五、合理適度的國(guó)防開支
V. Reasonable and Appropriate Defense Expenditure

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持發(fā)展和安全兼顧、富國(guó)和強(qiáng)軍統(tǒng)一，堅(jiān)持國(guó)防建設(shè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，堅(jiān)持勤儉建軍方針，依據(jù)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和國(guó)防需求，合理確定國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，依法管理和使用國(guó)防費(fèi)。
China attends to both development and security. It is making an integrated effort to build a prosperous country and a strong military, and striving for the coordinated development of national defense and the economy. Following the principle of building the armed forces through diligence and thrift, China takes into consideration the development of the economy and the demands of national defense, decides on the appropriate scale and composition of defense expenditure, and manages and applies these funds in accordance with law.

改革開放以來，中國(guó)國(guó)防開支經(jīng)歷了從維持性投入到適度增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展歷程，總體保持與國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政支出同步適度協(xié)調(diào)增長(zhǎng)。國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）比重從1979年最高的5.43%下降到2017年的1.26%，近30年一直保持在2%以內(nèi)。1979年國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)家財(cái)政支出比重為17.37%，2017年為5.14%，下降超過12個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，總體下降趨勢(shì)明顯。
Since reform and opening-up, China has increased its defense expenditure from a level of sustainability to moderate growth. On the whole, defense expenditure has grown in tandem with the growth of the national economy and government expenditure. Defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP has fallen from a peak of 5.43% in 1979 to 1.26% in 2017. It has remained below 2% for the past three decades. Defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure was 17.37% in 1979 and 5.14% in 2017, a drop of more than 12 percentage points. The figures are on a clear downward trend.

2012年以來中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)
China’s Defense Expenditure Since 2012

進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，與國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程相一致，著眼建設(shè)與中國(guó)國(guó)際地位相稱、與國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國(guó)防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，進(jìn)一步縮小與世界先進(jìn)軍事水平的差距，解決軍隊(duì)打現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能力不夠的問題，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模保持了穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，支出結(jié)構(gòu)持續(xù)優(yōu)化。
In the new era, to keep pace with the country’s modernization, China is focusing on building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing, and its national security and development interests. China is striving to narrow the gap between its military and the world’s leading militaries, and make up the deficiencies in the military’s capabilities in modern warfare. Defense expenditure is growing steadily and the breakdown of spending is being continuously optimized.

中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)按用途劃分，主要由人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)和裝備費(fèi)構(gòu)成。人員生活費(fèi)用于軍官、文職干部、士兵和聘用的非現(xiàn)役人員，以及軍隊(duì)供養(yǎng)的離退休干部工資、津貼、伙食、被裝、保險(xiǎn)、福利、撫恤等。訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)用于部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練、院校教育、工程設(shè)施建設(shè)維護(hù)以及其他日常消耗性支出。裝備費(fèi)用于武器裝備的研究、試驗(yàn)、采購(gòu)、維修、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存等。國(guó)防費(fèi)的保障范圍包括現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等。
In terms of usage, China’s defense expenditure is assigned to three sectors – personnel, training and sustainment, and equipment. Personnel expenses mainly cover the salaries, allowances, food, bedding, clothing, insurance, subsidies and pensions for officers, non-ranking officers, soldiers and contracted civilians, as well as retirees supported from the defense budget. Training and sustainment expenses mainly cover training of the troops, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenditure on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, testing, procurement, repairs, maintenance, transport and the storage of weaponry and equipment. In terms of scope, defense expenditure covers all active forces, reserve forces and militia.

