八、成功走出符合國情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路
VIII. Path of Human Rights Protection Suited to National Conditions

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改革開放40年中國人權(quán)事業(yè)取得巨大成就，成功走出了一條符合本國國情的人權(quán)發(fā)展道路。這條道路源于中國歷史，植根中國現(xiàn)實(shí)，借鑒各國經(jīng)驗(yàn)，是中國共產(chǎn)黨帶領(lǐng)人民通過接續(xù)不斷的實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新和理論探索形成的，反映了中國特色社會主義的本質(zhì)要求。
Over the past four decades of reform and opening up, China has made significant progress in human rights, creating a new path of human rights protection based on China's history and national conditions, and the successful experiences of other countries. This path is the result of the Chinese people's experimentation in practice and theoretical innovation led by the CPC, and embodies the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

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堅(jiān)持把以人民為中心作為人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的核心理念。人民是推動歷史進(jìn)步的根本動力。堅(jiān)持以人民為中心，讓老百姓過上好日子，是中國改革開放的初心和鮮明價(jià)值取向。尊重人民主體地位，保障人民政治權(quán)利，從各層次各領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大人民有序政治參與，保證人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權(quán)利；把增進(jìn)人民福祉，朝著共同富裕方向穩(wěn)步前進(jìn)作為發(fā)展的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)，使人民成為發(fā)展的主要參與者、促進(jìn)者和受益者，讓人民有更好的教育、更穩(wěn)定的工作、更滿意的收入、更可靠的社會保障、更高水平的醫(yī)療服務(wù)、更舒適的居住條件、更優(yōu)美的環(huán)境，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。中共十八大以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨明確提出以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，始終把人民利益擺在至高無上的地位，把人民對美好生活的向往作為奮斗目標(biāo)，不斷提高尊重與保障人民各項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利的水平。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府從人民利益出發(fā)，謀劃改革思路、制定改革舉措，人民關(guān)心什么、期盼什么，改革就抓住什么、推進(jìn)什么，人民有所呼、改革有所應(yīng)。中國人民實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國夢的過程，本質(zhì)上就是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會公平正義和不斷推動人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的進(jìn)程，實(shí)現(xiàn)好、維護(hù)好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民根本利益，使發(fā)展成果更多更公平惠及全體人民，讓每個(gè)人都能有尊嚴(yán)地發(fā)展自我和奉獻(xiàn)社會。
Human rights protection centered on the people. People are the fundamental driving force of history. People-centered development toward a better life was the original aspiration and remains the distinct goal of China's reform and opening up. To realize this aspiration, the state respects the people's principal position in the country, safeguards their political rights, expands orderly political participation in all fields at all levels, and ensures the people's rights to equal participation and equal development. Furthermore, the state takes the people's well-being and common prosperity as its ultimate goal, enables the people to be the main contributors, promoters, and beneficiaries of development, and works to fulfill their aspirations for a better education, more stable jobs, higher incomes, more reliable social security, better medical and healthcare, improved housing conditions, and a beautiful environment, advancing the all-around development of the people. Since the 18th CPC National Congress the CPC has given prominence to the principle of people-centered development by putting the interests of the people above all else, focusing its efforts on their aspiration for a better life, and enhancing the protection of all basic human rights. The CPC and the Chinese government plan reform policies and set reform measures in the interests of the people, and always make sure that reform responds to public demand. China's national rejuvenation represents a process of promoting social fairness and justice, advancing human rights, realizing, safeguarding, and developing the fundamental interests of the people, ensuring that the fruits of development better benefit all the people in a fair way, and enabling every person to enjoy self-development and serve society with dignity.

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堅(jiān)持把人權(quán)的普遍性原則同中國實(shí)際相結(jié)合。人權(quán)的普遍性基于人的尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值，也基于人類的共同利益和共同道德。在實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的問題上，不可能有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的模式，人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展必須也只能按照各國國情和人民需要加以推進(jìn)。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府始終堅(jiān)持歷史、辯證、發(fā)展地看待人權(quán)問題，基于中國特色社會主義這一制度優(yōu)勢，牢牢立足中國處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段這個(gè)最大的國情和最大的實(shí)際，堅(jiān)持普遍性與特殊性相統(tǒng)一，主動適應(yīng)人民的發(fā)展要求，始終致力于有計(jì)劃、有步驟、分階段地促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)步。
Integration of the principle of universality of human rights with China's national conditions. The universality of human rights is grounded in human dignity and value, and based on common interests and basic moral norms shared by all. There is no universally applicable model for fulfilling human rights, and human rights can only advance in the context of national conditions and people's needs. The CPC and the Chinese government approach human rights from a historical, dialectical and developmental perspective, and take advantage of the strengths of socialism with Chinese characteristics while bearing in mind the overarching condition that China is still and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism, integrating universality with particularity. The central authorities take proactive steps to meet the people's need for development, and advance human rights in a planned and progressive manner.

