類養(yǎng)老服務(wù)床位合計(jì)732萬張。2018年，2972.3萬老年人享受高齡補(bǔ)貼，74.8萬老年人享受護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼，521.7萬老年人享受養(yǎng)老服務(wù)補(bǔ)貼，3.0萬老年人享受其他老齡補(bǔ)貼。
The mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly is improving. China works to ensure the interests of the elderly, and advocates the virtues of respecting, providing for and assisting the elderly. In 2018, some 249 million Chinese were aged 60 or above, accounting for 17.9 percent of the total population. China formulated and amended the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, forming a legal and policy framework for old-age care.
Many of China’s elderly were cared for in nursing homes previously. Now, a new system for the elderly is taking shape, where the elderly are provided with home care, taken care of by community and supported by social services, featuring a combination of nursing at home and mutual help. In March 2019, China had 168,100 institutions and facilities with 7.32 million beds to provide old-age services, in contrast with just 7,000 in 1978. In 2018, 29.72 million senior citizens received advanced age subsidies, 748,000 nursing subsidies, 5.2 million old-age service subsidies, and 30,000 other old-age subsidies.

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殘疾人社會(huì)保障體系不斷完善。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補(bǔ)貼和重度殘疾人護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼制度，2018年，受益殘疾人超過2100萬人次。截至2018年，2561.2萬城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)，1024.4萬殘疾人領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金，924.8萬殘疾人享受城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障；595.2萬重度殘疾人中有576萬人得到政府參保補(bǔ)助，代繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)比例達(dá)到96.8%；另有298.4萬非重度殘疾人享受全額或部分代繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的優(yōu)惠政策。
The social security system for persons with disabilities is improving. China has established a subsidy system to provide for the living expenses of disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities. In 2018, this system benefitted over 21 million. A total of 25.61 million persons with disabilities were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 10.24 million receiving old-age pensions, and 9.25 million people with disabilities received urban or rural minimum living subsidies. And 5.76 million (96.8 percent) out of the 5.95 million people with severe disabilities received insurance subsidies from the government, which paid for their premiums. The government also paid fully or partly for premiums for another 2.98 million people with mild or moderate disabilities.

殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)普惠可及。全面開展殘疾預(yù)防，不斷加強(qiáng)康復(fù)服務(wù)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)殘疾人“人人享有康復(fù)服務(wù)”的目標(biāo)。實(shí)施《殘疾預(yù)防和殘疾人康復(fù)條例》，殘疾人康復(fù)機(jī)構(gòu)從無到有，專業(yè)隊(duì)伍逐漸壯大，服務(wù)能力日益提高。截至2018年，已竣工的省、市、縣三級(jí)康復(fù)設(shè)施914個(gè)，總建筑面積344.9萬平方米；殘疾人專業(yè)康復(fù)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)9036個(gè)，在崗人員25萬人，2750個(gè)縣（市、區(qū)）開展社區(qū)康復(fù)服務(wù)。建立殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度。2018年，殘疾人康復(fù)服務(wù)覆蓋率達(dá)到79.8%，1074.7萬殘疾兒童及持證殘疾人得到基本康復(fù)服務(wù)。
Rehabilitation is universally available to persons with disabilities. China makes concerted efforts in preventing disability, and works hard to improve rehabilitation services, in pursuit of the goal that “everyone in need has access to rehabilitation services”. The government has enacted the Regulations on the Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities, built up rehabilitation centers and fostered professionals capable of delivering consistent quality services. In 2018, there were 914 rehabilitation facilities at the provincial, city and county levels, and 9,036 rehabilitation service centers for persons with disabilities employed a team of 250,000 workers, and community rehabilitation services were provided in 2,750 counties (cities or districts). An assistance mechanism for providing rehabilitation services to children with disabilities has been established. In 2018, 79.8 percent of persons with disabilities were covered by rehabilitation services. Some 10.75 million disabled children and persons with certified disabilities received basic rehabilitation services.

