二、大幅提升生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)保障水平
II. Better Protecting the Rights to Subsistence and Development

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改革開放40年來，中國堅(jiān)持以生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，把發(fā)展作為執(zhí)政興國的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)和解決中國所有問題的關(guān)鍵，以保障和改善民生為重點(diǎn)，努力通過解決最緊迫和最突出的問題增進(jìn)人民福祉。人民生活總體上實(shí)現(xiàn)了從貧困到溫飽、從溫飽到小康的歷史性飛躍。
Over the past 40 years, China has worked to better protect basic human rights, with its primary focus on the rights to subsistence and development. Development is China's top priority in governance and considered to be the key to addressing the country's main problems. China has focused on ensuring and improving people's wellbeing by resolving their most serious and urgent problems, realizing historic leaps from poverty to securing access to food and clothing, and thence to moderate prosperity.

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減貧取得歷史性成就。消除貧困是中國人權(quán)保障的重中之重。改革開放是中國消除貧困的強(qiáng)大驅(qū)動(dòng)力。40年來，中國政府持續(xù)開展以農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)為中心的減貧行動(dòng)，在全國范圍內(nèi)開展有組織有計(jì)劃的大規(guī)模開發(fā)式扶貧，先后實(shí)施《國家八七扶貧攻堅(jiān)計(jì)劃（1994－2000年）》《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2001－2010年）》《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011－2020年）》等中長期扶貧規(guī)劃。中共十八大以來，中共中央把貧困人口脫貧作為全面建成小康社會(huì)的底線任務(wù)和標(biāo)志性指標(biāo)，作出一系列重大部署，以前所未有的力度推進(jìn)，中國扶貧開發(fā)進(jìn)入脫貧攻堅(jiān)新階段。中共中央、國務(wù)院發(fā)布關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的決定，明確脫貧攻堅(jiān)的目標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確立精準(zhǔn)扶貧精準(zhǔn)脫貧的基本方略，建立中國特色的脫貧攻堅(jiān)制度體系，全面推進(jìn)精準(zhǔn)扶貧重點(diǎn)工作。中共十九大提出堅(jiān)決打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)三年行動(dòng)的指導(dǎo)意見，把精準(zhǔn)脫貧作為決勝全面建成小康社會(huì)必須打好的三大攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)之一，并莊嚴(yán)承諾確保到2020年中國現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下農(nóng)村貧困人口實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧、讓貧困人口和貧困地區(qū)同全國一道進(jìn)入全面小康社會(huì)。
Tremendous achievements in poverty reduction. Poverty elimination is the top priority in China's effort to protect human rights. Reform and opening up has been a great driving force for poverty elimination in China. Over the past four decades, the Chinese government has made continuous endeavors in poverty reduction, concentrating on development-oriented poverty alleviation in rural areas. The government has carried out large-scale development-oriented poverty-alleviation campaigns across the country in a planned and organized way, and implemented a number of medium-and long-term programs, including the Seven-Year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994-2000), the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China's Rural Areas (2001-2010), and the Outline for Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation for China's Rural Areas (2011-2020). Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee has gone all out to win the battle against poverty, taken poverty elimination as the primary task, made it a defining indicator in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and made unprecedented efforts to implement major plans for development-oriented poverty alleviation. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have issued the Decision on Winning the Battle Against Poverty, which lays out the goals and criteria for poverty elimination, establishes the basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and elimination, creates a poverty elimination system with Chinese characteristics, and defines comprehensive efforts to advance key plans for targeted poverty alleviation. In the light of the strategic goal of poverty elimination set out by the 19th CPC National Congress, the central authorities issued a Three-Year Guideline on Winning the Battle Against Poverty. The 19th CPC National Congress defined targeted poverty elimination as one of the three crucial battles in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and pledged to help all the rural population living below the current poverty line shake off poverty by the year 2020 and ensure that poor people and poor areas will join the moderately prosperous society together with the rest of the country.