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堅(jiān)持把生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)。近代中國，長期遭受外來侵略，積貧積弱。從苦難中一路走來的中國人民深刻認(rèn)識到，生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)，是享有其他人權(quán)的前提和基礎(chǔ)。發(fā)展既是消除貧困的手段，也為實(shí)現(xiàn)其他人權(quán)提供了條件，同時(shí)還是人實(shí)現(xiàn)自身潛能的過程。中國始終把發(fā)展作為第一要?jiǎng)?wù)，不斷解放和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，致力于消除貧困，創(chuàng)造了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的世界奇跡，實(shí)現(xiàn)了人民生活從貧困到溫飽再到小康的歷史性跨越。中國從實(shí)際出發(fā)，遵循創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的發(fā)展理念，遵循平衡性、可持續(xù)性的發(fā)展思路，將城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會及人與自然之間的和諧發(fā)展作為實(shí)現(xiàn)和保障發(fā)展權(quán)的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。
Primary focus on the rights to subsistence and development. From the mid-19th century China suffered repeated foreign aggression and fell to the status of a poor and weak country. The experience of numerous hardships taught the Chinese people that the rights to subsistence and development are the primary rights-the preconditions and the foundation for all other human rights. A process of self-actualization for individuals, development is a means to eliminate poverty and paves the way for realizing other human rights. Taking development as its top priority, China is committed to liberating and developing the country's productive forces and eliminating poverty. The country has achieved outstanding economic success and realized the historic leaps from poverty to secure access to food and clothing, and thence to moderate prosperity. In the light of its national conditions, China pursues innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development, highlights balance and sustainability, and promotes harmony between urban and rural areas, between regions, between the economy and society, and between humanity and nature to lay a solid foundation for fulfilling and protecting the right to development.

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堅(jiān)持把全面協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)各項(xiàng)權(quán)利作為保障人權(quán)的重要原則。改革開放40年來，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展堅(jiān)持各項(xiàng)權(quán)利相互依賴與不可分割的原則，對各項(xiàng)權(quán)利的發(fā)展進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)、統(tǒng)一部署、均衡促進(jìn)，切實(shí)推動經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化權(quán)利和公民權(quán)利、政治權(quán)利的平衡發(fā)展，促進(jìn)個(gè)人人權(quán)和集體人權(quán)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。中共十八大以來，中國共產(chǎn)黨提出實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國夢，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、社會和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)“五位一體”總體布局，協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)全面建成小康社會、全面深化改革、全面依法治國、全面從嚴(yán)治黨“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，推進(jìn)了中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的全面發(fā)展，體現(xiàn)了人權(quán)的整體性發(fā)展思想。
Coordinated progress in all human rights as a major principle for human rights protection. Over the past 40 years, adhering to the principle of interdependence and inalienability of all human rights, China has coordinated the planning and promotion of all rights and endeavored to strike a balance between economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, and between individual rights and collective rights. Moving toward the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation set out by the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC has advanced the overall plan of seeking economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, and made comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, to extend reform, to advance the rule of law, and to strengthen Party discipline. In this way China has made comprehensive progress in human rights through an integrated approach.

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堅(jiān)持把依法治國作為人權(quán)發(fā)展的制度保障。法治是人類文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志，也是人權(quán)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的重要保障。中國堅(jiān)持依法治國基本方略，努力建設(shè)社會主義法治國家，全方位提升人權(quán)法治化保障水平，保證人民依法享有更加充分的權(quán)利和自由，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)社會公平正義，更好推動人的全面發(fā)展、社會全面進(jìn)步。中共十八大以來，黨和政府全面推進(jìn)依法治國，堅(jiān)持法治國家、法治政府、法治社會一體建設(shè)，將尊重和保障人權(quán)置于社會主義法治國家建設(shè)更加突出的位置，將人權(quán)保障貫穿于科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法和全民守法等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，真正讓法治的陽光照亮每一個(gè)角落。
Institutional guarantee of human rights under the rule of law. The rule of law is a symbol of human progress and an important guarantee of human rights. China has made rule of law the fundamental strategy for governing the country and worked to build a socialist country under the rule of law. The state enhances comprehensive protection of human rights under the rule of law, ensures that the people enjoy their rights and freedoms to a fuller extent, and strives to realize social fairness and justice, in an effort to bring about the all-around development of individuals and comprehensive progress of society. Since the 18th CPC National Congress the CPC and the Chinese government have made comprehensive moves to advance the rule of law, taking a holistic approach to building a country, a government and a society where the rule of law applies. The central authorities have given greater prominence to respecting and protecting human rights in building a socialist country under the rule of law, and placed human rights under the full protection of the rule of law through strengthening legislation, law enforcement, administration of justice, and observance of law.