促進(jìn)殘疾人工作權(quán)利實(shí)現(xiàn)。建立專門的殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，截至2018年，共有殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)2787家，工作人員1.5萬人。實(shí)施殘疾人職業(yè)技能提升計(jì)劃，建立了500家國(guó)家級(jí)殘疾人職業(yè)培訓(xùn)基地，350家省級(jí)殘疾人職業(yè)培訓(xùn)基地，2018年城鄉(xiāng)新增殘疾人實(shí)名制培訓(xùn)49.4萬人。近年來，殘疾人就業(yè)總體規(guī)模與結(jié)構(gòu)趨于穩(wěn)定，新增殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)每年保持在30萬人以上。2018年，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人新增就業(yè)36.7萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)11.8萬人，農(nóng)村新增就業(yè)24.9萬人。截至2018年，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到948.4萬人。
The right to employment of persons with disabilities is guaranteed. China has established offices to serve persons with disabilities seeking employment. In 2018, there were 2,787 such offices with a staff of 15,000. The government has launched a program on employment skills training for persons with disabilities, setting up 500 national-level and 350 provincial-level vocational training bases. In 2018, another 494,000 persons with disabilities took part in training sessions. In recent years the number and the profile of disabled persons in employment have remained stable, with over 300,000 entering the workforce each year. In 2018, 367,000 persons with certified disabilities found jobs, of whom 118,000 were from urban areas and 249,000 from rural areas. That year, 9.48 million persons with certified disabilities were employed in urban and rural areas.

大力支持無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)與輔助器具服務(wù)。實(shí)施《無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)條例》，開展無障礙建設(shè)的市、縣達(dá)到1702個(gè)，村（社區(qū)）綜合服務(wù)設(shè)施中已有75%的出入口、40%的服務(wù)柜臺(tái)、30%的廁所進(jìn)行了無障礙建設(shè)和改造。2016年至2018年，共有298.6萬戶殘疾人家庭得到無障礙改造。推進(jìn)信息無障礙建設(shè)，截至2018年，500多家政府單位完成了信息無障礙公共服務(wù)平臺(tái)建設(shè)，3萬多個(gè)政務(wù)和公共服務(wù)網(wǎng)站實(shí)現(xiàn)了無障礙服務(wù)。各地相繼制定輔助器具補(bǔ)貼辦法，對(duì)購(gòu)買輔助器具和提供適配服務(wù)給予補(bǔ)貼。2018年，有319.1萬殘疾人獲得盲杖、助視器、假肢等各類輔具適配服務(wù)。不斷放寬殘疾人申領(lǐng)駕駛證條件，已有27.9萬肢體、聽力等殘障人員申領(lǐng)駕駛證，殘疾人個(gè)人行動(dòng)和社會(huì)參與能力得到提升。
China gives strong support to creating an accessible environment and providing assistive appliances. The Chinese government enacted the Regulations on the Building of an Accessible Environment in 2012. To this end, 1,702 cities and counties are making efforts to improve accessibility and remove barriers, and among comprehensive service facilities in villages or communities across the country, 75 percent of entrances and exits, 40 percent of service counters, and 30 percent of restrooms have been equipped or upgraded for accessibility. Between 2016 and 2018, the government helped almost 3 million families with disabled members adapt their homes.
The government is also promoting information accessibility. By 2018, over 500 government departments had built accessible public service platforms, and more than 30,000 websites on government affairs and public services had removed barriers for persons with disabilities.
Local governments have formulated subsidy measures and subsidized those who purchase or supply assistive appliances and adaption services. In 2018, 3.19 million persons with disabilities benefited from adaption services for assistive devices such as white canes, visual aids and artificial limbs.
The government has relaxed the restrictions preventing persons with disabilities from applying for a driving license, and 279,000 people with physical or hearing disabilities have gained driving licenses, which grants them further mobility and improves their ability to participate in social life.