2012年以來增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)防費(fèi)主要用于：（一）適應(yīng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，提高和改善官兵生活福利待遇，落實(shí)軍隊(duì)人員工資收入定期增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制，持續(xù)改善基層部隊(duì)工作、訓(xùn)練和生活保障條件。（二）加大武器裝備建設(shè)投入，淘汰更新部分落后裝備，升級(jí)改造部分老舊裝備，研發(fā)采購(gòu)航空母艦、作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、導(dǎo)彈、主戰(zhàn)坦克等新式武器裝備，穩(wěn)步提高武器裝備現(xiàn)代化水平。（三）深化國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)改革，保障軍隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制、部隊(duì)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)和力量編成、軍事政策制度等重大改革。（四）保障實(shí)戰(zhàn)化訓(xùn)練，保障戰(zhàn)略訓(xùn)練、戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練、軍兵種部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練等，加強(qiáng)模擬化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、對(duì)抗性訓(xùn)練條件建設(shè)。（五）保障多樣化軍事任務(wù)，保障國(guó)際維和、護(hù)航、人道主義救援、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等行動(dòng)。
Since 2012, the increase in defense expenditure has been primarily spent for the following purposes:
1. Adapting to national economic and social development, improving the wellbeing of service personnel, ensuring regular increases in military salaries, and bettering the working, training and living conditions of the troops;
2. Increasing input in weaponry and equipment development, phasing out the outdated, upgrading the old, and developing and procuring the new, such as aircraft carriers, fighters, missiles and main battle tanks, to steadily modernize weaponry and equipment;
3. Deepening national defense and military reform, supporting major reforms in military leadership and command systems, force structure and composition, and policies and institutions;
4. Supporting training in real combat conditions, enhancing strategic-level training, joint training at TCs’ level and training of services and arms, and improving the conditions for simulated, networked and force-on-force training; and
5. Supporting diverse military tasks including the UNPKOs, vessel protection operations, humanitarian assistance operations and disaster relief efforts.

2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)從6691.92億元人民幣增加到10432.37億元人民幣。中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）按當(dāng)年價(jià)格計(jì)算年平均增長(zhǎng)9.04%，國(guó)家財(cái)政支出年平均增長(zhǎng)10.43%，國(guó)防費(fèi)年平均增長(zhǎng)9.42%，國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重為1.28%，占國(guó)家財(cái)政支出平均比重為5.26%。國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重穩(wěn)定，與國(guó)家財(cái)政支出保持同步協(xié)調(diào)增長(zhǎng)。
From 2012 to 2017, China’s defense expenditure increased from RMB669.192 billion to RMB1,043.237 billion. China’s GDP and government expenditure grew at average rates of 9.04% and 10.43% respectively, calculated on the price of the indicated years, while its defense expenditure increased by an average of 9.42%. Defense expenditure accounted for 1.28% of GDP and 5.26% of government expenditure on average. The percentage of China’s defense expenditure in GDP remained stable and grew in coordination with the increase of government expenditure.

中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的財(cái)政撥款和預(yù)算管理制度。國(guó)防費(fèi)使用堅(jiān)持需求牽引、規(guī)劃主導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持量入為出、量力而行，加強(qiáng)集中統(tǒng)管，統(tǒng)籌存量增量，逐步推行國(guó)防費(fèi)績(jī)效管理，推進(jìn)以效能為核心的軍費(fèi)管理改革。改進(jìn)和加強(qiáng)預(yù)算管理，深化軍隊(duì)資金集中收付制度改革，加快經(jīng)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)步伐，完善軍隊(duì)資產(chǎn)資金管理辦法。
China applies strict mechanisms of fiscal allocation and budget management on its defense expenditure. It pursues a level of defense spending that is demand-oriented, planning-led and consistent with its capacity. It endeavors to strengthen unified management, coordinate existing and incremental expenditure, gradually practice cost-effectiveness management, and steadily press ahead with reform that is centered on efficacy and efficiency. To improve and strengthen budget management, China’s armed forces are extending reform of the centralized collection and payment of military funds, accelerating standardization in relation to defense expenditure, and improving the management of assets and funds.

國(guó)防費(fèi)的國(guó)際比較
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context

在2017年國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)無論是占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)家財(cái)政支出的比重，還是國(guó)民人均和軍人人均數(shù)額，都處于較低水平。
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.