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經(jīng)過多年不懈奮斗，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口顯著減少，貧困發(fā)生率持續(xù)下降，解決區(qū)域性整體貧困邁出堅(jiān)實(shí)步伐，貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)生活條件顯著改善，貧困群眾獲得感顯著增強(qiáng)，脫貧攻堅(jiān)取得決定性進(jìn)展。據(jù)世界銀行測算，按照人均每天支出1.9美元的國際貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，過去40年中國共減少貧困人口8.5億多人，對(duì)全球減貧貢獻(xiàn)率超過70%。按中國現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，1978年至2017年，中國農(nóng)村貧困人口由7.7億人減少到3046萬人，貧困發(fā)生率由97.5%下降到3.1%。2012年至2017年，中國每年有1000多萬人穩(wěn)定脫貧。中國是世界上減貧人口最多的國家，也是率先完成聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)減貧目標(biāo)的發(fā)展中國家。中國的減貧成就是中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的最顯著標(biāo)志。
Through decades of efforts, the number of rural poor has markedly dropped and the poverty headcount ratio has seen a continuous decrease. Solid steps have been taken to eliminate regional poverty, and the working conditions and living standards of the rural poor have notably improved, which created a stronger sense of gain for the people, indicating decisive progress has been made in the fight against poverty. According to World Bank estimates, over the past 40 years, the number of people in China living on less than US$1.9 a day (international poverty line) has dropped by more than 850 million-this represents 70 percent of the total world figure. The number of rural poor fell from 770 million in 1978 to 30.46 million in 2017 when calculated in accordance with China's current poverty line, with the incidence of poverty dropping from 97.5 percent to 3.1 percent. More than 10 million people rose and remained above the poverty level every year from 2012 to 2017. With the highest number of people moving out of poverty, China was the first developing country to realize the UN Millennium Development Goal for poverty reduction. Poverty reduction is the most telling evidence of China's progress in human rights.

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溫飽問題得到切實(shí)解決。改革開放初期，解決近10億人口溫飽問題是中國面臨的頭等大事。中國改革農(nóng)村土地制度，實(shí)行家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制，極大激發(fā)了農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)積極性，農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)的飛躍。2017年，中國糧食總產(chǎn)量達(dá)66161萬噸，比1978年翻一番。近年來，中國谷物、肉類、花生、茶葉產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)居世界第一位，油菜籽產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)居世界第二位，甘蔗產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)居世界第三位。中國以不足世界10%的耕地，養(yǎng)活了接近世界20%的人口，從根本上消除了饑餓，持續(xù)提升了人民的營養(yǎng)水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)了人民的基本生存權(quán)。
Adequate food and clothing ensured. In the early days of reform and opening up, providing enough food and clothing for nearly one billion people was the top issue facing China. Reform of the rural land system and the implementation of the household responsibility system greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm and boosted agricultural production capacity. China's food grain output reached 661.61million tons in 2017, double the figure of 1978. In recent years China has become the world's largest producer of grain, meat, peanuts and tea, the second-largest producer of rapeseed, and the third-largest producer of sugarcane. China feeds approximately 20 percent of the world's population using less than 10 percent of the arable land, guaranteeing the basic right to subsistence by eradicating hunger and improving nutrition.

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飲水安全得到有效保障。實(shí)施全國重要飲用水水源地達(dá)標(biāo)建設(shè)工程。2016年將600余個(gè)供水人口20萬以上地表水飲用水水源地及年供水量2000萬立方米以上地下水飲用水水源地全部納入《全國重要飲用水水源地名錄》管理，每年開展安全狀況評(píng)估。2017年評(píng)估結(jié)果顯示，99.5%的水源地供水保證率合格，90.9%的水源地水質(zhì)合格。實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全工程建設(shè)。2005年至2015年，全國累計(jì)解決5.2億農(nóng)村居民和4700多萬農(nóng)村學(xué)校師生的飲水安全問題。2016年以來，實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全鞏固提升工程，截至2017年，鞏固提升受益人口9509萬人，其中，1169萬貧困人口的飲水安全問題得到解決，全國農(nóng)村集中供水率和農(nóng)村自來水普及率分別達(dá)到85%和80%。
Safer drinking water. National standards for major drinking water sources have been implemented. In 2016 more than 600 surface water sources each supplying drinking water for 200,000 people or more, and all ground water sources each supplying 20 million or more cubic meters of drinking water annually were incorporated into the Catalogue of China's Major Drinking Water Sources, subject to annual quality assessment. The 2017 assessment results show that 99.5 percent of the drinking water sources met the water supply reliability standard, and 90.9 percent met the water quality standard. A program was launched in 2005 to ensure drinking water safety in rural areas. By the end of 2015 a total of 520 million rural residents and 47 million teachers and students in rural areas had gained access to safe drinking water. Since 2016 the program has been upgraded to reinforce rural drinking water safety. By the end of 2017 the upgrade had benefitted 95.09 million rural residents, among whom 11.69 million were people living below the poverty line. Centralized water supply now covers 85 percent of the rural population and 80 percent of rural people have access to tap water.