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六、不斷加強(qiáng)人權(quán)法治保障
VI. Strengthening the Rule of Law for Human Rights

新中國(guó)創(chuàng)立了社會(huì)主義法治，以法治保障人權(quán)。70年來，中國(guó)構(gòu)建起較為完備的人權(quán)法律保障體系，堅(jiān)持依法治國(guó)、依法執(zhí)政、依法行政共同推進(jìn)，堅(jiān)持法治國(guó)家、法治政府、法治社會(huì)一體建設(shè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法，不斷促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平正義。
After the founding of the PRC, socialist rule of law was established in China to protect human rights by law. Over the past 70 years, China has established a relatively complete legal system to protect human rights. It upholds law-based governance, law-based exercise of power, and law-based government administration, and adopts a holistic approach to promote the rule of law across the nation, in government, and throughout society. To promote social fairness and justice, it has endeavored to ensure that a well-conceived approach is taken to legislation, that the law is strictly enforced, that justice is impartially administered, and that the law is observed by everyone.

建設(shè)有限政府、責(zé)任政府、服務(wù)政府。依法確定行政權(quán)力界限，確立法無授權(quán)不可為的原則，實(shí)施權(quán)力清單、責(zé)任清單制度，禁止法外設(shè)權(quán)、違法用權(quán)。持續(xù)深化“放管服”改革，加快轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，努力降低群眾和企業(yè)與政府打交道的成本。建立完善嚴(yán)格的行政執(zhí)法程序，確立行政裁量權(quán)基準(zhǔn)制度，統(tǒng)一執(zhí)法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，壓縮自由裁量空間，維護(hù)行政相對(duì)人的合法權(quán)益。深化執(zhí)法公開，拓展公開范圍，整合公開載體，強(qiáng)化網(wǎng)上政務(wù)公開，方便群眾獲取信息。25個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）建立省級(jí)執(zhí)法公開平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了執(zhí)法辦案進(jìn)度和結(jié)果的信息查詢服務(wù)；22個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）實(shí)現(xiàn)了行政處罰決定文書網(wǎng)上公開；17個(gè)省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）實(shí)現(xiàn)了行政復(fù)議決定文書網(wǎng)上公開。強(qiáng)化執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，建立完善以執(zhí)法考評(píng)為主要內(nèi)容的績(jī)效考核體系，深化執(zhí)法信息化建設(shè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)案件流程信息化管理和同步記錄，加強(qiáng)對(duì)執(zhí)法活動(dòng)的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)督。
Building a service-oriented government with limited powers and clear responsibilities. The state delimits administrative power in accordance with the law. China has established a principle under which administrative bodies should not take any action that is not mandated by law. It has introduced a list of well-defined government powers and a list of responsibilities, and prohibited any power not provided for by law, or any illegal use of power. In its effort to improve governance, China has accelerated the transformation of government functions, streamlining administration and delegating power to the lower levels, exercising better supervision over the market, and providing efficient services to business. The people and businesses are thus provided with better services. China has established strict procedures for administrative law enforcement and a system of benchmarks for administrative discretion, with unified standards in law enforcement and rigorous discretionary rules, to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the people and businesses. To make law enforcement more transparent, China has expanded the scope and channels of disclosure, and opened online portals for the public to obtain information. Twenty-five provinces and equivalent administrative units have online platforms providing information on law enforcement and on the progress and results of cases in process. Twenty-two provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose written judgments online, and 17 provinces and equivalent administrative units disclose administrative review decisions online. To strengthen the supervision of law enforcement, China has established a performance appraisal system with a focus on law enforcement, promoted IT application in law enforcement and the management and synchronized recording of case-handling procedures, and strengthened real-time supervision over law enforcement activities.