中國(guó)已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模居于世界第二位，是由中國(guó)的國(guó)防需求、經(jīng)濟(jì)體量、防御性國(guó)防政策所決定的。從開支總量看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)不到美國(guó)的四分之一。
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.

從國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重約為1.3%，美國(guó)約為3.5%、俄羅斯約為4.4%、印度約為2.5%、英國(guó)約為2.0%、法國(guó)約為2.3%、日本約為1.0%、德國(guó)約為1.2%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的平均比重在國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中排在第六位，是聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).

從國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出平均比重約為5.3%，美國(guó)約為9.8%、俄羅斯約為12.4%、印度約為9.1%、英國(guó)約為4.8%、法國(guó)約為4.0%、日本約為2.5%、德國(guó)約為2.8%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.

從人均國(guó)防費(fèi)水平看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為750元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的5%、俄羅斯的25%、印度的231%、英國(guó)的13%、法國(guó)的16%、日本的29%、德國(guó)的20%。中國(guó)軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為52.16萬元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的15%、俄羅斯的119%、印度的166%、英國(guó)的27%、法國(guó)的38%、日本的35%、德國(guó)的30%。中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第七位，軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第六位。
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行國(guó)防費(fèi)報(bào)告和公布制度。1978年以來，中國(guó)政府每年向全國(guó)人大提交財(cái)政預(yù)算報(bào)告，并對(duì)外公布年度國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算總額。1995年，中國(guó)政府發(fā)布《中國(guó)的軍備控制與裁軍》白皮書，向世界公布國(guó)防費(fèi)情況。2007年以來，中國(guó)參加聯(lián)合國(guó)軍費(fèi)透明制度，每年向聯(lián)合國(guó)提交上一財(cái)政年度國(guó)防費(fèi)基本數(shù)據(jù)，按現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等類別，提交人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)、裝備費(fèi)三大類開支數(shù)額和國(guó)防費(fèi)總額，并說明中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)的主要用途和占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.

總體上看，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)是公開透明的，開支水平是合理適度的，與世界主要國(guó)家相比，國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和財(cái)政支出的比重、人均國(guó)防費(fèi)是偏低的。中國(guó)是世界上唯一尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)完全統(tǒng)一的大國(guó)，是世界上周邊安全形勢(shì)最復(fù)雜的國(guó)家之一，維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整、海洋權(quán)益等面臨嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。中國(guó)日益走近世界舞臺(tái)中央，國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)軍隊(duì)提供國(guó)際公共安全產(chǎn)品的期待不斷增大。中國(guó)軍隊(duì)處于向信息化轉(zhuǎn)型階段，順應(yīng)世界新軍事革命發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、推進(jìn)中國(guó)特色軍事變革的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。中國(guó)國(guó)防開支與維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的保障需求相比，與履行大國(guó)國(guó)際責(zé)任義務(wù)的保障需求相比，與自身建設(shè)發(fā)展的保障需求相比，還有較大差距。中國(guó)國(guó)防開支將與國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平相協(xié)調(diào)，繼續(xù)保持適度穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)。
All in all, China’s defense expenditure is open and transparent, and its spending is reasonable and appropriate. Compared to other major countries, the ratios of China’s defense expenditure to GDP and to government expenditure, as well as the per capita defense expenditure of the country, remain at a relatively low level. As the only major country yet to be completely reunified, and one of the countries with the most complex peripheral security environment, China faces serious challenges in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and maritime rights and interests. China is moving closer to the center of the world stage, and the international community expects more international public security goods from the Chinese military. In addition, China’s armed forces are moving towards informationization and shouldering arduous tasks in following the trends of worldwide RMA and speeding up RMA with Chinese characteristics. There is still a wide gap between China’s defense expenditure and the requirements for safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests, for fulfilling China’s international responsibilities and obligations as a major country, and for China’s development. In step with national economic development, defense expenditure of China will maintain a moderate and steady growth.