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基本居住條件明顯改善。改革開放40年來，人民居住條件顯著改善。2017年，城鎮(zhèn)居民、農(nóng)村居民人均住房建筑面積分別為36.9、46.7平方米，比1978年分別增加30.2、38.6平方米。國家高度重視解決困難家庭的住房問題。2008年至2017年，全國城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程累計(jì)開工建設(shè)約6400萬套，通過棚戶區(qū)改造幫助約1億人“出棚進(jìn)樓”；2017年底，3500多萬困難群眾住進(jìn)公租房，累計(jì)2000多萬困難群眾領(lǐng)取公租房租賃補(bǔ)貼。中共十八大以來，加大對(duì)農(nóng)村危房改造的支持力度，累計(jì)安排1625億元補(bǔ)助資金、支持1659萬貧困農(nóng)戶改造危房，幫助數(shù)千萬貧困農(nóng)民告別原來的破舊泥草房、土坯房、樹皮房等危房，住上基本安全房。
Improved housing conditions. The past 40 years have witnessed a remarkable improvement in housing conditions. In 2017 the per capita floor space of urban residents was 36.9 sq m, up from 6.7 sq m in 1978, and that of rural residents was 46.7 sq m, up from 8.1 sq m in 1978. The state has made it a priority to resolve housing problems for poor families. From 2008 to 2017 government subsidies were used to build 64 million housing units in urban areas, and redevelopment of run-down areas helped 100 million people move from sub-standard accommodation to new apartments. By the end of 2017 more than 35 million people in straitened circumstances had moved into public rental housing units, and more than 20 million poor people had received public rental subsidies. Since the 18th CPC National Congress the state has increased funding for dilapidated rural housing renovation, allocating RMB162.5 billion in subsidies for renovating the sub-standard housing of 16.59 million rural households, and helping tens of millions of rural households move into proper accommodation from dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth, and timber and bark.

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人民出行更加便利安全。40年來，中國交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)日益完善，有力支撐了經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，保障人民出行便利安全。截至2017年，全國鐵路營業(yè)里程達(dá)12.7萬公里，比1978年增長1.5倍，其中高速鐵路達(dá)2.5萬公里，占世界高鐵總量60%以上，高速鐵路與其他鐵路共同構(gòu)成的快速客運(yùn)網(wǎng)基本覆蓋全國省會(huì)；全國公路總里程達(dá)477萬公里，比1978年增長4.4倍，其中高速公路通車?yán)锍踢_(dá)13.6萬公里，公路網(wǎng)密度為49.72公里/百平方公里，是改革開放初期的5.4倍，實(shí)現(xiàn)“縣縣通公路”；全國鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和建制村通公路率分別達(dá)99.99%和99.98%，農(nóng)村出行條件持續(xù)改善。2001年以來，實(shí)施危橋改造、公路安全生命防護(hù)和干線公路災(zāi)害防治三項(xiàng)工程，共改造鄉(xiāng)道及以上公路危橋3.9萬座，完成66萬公里高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)段整治，改造地質(zhì)災(zāi)害易發(fā)路段3.1萬公里，使出行安全更有保障。完成8440個(gè)空白鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)郵政局所補(bǔ)建，全國總體實(shí)現(xiàn)“鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)設(shè)所，村村通郵”。快遞鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)覆蓋率超過87%，搭建了“工業(yè)品下鄉(xiāng)、農(nóng)特產(chǎn)品進(jìn)城”的雙向大通道。
More convenient and safer public transport. Over the past 40 years China's steadily-improving public transport network has provided stronger support for the country's economic and social development, and greater convenience and safety to the public. By the end of 2017 China's rail network had grown to 127,000 kilometers, up by 150 percent from 1978, and high-speed rail had reached 25,000 kilometers, accounting for more than 60 percent of the world's total. The high-speed and other railway lines form an extensive passenger transport network covering all provincial capitals in the country. By the end of 2017 China's road network had increased to 4.77 million kilometers, up by 440 percent from 1978, including 136,000 kilometers of expressways. Road density had grown more than fivefold from the beginning of reform and opening up to 49.72 km/100 sq km. Every county in China now has access to roads. Rural transport has seen continuous improvement, with roads connecting 99.99 percent of towns and townships and 99.98 percent of administrative villages. Since 2001 programs have been carried out to renovate dangerous bridges, and reinforce road safety, the protection of the public, and road disaster prevention. Through these programs, 39,000 bridges on roads at township level and above, 660,000 kilometers of high-risk roads, and 31,000 kilometers of disaster-prone roads have been renovated to better safeguard public transport safety.A total of 8,440 new post offices have been built in towns and townships, with the result that every township-level unit has a post office and every village has access to postal services. Express delivery outlets cover 87 percent of towns and townships, establishing a two-way channel that facilitates the transport of manufactured products to rural areas and agricultural products to the cities.