確保審判權(quán)檢察權(quán)依法獨(dú)立公正行使。發(fā)布五個(gè)“人民法院五年改革綱要”和“人民檢察院改革規(guī)劃”。全面實(shí)施立案登記制，有訴必理，保障當(dāng)事人訴權(quán)。實(shí)行以法官檢察官員額制為核心的司法人員分類管理制度改革，推進(jìn)司法職業(yè)保障制度改革，司法人員正規(guī)化、專業(yè)化、職業(yè)化水平進(jìn)一步提升。全面落實(shí)司法責(zé)任制，真正做到“誰辦案、誰負(fù)責(zé)”。貫徹寬嚴(yán)相濟(jì)刑事政策，進(jìn)一步完善刑事訴訟程序，推動(dòng)認(rèn)罪認(rèn)罰從寬制度改革，完善刑事案件速裁程序運(yùn)行機(jī)制，深化案件繁簡(jiǎn)分流，構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色立體化、多層次刑事訴訟體系。在有條件的地方實(shí)行省級(jí)以下地方法院、檢察院人財(cái)物統(tǒng)一管理，探索設(shè)立跨行政區(qū)劃的人民法院和人民檢察院，最高人民法院設(shè)立六個(gè)巡回法庭，設(shè)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)法院、金融法院等。加強(qiáng)對(duì)公共利益的司法保護(hù)，建立檢察機(jī)關(guān)提起公益訴訟制度，截至2019年3月，全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)共辦理公益訴訟案件157095件。
Ensuring independent and impartial exercise of judicial and procuratorial powers. China has issued five outlines for five-year reform of the people’s courts and five plans on reform of the people’s procuratorates. To protect citizen’s right of action, it has implemented a case docketing and registration system across the board, which ensures that every case application receives a response. China has reformed the management of judicial personnel, adopted a quota system for judges and procurators, and initiated job security reform for judicial personnel, enabling them to be more regularized and professional. It has fully implemented a judicial responsibility system to ensure that those who have handled a case assume full responsibility for it. The judiciary has combined punishment and clemency in handling criminal cases, further improved criminal proceedings, and introduced reforms on showing clemency to suspects and defendants who cooperate fully. It has improved the fast-track sentencing procedure for criminal cases, further separated the handling of simple and complex cases, and formed a multi-layer criminal litigation system with Chinese characteristics. Where conditions permit, local courts and procuratorates under the provincial level have carried out unified management of personnel, funds and property. China is exploring setting up people’s courts and people’s procuratorates across administrative boundaries. The Supreme People’s Court now has six circuit courts, and there are also courts that handle intellectual property and financial cases, and online courts. The state has strengthened the protection of public interest, and public interest lawsuits are filed by procuratorial organs. By March 2019, 157,095 cases of public interest had been handled by procuratorial organs.

深化司法公開。全面推進(jìn)陽光司法，不斷加強(qiáng)審判流程、庭審活動(dòng)、裁判文書、執(zhí)行信息司法公開平臺(tái)和人民檢察院案件信息公開平臺(tái)建設(shè)。截至2019年2月，中國(guó)審判流程信息公開網(wǎng)公開案件信息3.7億項(xiàng)，中國(guó)庭審公開網(wǎng)直播庭審259萬件，中國(guó)裁判文書網(wǎng)公開文書6382萬份，訪問量226億次。人民檢察院案件信息公開網(wǎng)自2014年10月1日開通以來，公開案件程序性信息928萬余件，發(fā)布重要案件信息58萬余條，公開法律文書386萬余份，接受辯護(hù)與代理網(wǎng)上預(yù)約30萬余人次。加強(qiáng)對(duì)司法活動(dòng)的監(jiān)督，深化刑事訴訟監(jiān)督，加強(qiáng)民事行政訴訟監(jiān)督，不斷完善人民陪審員和人民監(jiān)督員制度。
Improving judicial openness. To increase judicial transparency, China has improved the platforms for releasing information on judicial process, trials, written judgments, and the execution of judgments, and the platform on disclosing information on cases handled by people’s procuratorates. As of February 2019, China Judicial Process Information Online had disclosed information on 370 million cases, the National Court Hearing Online had broadcast 2.59 million court trials, and China Judgements Online had disclosed 63.82 million copies of judgments, attracting a total of 2.26 billion visits. Since its launch on October 1, 2014, the online information disclosure service of the procuratorates has disclosed information on the proceedings of 9.28 million cases and 580,000 items of information on major cases, put online 3.86 million legal documents, and booked 300,000 defense and litigation applications online. China has strengthened supervision over judicial activities, criminal proceedings, and civil administrative proceedings, and improved the system of people’s jurors and supervisors.