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堅(jiān)持把構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體作為推動全球人權(quán)治理的使命擔(dān)當(dāng)。中國一直是國際人權(quán)事業(yè)健康發(fā)展的倡導(dǎo)者、踐行者和推動者。改革開放以來，中國始終追求世界共同發(fā)展，堅(jiān)持“既要讓自己過得好，也要讓別人過得好”。中國利用世界和平發(fā)展帶來的機(jī)遇發(fā)展自己，又以自身的發(fā)展更好地維護(hù)世界和平、促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，為全球人權(quán)事業(yè)作出了突出貢獻(xiàn)。中國主張不同文明、不同國家之間相互包容、相互交流、相互借鑒，共同推進(jìn)人權(quán)發(fā)展。國際人權(quán)事務(wù)應(yīng)由各國共同商量，全球人權(quán)治理體系要由各國共同建設(shè)，人權(quán)發(fā)展成果要由各國人民共同分享。各方應(yīng)該始終恪守《聯(lián)合國憲章》宗旨和原則，堅(jiān)持主權(quán)平等原則，建設(shè)性地開展人權(quán)交流與合作。中國全面深入?yún)⑴c國際人權(quán)合作，推動建立公正合理的國際人權(quán)治理體系，努力與各國一道構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。
A global community of shared future as a way to improve global human rights governance. China is a supporter, practitioner and promoter of the sound development of the international human rights cause. Since reform and opening up China has pursued common development across the world, aiming for a better life for the Chinese people and the peoples of other countries. China has developed rapidly by taking advantage of opportunities created by a peaceful international environment. It has in turn upheld and promoted world peace and common propensity through its own development, and made an outstanding contribution to the cause of international human rights. China calls for inclusiveness, exchanges, and mutual learning between cultures and between countries to advance human rights together. International human rights issues should be resolved through consultation. Building a global human rights governance system needs the participation of all countries, and progress in human rights benefits all peoples in the world. All member states have the responsibility to abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, uphold the principle of sovereign equality, and engage in human rights exchanges and cooperation in a constructive way. China conducts extensive and in-depth cooperation on international human rights, and promotes a fair and equitable global system for human rights governance by working together with other countries to build a global community of shared future.

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結(jié)束語
Conclusion

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改革開放40年，中國人民的獲得感、幸福感、安全感顯著提升，中國人權(quán)事業(yè)取得了輝煌成就，中國人民從來也沒有像今天這樣享有如此廣泛的人權(quán)，這是舉世公認(rèn)的事實(shí)。
The past 40 years of reform and opening up have seen a growing sense of gain, happiness and security, and noteworthy progress in the cause of human rights in China. It is a fact that the Chinese people have never enjoyed a more extensive range of human rights than they do today.

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中國是當(dāng)今世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，不僅使中國人民享有充分的人權(quán)，而且為全人類發(fā)展作出重大貢獻(xiàn)，為維護(hù)人的尊嚴(yán)，豐富人權(quán)文化多樣性，提供了中國經(jīng)驗(yàn)和中國方案。
China is the largest developing country in the world. Its progress enables the Chinese people to enjoy human rights to a fuller extent, contributes significantly to the development of humanity, and shares with the world China's experience in protecting human dignity and enriching the diversity of human rights culture.

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人權(quán)沒有最好，只有更好。實(shí)現(xiàn)更加充分的人權(quán)保障，中國還有很長的路要走，仍面臨許多困難和挑戰(zhàn)。中國的發(fā)展仍處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段，發(fā)展不平衡不充分問題突出，民生領(lǐng)域還有不少短板，脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)艱巨，人民在就業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、養(yǎng)老、環(huán)境等方面還有更多的期盼，人權(quán)保障法治化水平仍需進(jìn)一步提高。
There is always room for improving human rights. To protect human rights to a fuller extent, China still has a long way to go and faces many difficulties and challenges. As China is still and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism, pressing problems caused by unbalanced and inadequate development await solutions. Many areas concerning public well-being require improvement. Poverty alleviation remains a formidable task. The people's aspirations regarding employment, education, healthcare, elderly care, and environment are yet to be satisfied, and protection of human rights under the rule of law needs to be enhanced.

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當(dāng)前，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國人民正為實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢而努力。再經(jīng)過幾十年的不懈奮斗，中國人民的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利必將得到更好和更高水平的保障，中國人民將更加享有尊嚴(yán)、自由和幸福。中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的明天將更加美好！
The Chinese people are striving to achieve the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee led by President Xi Jinping. Through perseverance in the coming decades, they will enjoy better protected human rights and greater dignity, freedom and happiness. The cause of human rights in China can look forward to prospects of a brighter future.