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生命健康權(quán)保障水平大幅提升。改革開放特別是中共十八大以來，健康中國建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)，為人民提供全生命周期的衛(wèi)生與健康服務(wù)。中國人均預(yù)期壽命從1981年的67.8歲提高到2017年的76.7歲，高于72歲的世界平均預(yù)期壽命。孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率從1989年的十萬分之94.7下降到2017年的十萬分之19.6，嬰兒死亡率從1991年的50.2‰下降到2017年的6.8‰，提前達(dá)到聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)所確定的指標(biāo)要求。覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本建成。2017年全國共有醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)98.7萬個(gè)，比1978年增長4.8倍；衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員898萬人，比1978年增長2.6倍。國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目持續(xù)推進(jìn)，適齡兒童國家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率達(dá)90%以上，5歲以下兒童乙肝病毒表面抗原攜帶率降至1%。建成全球最大的法定傳染病疫情和突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)系統(tǒng)，平均報(bào)告時(shí)間縮短到4小時(shí)。全民健身運(yùn)動(dòng)蓬勃發(fā)展，全國體育場地總數(shù)超過170萬個(gè)，人均體育場地面積超過1.6平方米。
Better protection of the rights to life and health. Since reform and opening up, and especially since the 18th CPC National Congress, the country has increased public access to health services throughout the life cycle, to quicken its pace toward a healthy China. Life expectancy in China rose from 67.8 in 1981 to 76.7 in 2017, higher than the world average of 72. The maternal mortality rate decreased from 94.7 per 100,000 in 1989 to 19.6 per 100,000 in 2017, and the infant mortality rate dropped from 50.2 per 1,000 in 1991 to 6.8 per 1,000 in 2017, both meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule. A community-level health service system covering urban and rural areas is in place. The number of health service institutions increased to 987,000 in 2017, up by 480 percent from 1978, with the number of health professionals growing by 260 percent to 8.98 million in 2017. Basic public health services have improved, with national vaccination coverage among children topping 90 percent, and the prevalence of HBsAg in children under five decreasing to 1 percent. China has set up the world's largest online direct reporting system of notifiable epidemics and public health emergencies, and the average reporting time has been shortened to four hours. The national fitness program has thrived, with more than 1.7 million sports venues across the country.

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社會(huì)救助力度不斷加大。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國的社會(huì)救助形成了以最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養(yǎng)、災(zāi)害救助、醫(yī)療救助、住房救助、教育救助、就業(yè)救助以及臨時(shí)救助為主體，以社會(huì)力量參與為補(bǔ)充的制度體系。在全國范圍內(nèi)建立最低生活保障制度，頒布《城市居民最低生活保障條例》《社會(huì)救助暫行辦法》等。國務(wù)院出臺(tái)關(guān)于進(jìn)一步健全特困人員救助供養(yǎng)制度的意見，將城市“三無”人員救助和農(nóng)村“五?！惫B(yǎng)統(tǒng)一為特困人員救助供養(yǎng)，保障城鄉(xiāng)特困人員基本生活。截至2017年，全國共有37494個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）設(shè)立經(jīng)辦社會(huì)救助事務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)，從事社會(huì)救助的專（兼）職工作人員為104673名，平均每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）2.6人。截至2018年9月，全國共有城鄉(xiāng)低保對(duì)象4619.9萬人，其中，城市低保對(duì)象1068.8萬人，平均城市低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為每人每月575元，農(nóng)村低保對(duì)象3551.1萬人，平均農(nóng)村低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為每人每年4754元，所有縣（市、區(qū)）的農(nóng)村低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全部達(dá)到或超過國家扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2017年，全國共實(shí)施醫(yī)療救助9138.1萬人次，其中，直接救助3517.1萬人次，資助困難群眾參加基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)5621萬人。2018年1月至9月，全國共實(shí)施臨時(shí)救助565.8萬人次，平均救助水平1069.4元/人次。
Expanded social assistance. Through years of effort, China has formed a social assistance system with subsistence allowances, assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty, disaster relief, medical assistance, housing assistance, education assistance, employment assistance, and temporary assistance as the main forms, supplemented by public participation. A subsistence security system has been set up nationwide. Regulations on Subsistence Security for Urban Residents and Interim Measures for Social Assistance have been enacted. Decisions on Improving the Assistance and Support System for People in Extreme Difficulty provide assistance to two groups of people-urban residents without income, the ability to work, or support by family, and rural people eligible for the "Five Guarantees": those who are unable to work and have no source of income, including the elderly, the disabled and minors who have no legal guardians to support them. By the end of 2017, 37,494 towns, townships and neighborhoods had set up social assistance agencies, staffed by 104,673 full-time and part-time personnel-an average of 2.6 per unit. As of September 2018 there were 46,199,000 people living on subsistence allowances, consisting of 10,688,000 urban residents receiving an average of RMB575 per month, and 35,511,000 rural residents receiving an average of RMB4,754 per annum. All rural subsistence allowance standards at the county level meet or exceed the national poverty line. In 2017 medical assistance was granted to 91,381,000 applications, in the form of direct payment for medical service for 35,171,000 people, and as subsidies for 56,210,000 poor people when joining the basic medical insurance. Between January and September 2018 temporary assistance was given to 5,658,000 applications, averaging RMB1,069.4 per application.