保障當(dāng)事人獲得公正審判的權(quán)利。推進(jìn)以審判為中心的刑事訴訟制度改革，嚴(yán)格貫徹罪刑法定、證據(jù)裁判、非法證據(jù)排除等法律原則，完善出庭作證機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化庭審功能。充分保障犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的辯護(hù)權(quán)，犯罪嫌疑人自被偵查機(jī)關(guān)第一次訊問或者被采取強(qiáng)制措施之日起，有權(quán)委托辯護(hù)人，被告人有權(quán)隨時(shí)委托辯護(hù)人；開展法律援助值班律師和刑事案件律師辯護(hù)全覆蓋試點(diǎn)工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)法院、看守所法律援助工作站全覆蓋，努力保障所有刑事案件被告人在審判階段都能獲得律師辯護(hù)和幫助；保障辯護(hù)律師會(huì)見、閱卷、調(diào)查取證、質(zhì)證和辯論辯護(hù)等各項(xiàng)訴訟權(quán)利；完善保障律師依法履職機(jī)制，建立健全維護(hù)律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利快速聯(lián)動(dòng)處置機(jī)制；開通律師服務(wù)平臺(tái)，為律師辦案提供便利。堅(jiān)持疑罪從無，防范和糾正冤假錯(cuò)案。2013年至2019年3月，各級(jí)人民法院依法對(duì)5876名被告人宣告無罪，確保無罪的人不受刑事追究；再審改判刑事案件8568件，其中依法糾正呼格吉勒?qǐng)D案、聶樹斌案、“五周案”等重大冤錯(cuò)案件49件，并依法予以國(guó)家賠償。嚴(yán)格控制并慎用死刑，大幅減少適用死刑的罪名。2007年，最高人民法院收回死刑復(fù)核權(quán)。
Guaranteeing the right to fair trial for all parties. China has promoted the reform of the criminal litigation system with a focus on adjudication, strictly enforced the principles of “no penalty without a law”, evidence-based verdict, and exclusionary rule, improved the mechanism for witnesses to appear in court, and strengthened the role of court trials. China has fully guaranteed the right to defense of criminal suspects and defendants. A criminal suspect has the right to entrust a defender from the date when organs of investigation conduct the first interrogation or a compulsory measure is taken against the suspect. A defendant has the right to authorize a defender at any time. Pilot work has been launched to ensure duty counsels offer legal aid for all cases and legal defense is provided in all criminal cases, and legal aid stations can be found at all courts and detention houses, to ensure that defendants in all criminal cases can obtain legal defense and support in trial. The state protects defense lawyers’ rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to investigate and obtain evidence, to conduct cross-examination, and to debate and defend, and other litigious rights. It has improved the mechanism for lawyers to perform their duties by law, formed a joint response system to ensure lawyers’ right of practice, and established a platform to provide appropriate services to them. China implements the principle of presumption of innocence to prevent and correct miscarriages of justice. From 2013 to March 2019, people’s courts at all levels acquitted 5,876 defendants, ensuring that no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence. Wrongful verdicts on 8,568 criminal cases were overturned, including 49 major cases concerning Hugjiltu for rape and murder, Nie Shubin for rape and murder, and Zhou Jikun, Zhou Jiahua, Zhou Zaichun, Zhou Zhengguo and Zhou Zaihua for murder. The wrongly-convicted all received state compensation in accordance with the law. China has strictly controlled the death penalty, reducing the number of crimes for capital punishment by a significant margin. In 2007, the Supreme People’s Court took back the right to review all capital sentences.

保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人員、戒毒人員及刑滿釋放人員的合法權(quán)利。規(guī)范強(qiáng)制措施，減少羈押性強(qiáng)制措施的適用，實(shí)行看守所在押人員入所權(quán)利義務(wù)告知制度，建立在押人員投訴調(diào)查處理機(jī)制。深化獄務(wù)公開，完善對(duì)監(jiān)所管理人員執(zhí)法監(jiān)督，保障服刑人員合法權(quán)利不受侵犯。實(shí)行人文關(guān)懷，開展離監(jiān)探親。全面推進(jìn)社區(qū)矯正制度，截至2019年5月，已累計(jì)接收社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象445萬人，累計(jì)解除矯正375萬人，在冊(cè)社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象70多萬人，社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象在矯正期間再犯罪率一直處于0.2%的較低水平。新中國(guó)成立至1975年，對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪犯、反革命罪犯和部分普通刑事罪犯進(jìn)行過七次特赦。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行憲法，2015年和2019年，兩次對(duì)部分服刑罪犯予以特赦。出臺(tái)禁毒法、戒毒條例等，依法保障戒毒人員合法權(quán)益，開展執(zhí)法監(jiān)督。健全完善刑滿釋放人員救助管理制度，落實(shí)社會(huì)救助和就業(yè)安置措施，促進(jìn)刑滿釋放人員順利融入社會(huì)。
Guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects, defendants, prisoners, patients abstained from drugs and people released after serving their sentence. China has regulated compulsory measures and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures. When the detainees enter a detention house, they are informed of their rights and obligations, and their complaints are handled in accordance with the procedure. Prison affairs are open to the public. China has improved supervision over the law enforcement in prisons and detention houses, to ensure that prisoners’ legitimate rights are not infringed. Some prisoners are allowed to leave prisons and visit their relatives. The system of community service has been extensively implemented. By the end of May 2019, a total of 4.45 million persons throughout the country had received community service orders. Of these, 3.75 million had completed their service, and 700,000 were still subject to their service orders. The recidivism rate in the case of those assigned to community service is low, only 0.2 percent. Between 1949 and 1975, amnesties were granted on seven occasions to war criminals, counterrevolutionary criminals and some prisoners facing criminal charges. In accordance with the Constitution, amnesty was granted to some prisoners in 2015 and 2019. The state has promulgated the Narcotics Control Law and the Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation, ensured the legitimate rights and interests of persons on rehabilitation, and carried out law enforcement supervision. China has improved the assistance and management system for people released after completing their prison sentence, ensures their access to social assistance, and provides assistance to them in employment so that they can smoothly return to normal life.