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環(huán)境權(quán)利保障日益加強(qiáng)。改革開放40年來，中國將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入國家發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略，對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的治理力度不斷加大，生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況總體持續(xù)好轉(zhuǎn)，人民群眾的環(huán)保權(quán)益得到有效維護(hù)。1979年，通過第一部環(huán)境保護(hù)法。1982年，首次將環(huán)境保護(hù)作為獨(dú)立篇章納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃。1983年，將保護(hù)環(huán)境確定為基本國策。1994年，通過《中國21世紀(jì)議程》，成為世界上第一個(gè)制定實(shí)施本國可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的國家。中國堅(jiān)持綠色發(fā)展理念，以前所未有的力度治理環(huán)境污染，推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，美麗中國建設(shè)邁出重要步伐。中共十九大明確提出打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的重大戰(zhàn)略部署，全國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)大會(huì)正式確立習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)關(guān)于全面加強(qiáng)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)堅(jiān)決打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的意見，明確了打好污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的時(shí)間表、路線圖、任務(wù)書。2017年，煤炭在中國能源消費(fèi)中的比重為60.4%，比1978年下降10.3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；天然氣、水、核、風(fēng)、電等清潔能源消費(fèi)比重從1978年的6.6%提升至2017年的20.8%。2017年，全國338個(gè)地級(jí)及以上城市可吸入顆粒物（PM10）平均濃度比2013年下降22.7%，74個(gè)重點(diǎn)城市細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）平均濃度比2013年下降34.7%。2017年，全國完成造林面積736萬公頃，森林覆蓋率達(dá)21.66%；建成2750處自然保護(hù)區(qū)，總面積147萬平方公里，約占陸地國土面積的14.86%。中國積極參與全球環(huán)境治理，已批準(zhǔn)加入30多項(xiàng)與生態(tài)環(huán)境有關(guān)的多邊公約或議定書，率先發(fā)布《中國落實(shí)2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程國別方案》，向聯(lián)合國交存氣候變化《巴黎協(xié)定》批準(zhǔn)文書，成為全球生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重要參與者、貢獻(xiàn)者、引領(lǐng)者。
Stronger protection of environmental rights. Over the past four decades China has incorporated ecological progress into the national development strategy and intensified its efforts in environmental governance, creating a better environment and effectively safeguarding people's environmental rights. China's first Environmental Protection Law was adopted in 1979. Environmental protection was first included as a salient part of the plan for national economic and social development in 1982, and was designated as a basic state policy in 1983. China's Agenda 21 passed in 1994 made China the first country in the world to formulate and implement a strategy of sustainable development. Committed to green development, China puts an enormous effort into pollution control and takes concrete steps to promote ecological progress toward a beautiful China. The 19th CPC National Congress sounded a clarion call to win the battle against pollution. The National Conference on Environmental Protection established Xi Jinping Thought on ecological progress. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Decisions on Comprehensively Strengthening Environmental Protection and Resolutely Winning the Battle Against Pollution, setting out the timetable, road map and agenda for pollution prevention and control. In 2017 coal accounted for 60.4 percent of China's total energy consumption, down by 10.3 percentage points from 1978. The proportion of clean energy sources, including natural gas, water, nuclear, wind and electricity, has increased from 6.6 percent in 1978 to 20.8 percent in 2017. Between 2013 and 2017, the average PM10 intensity in 338 cities at and above the prefecture level nationwide fell by 22.7 percent, and the average PM2.5 intensity in 74 major cities fell by 34.7 percent. In 2017, trees were planted on 7.36 million hectares across the country and forest coverage was 21.66 percent; the number of nature reserves totaled 2,750, covering 1.47 million sq km or 14.86 percent of China's land territory. China has played an active role in global environmental governance, and ratified more than 30 multilateral conventions and protocols related to environmental protection. China was the first country to release a national plan on implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to deposit its instrument of ratification for the Paris Agreement, becoming an important participant, contributor and leader in promoting global ecological progress.