建立健全權(quán)利救濟(jì)和救助制度。暢通國(guó)家賠償請(qǐng)求渠道，擴(kuò)大賠償范圍，明確舉證責(zé)任，增加精神損害賠償，提高賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，保障賠償金及時(shí)支付，進(jìn)一步完善行政賠償、刑事賠償和非刑事司法賠償制度。國(guó)家刑事賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)隨經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展不斷提高，侵犯公民人身自由權(quán)每日賠償金額從1995年的17.16元人民幣，上升到2019年的315.94元人民幣。2013年至2019年3月，各級(jí)人民法院審結(jié)國(guó)家賠償案件61978件。健全完善國(guó)家司法救助制度，設(shè)立司法救助委員會(huì)，積極推動(dòng)司法救助與社會(huì)救助、法律援助的銜接，幫助無法獲得有效賠償?shù)氖芎θ藬[脫生活困境。2015年至2018年，對(duì)生活困難當(dāng)事人發(fā)放司法救助款37.5億元。
Improving the system of right remedy and assistance. The channels for applying for state compensation have been expanded, with more types of cases eligible for compensation and the burden of proof made clear. The state has increased compensation for infliction of mental distress, raised standards of compensation, and guaranteed that compensation is paid in a timely manner. The systems of administrative compensation, criminal compensation and non-criminal judicial compensation have been further improved. Criminal compensation has increased over the years along with economic and social development of the country. The daily compensation for violation of citizens’ personal liberty has risen from RMB17.16 in 1995 to RMB315.94 in 2019. From 2013 to March 2019, the people’s courts at all levels concluded 61,978 cases involving state compensation. China has improved the state judicial assistance system. It has established a judicial assistance committee to actively dovetail judicial assistance with social assistance and legal aid, and help victims in difficulty who have not been able to obtain effective compensation. From 2015 to 2018, RMB3.75 billion of judicial assistance was granted to victims in difficulty.

公共法律服務(wù)更加優(yōu)質(zhì)便捷。建立健全法律援助制度，2013年至2018年，全國(guó)法律援助機(jī)構(gòu)共組織辦理法律援助案件778.8萬余件，受援人847.5萬余人次，提供法律咨詢4526.8萬余人次。全面推進(jìn)律師事業(yè)，截至2018年，律師隊(duì)伍發(fā)展到42.3萬多人，律師事務(wù)所發(fā)展到3萬多家。完善公共法律服務(wù)體系，建設(shè)公共法律服務(wù)實(shí)體平臺(tái)、“12348”法律服務(wù)熱線和法律服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)三大平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)申請(qǐng)快捷化、審查簡(jiǎn)便化，更加便民利民。截至2018年，全國(guó)建成2917個(gè)縣（市、區(qū)）公共法律服務(wù)中心、3.9萬多個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）公共法律服務(wù)工作站，為65萬個(gè)村（居）配備法律顧問，各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）均已建成“12348”法律服務(wù)熱線平臺(tái)。推進(jìn)司法鑒定管理體制改革，提高司法鑒定質(zhì)量和公信力，截至2018年，經(jīng)司法行政機(jī)關(guān)審核登記的司法鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)有3834家，司法鑒定人45000名。
Providing quality and more convenient public legal services. A sound legal aid system has been established. From 2013 to 2018, legal aid institutions handled some 7.79 million legal aid cases, helping 8.48 million people and providing legal consultancy services to 45.27 million people. The state encourages the development of the profession of lawyers. As of 2018, there were 423,000 lawyers and more than 30,000 law firms across the country. China has improved public legal services, and opened a physical platform for providing public legal services, the “12348” free hotline for legal advice, and online legal services. It is convenient to make an application for legal services, and the review process has been streamlined for public benefit. By the end of 2018, there were 2,917 public legal service centers in counties, cities and districts, and more than 39,000 service stations in towns, townships and sub-districts. About 650,000 villages and communities had legal counselors, and all provinces and equivalent administrative units had opened the “12348” legal service hotline. China has reformed the management of forensic assessment to enhance assessment quality and credibility. By 2018, there were 3,834 forensic assessment institutions approved by and registered with judicial administrative organs, with more than 45,000 forensic appraisers.

提高全社會(huì)人權(quán)法治意識(shí)。新中國(guó)成立以后，通過廣泛宣傳憲法、婚姻法，男女平等、婚姻自由等觀念逐步樹立。從1986年起，在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)連續(xù)實(shí)施7個(gè)五年普法規(guī)劃，開展憲法和法治宣傳教育。把法治教育納入國(guó)民教育體系，在中小學(xué)教育中加入人權(quán)內(nèi)容。在高校開設(shè)人權(quán)專業(yè)及相關(guān)課程，培養(yǎng)人權(quán)方向?qū)I(yè)人才。面向各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部、公檢法司部門工作人員、媒體從業(yè)人員等開展專項(xiàng)人權(quán)培訓(xùn)。設(shè)立8家國(guó)家人權(quán)教育與培訓(xùn)基地。出版和發(fā)行《人權(quán)》《人權(quán)研究》《中國(guó)人權(quán)評(píng)論》等專業(yè)書刊。中國(guó)人權(quán)研究會(huì)連續(xù)出版《中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展報(bào)告》藍(lán)皮書，積極推動(dòng)人權(quán)學(xué)術(shù)研究、教育和知識(shí)普及。
Enhancing public awareness of legal protection of human rights. After the PRC was founded, the government made an intensive effort to enhance public awareness and understanding of the Constitution, the Marriage Law, and ideas such as gender equality and freedom of marriage were gradually accepted by the public. Since 1986, China has implemented seven nationwide five-year plans on enhancing public awareness of the Constitution and the rule of law. China has included education on the rule of law into the national education system and teaching of human rights into primary and middle school education. Human rights majors and other related courses are offered in universities to cultivate human rights professionals. Special human rights training programs are conducted for officials at all levels, staff of organs of public security, procuratorates and courts, and judicial organs, and those who work in the media. China has eight national human rights education and training bases. Professional periodicals including Human Rights, Human Rights Studies, and China Human Rights Review are published in China. The China Society for Human Rights Studies has consecutively published blue papers titled Development of Human Rights in China, to advance research and education on human rights and promote understanding of the subject.

強(qiáng)力反腐維護(hù)人民利益。1949年11月，中共中央決定成立中央及各級(jí)黨的紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)；1955年，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的全國(guó)代表會(huì)議選舉產(chǎn)生中央監(jiān)察委員會(huì)；1978年12月，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨十一屆三中全會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生新的中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)。中共十八大以來，加快形成完善的黨內(nèi)法規(guī)體系，建立了以黨章為本，若干配套黨內(nèi)法規(guī)為支撐的黨內(nèi)法規(guī)制度體系。2018年3月，中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家監(jiān)察委員會(huì)依法組建，各級(jí)紀(jì)委監(jiān)委合署辦公，對(duì)所有行使公權(quán)力的公職人員實(shí)行監(jiān)督全覆蓋。從2012年12月至2019年6月，中央紀(jì)委立案審查中管干部389人，涉嫌犯罪移送司法機(jī)關(guān)155人。堅(jiān)決整治群眾身邊腐敗和作風(fēng)問題，深入推進(jìn)扶貧領(lǐng)域腐敗和作風(fēng)問題專項(xiàng)治理，開展民生領(lǐng)域?qū)ｍ?xiàng)整治，深挖涉黑腐敗和黑惡勢(shì)力“保護(hù)傘”，堅(jiān)決清除包庇、縱容黑惡勢(shì)力的腐敗分子。
Striking against corruption to safeguard people’s interests. In November 1949, the CPC Central Committee decided to establish discipline inspection committees at all levels. In 1955, the National Conference of the CPC elected a Central Supervision Commission. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee elected a new Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, a sound system of intra-Party regulations has been formed based on the Party Constitution and supported by intra-Party regulations. In March 2018, the Supervision Commission of the People’s Republic of China was established by law. Discipline inspection commissions of the Party and supervision commissions of the government at all levels jointly carry out full supervision over all public functionaries who exercise public power. From December 2012 to June 2019, the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection investigated 389 officials registered at and supervised by the CPC Central Committee, and transferred 155 cases of suspected criminal activity to the judiciary. China has resolutely fought corruption that directly affects ordinary people’s lives, and carried out special campaigns to address corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation and problems undermining the public interest. It has carried out thorough investigations of criminal syndicate-related corruption and protection rackets, getting rid of corrupt officials who sheltered or connived with criminal syndicates.